Associations between the sensory attributes and volatile composition of Cabernet Sauvignon wines and the volatile composition of the grapes used for their production

The sensory properties of wine are influenced by the chemical composition of the grapes used to produce them. Identification of grape and wine chemical markers associated with the attributes perceived by the consumer of the wine will enable better prediction of the potential of a parcel of grapes to produce wine of a certain flavor. This study explores the relationships between Cabernet Sauvignon grape volatile composition and wine volatile profiles with the sensory properties of wines. Twenty grape samples were obtained from nine vineyard sites across three vintages and wines vinified from these parcels using controlled winemaking methods. The volatile composition of the grapes were analyzed by SBSE-GCMS, the wines were analyzed by SPME-GCMS, and these data sets were compared to that obtained from the sensory analysis of the wines. Statistical treatment of the data to account for vintage and region effects allowed underlying relationships to be seen between wine sensory attributes and wine or grape volatile components. The observed associations between grape or wine volatile compounds and wine sensory attributes has revealed target compounds and pathways whose levels may reflect the biochemical effects on grape composition by differing growth conditions during berry development and ripening. The compounds identified in this study may be useful grape or wine markers for potential wine sensory characteristics.     

Differences in odor-active compounds of trincadeira wines obtained from five different clones

Odorant compounds of five young clonal red wines made from cv. Trincadeira, a native grape variety of Vitis vinifera L. grown in Portugal, were studied using 2001 and 2003 vintages. The study was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for compound identification and the gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) posterior intensity method to detect the potentially most important aroma compounds. Forty-one odorant peaks were detected by GC-O analysis, from which 31 were identified by GC-MS. The odorant compounds with the highest odorant average intensities are 3-methylbutanoic acid, 2-phenylethanol, 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone, and 4-vinylguaiacol. The GC-O analysis showed odor intensity differences among compounds, which was confirmed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) showed that the five clonal wines from the 2001 vintage were more similar than those from the 2003 vintage. Moreover, stepwise linear discriminant analysis (SLDA) demonstrated that the factor vintage has influence on the Trincadeira clonal red wine odorant profile differentiation.     

Variation of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen stable isotope ratios in an American diet: fast food meals

The stable isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen provide insights into a heterotrophic organism's diet and geographic origin. Although the contribution of food delta (2)H and delta (18)O to the final tissue signal will not vary for constrained diets, it will for animals eating varied diets, that is, humans. This study surveyed the isotopic range in one portion of the American diet, fast food meals. Hamburger patties, buns, and French fries from national chain restaurants across the United States and from local restaurants (Salt Lake City, UT, and Charleston, SC) were analyzed for delta (2)H, delta (13)C, delta (15)N (patties only) and delta (18)O values. Patties and buns from local Utah restaurants were more depleted for delta (2)H, delta (13)C, and delta (18)O values than samples from other restaurants. There were no significant differences in delta values among French fries. All three components of the fast food meal displayed significant linear delta (2)H versus delta (18)O relationships (delta (2)H = 7.8delta (18)O - 237 per thousand, delta (2)H = 5.9delta (18)O - 258 per thousand, and delta (2)H = 3.3delta (18)O - 231 per thousand for patties, buns, and fries, respectively). The findings show that significant predictable variation exists in the stable isotopic composition of fast food meals. It is proposed that the variation in delta (13)C values of hamburger (beef) patties is indicative of differences in cattle-rearing practices, whereas delta (2)H and delta (18)O values are evidence of geographic variation in food sources. Although the patterns support the concept of a "continental" supermarket diet, there appears to be a strong regional component within the diet.     

Quantification of selected aroma-active compounds in Pinot noir wines from different grape maturities

Effect of grape maturity on aroma-active compounds in Pinot noir wine was investigated using stir bar sorptive extraction-gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (SBSE-GC-MS). High correlation coefficient (> 0.95) and low standard deviation (< 10%) were obtained for all aroma-active compounds of interest. Two vintages of Pinot noir wines with three different grape maturities each were analyzed. Statistical analysis showed that both grape maturity and growing year significantly affected the aroma composition of the final wine. Analysis of wine samples from the same vintage indicated that grape maturity could affect aroma compounds in different ways, based on their biochemical formation in the wines. For most short-chain fatty acid esters, there were no obvious trends with grape maturity, however, the concentrations of ethyl 2-methylpropanoate and ethyl 3-methylbutanoate consistently decreased with grape maturity. The decreasing trend was also observed for other esters including ethyl cinnamate, ethyl dihydroxycinnamate, and ethyl anthranilate, with the exception of ethyl vanillate, while C13 norisoprenoids, monoterpenes, and guaiacols had increasing trends with grape maturation.     

基于GCM的西北干旱区降水稳定氢氧同位素年际变化模拟

降水中稳定氢氧同位素（¹⁸O）和（D）是水循环过程的重要组成部分,也是气候的天然示踪剂。为了模拟不同时空尺度上降水稳定氢氧同位素的变化,大气环流模式（GCM）已经成为研究全球或区域水循环的有效途径。本文基于全球大汽降水同位素网络（GNIP）提供的实测数据和第2次稳定水同位素比较小组（SWING2）的模拟数据,运用回归分析法和同位素GCM对比分析了西北干旱区1986—2003年大气降水中稳定氢氧同位素的年际变化特征。结果表明:3个同位素监测站点乌鲁木齐、张掖和和田的年均δ¹⁸O_w线性倾向率分别为0.041,0.207,0.915‰/a,δD_w线性倾向率分别为0.767,0.026,0.120‰/a;如果只考虑暖季（5—9月）,则δ¹⁸O_w线性倾向率分别为-0.008,0.085,0.306‰/a,δD_w线性倾向率分别为-0.331,-1.390,-1.503‰/a。同时,采用SWING2中的GISS-E（MERRA）,GISS-E（NCEP）,isoGSM（NCEP）,LMDZ（free）,LMDZ（ECMWF）和MIROC（free）共6种同位素GCM模式得出的δ¹⁸O_w和δD_w的线性倾向率与回归分析法得到的结果相反。此外,分析了两种模拟方法得到的大气水线,发现各模拟结果中和田的大气水线斜率均高于乌鲁木齐和张掖。     

伊犁地区酿酒葡萄农业气候特征分析

利用新疆维吾尔自治区伊犁哈萨克自治州酿酒葡萄可种植区10个气象站点逐日气象和酿酒葡萄生育期数据,通过M-K检验、趋势检验等统计方法,结合ArcGIS空间表达,分析了1961-2020年研究区酿酒葡萄气候资源和农业气象灾害的时空变化特征,为高效合理利用当地积雪资源,缓解干旱及冻害,优化酿酒葡萄越冬方式,选择成本较低的积雪覆盖方式提供科学依据。结果表明：(1)1961-2020年伊犁地区除昭苏及尼勒克部分区域外光热资源丰富,年均降水量空间分布不均且低于455mm,全区年均降水量以5.1mm·10a^-1趋势增加,总体满足酿酒葡萄生长发育需求;全区酿酒葡萄越冬期(11月-翌年3月)降雪每10a增加7.4mm,且被0-10cm积雪覆盖的概率大于90%;(2)1961-2020年全区越冬期冻害频次、强度均有所下降,潜在生长季(4-10月)中7月和9月旱情较严重。     

基于GIS的广东荔枝种植气候区划

以广东1980-2009年气候资料为基础,采用地理信息系统（GIS）技术,对不同熟性荔枝进行气候适宜性区划,为广东荔枝生产布局、品种调整提供科学依据。通过分析广东荔枝生育与气象条件的关系,得出早、中、晚熟荔枝的气候适宜度区划指标有4个：年平均气温、历年极端最低气温、荔枝花芽形态分化关键期的平均气温及开花坐果期的降水量,每个指标分3级,对应适宜、次适宜、不适宜。建立了区划指标的空间分析模型。在专业地理信息系统软件ArcGIS系统支持下,运用模型进行了区划指标的小网格点推算及早、中、晚熟荔枝的气候区划。得出广东适宜中熟荔枝种植的面积最大,达666.53万hm^2;其次是早熟品种,为527.45万hm^2;晚熟荔枝受气温和降水的共同制约,适宜种植的面积较小,为425.25万hm^2。     

Characteristic phenolic composition of single-cultivar red wines of the Canary Islands (Spain)

The detailed phenolic composition of five single-cultivar (Baboso Negro, Listán Negro, Negramoll, Tintilla, and Vijariego Negro) young and aged (vintages 2005-2009) red wines of the Canary Islands has been determined by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS(n). Despite the total monomeric anthocyanin content decreasing for older wines in each set of single-cultivar wines, the corresponding anthocyanin profiles remained almost unchanged. Although all wine anthocyanin profiles were dominated by malvidin 3-glucoside, their differentiation by grape cultivar was possible, with the exception of Listán Negro. In contrast, the total content of non-anthocyanin phenolics did not appreciably change within vintages but polymerization, hydrolysis, and isomerization reactions greatly modified the phenolic profiles. Aglycone-type flavonol profiles offered the best results for differentiation of the wines according to grape cultivar (Listán Negro and Negramoll; Baboso Negro and Vijariego Negro; and Tintilla). Within flavan-3-ols, the B-ring trihydroxylated monomers ((-)-epigallocatechin and (-)-gallocatechin) and also (-)-epicatechin provided additional cultivar differentiation. Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and stilbene profiles were very heterogeneous with regard to both grape cultivar and vintage and did not significantly contribute to wine differentiation, even when structure-type profiles were obtained, with the exception of Tintilla, which always appeared as the most different single-cultivar wines. Finally, most Canary Islands wines showed characteristic high contents of stilbenes, especially trans-resveratrol.     

长江上游不同降雨带水蚀特征空间分析

利用长江上游135个国家基准气象站1960-2009年的日降雨量统计得到的多年平均降水量,并对这些气象站的多年平均降雨量和该地区225个县多年平均降雨量数据进行空间分析处理,结合USLE模型计算得到长江上游土壤水蚀分布图,利用GIS技术手段对不同降雨带下的土壤水蚀状况进行了分析。研究表明：该区域水蚀量占土壤侵蚀总量的78%;水蚀程度分布与降雨带分布均呈自西向东递增趋势,局部存在差异。江源区及川西北部,多年平均降雨量小于900 mm,水蚀以微度为主;川中部地区降雨分布不均,水蚀区域差异较大;四川盆地与陕、甘交界地段,降雨等级在4-5之间、重庆北部降雨等级在7-8之间的地区,水蚀均较为严重,以强度以上为主;云南西北金沙江下游地区、重庆西南以及湖北秭归、宜昌等地降雨等级在7-8之间,水蚀以中、强度为主;当降雨等级为8时,土壤侵蚀指数达最大（160.5）。该结果与2000年长江上游土壤侵蚀遥感调查结果基本一致,为进一步揭示长江上游水土流失的空间分布及成因提供参考。     

毛乌素沙地不同地下水位埋深下土壤水补给特征及影响因素

土壤水分是毛乌素沙地植被恢复与生态重建的关键因子,揭示不同地下水位（Groundwater Level,GWL）埋深下土壤水的补给与转化特征对于提高水资源利用效率和植被可持续建设具有重要意义。试验通过定期测定毛乌素沙地东南缘圪丑沟流域沙柳（GWL范围253～260 cm）、樟子松（GWL范围87～93 cm）和长柄扁桃林地（GWL范围172～176 cm）降水、土壤水及地下水δ2H和δ18O,分析了不同GWL埋深下3种林地土壤水补给特征及其影响因素。结果表明：沙柳、樟子松及长柄扁桃林地土壤水δ2H和δ18O均位于当地大气水线的下方,且3种林地土壤水线斜率（5.69～7.13）均小于当地大气水线斜率（7.79）,表明各林地土壤水均在不同程度上受当地降水的补给。监测期间沙柳林地0～20 cm土壤水、樟子松和长柄扁桃林地0～40 cm土壤水均表现出重组分同位素贫化轻组分同位素富集的现象,且与降水同位素呈显著正相关关系（P < 0.05）,表明不同林地浅层土壤水（< 40 cm）更易受降水补给的影响。不同林地深层土壤水（沙柳林地180 cm以下,樟子松林地60 cm以下,长柄扁桃林地120 cm以下）δ2H和δ18O的均值与地下水接近,且随深度增加土壤水重组分同位素逐渐贫化并趋于稳定（变异系数 < 10%）。根据不同深度土壤水δ18O和地下水δ18O之间的相关关系,得出监测期间3种林地（沙柳、樟子松和长柄扁桃林地）地下水向上补给土壤水的深度范围分别为73～80、27～33和52～56 cm。因此,毛乌素沙地浅层地下水对深层土壤水的补给可在一定程度上缓解旱季土壤水分亏缺,为保障该区人工固沙植被生长提供潜在的水分来源。     

基于GIS的大别山区东段雨季降水空间分布模拟

区域降水量是重要的环境变量,区域降水量的研究对区域水资源合理规划与利用具有重要科学价值。依据大别山区东段及附近14个气象台站和8个气候考察站34a雨季降水和风向等气象资料,以及各站点的经纬度、坡向、海拔高度等地理信息,并引进"主风向效应指数",建立大别山区东段雨季降水分布模拟模型。利用GIS技术进行栅格数据的空间分析,模拟大别山区东段降水空间分布。模拟结果表明,(1)针对不同区域特点,适当增加有效的地形和气象因子参与插值,可以提高山区降水模拟精度,大别山区东段雨季的逐月、夏季和雨季降水空间分布模拟相对误差均小于10%;(2)大别山区东段南北坡雨量分布具有明显的时空变化,边界层山地的扰动作用对降水量分布影响明显,雨量的南北坡的季节变化与大气环流的季节变化一致。     

Vineyard soil bacterial diversity and composition revealed by 16S rRNA genes: Differentiation by geographic features

Here, we examine soil-borne microbial biogeography as a function of the features that define an American Viticultural Area (AVA), a geographically delimited American wine grape-growing region, defined for its distinguishing features of climate, geology, soils, physical features (topography and water), and elevation. In doing so, we lay a foundation upon which to link the terroir of wine back to the soil-borne microbial communities. The objective of this study is to elucidate the hierarchy of drivers of soil bacterial community structure in wine grape vineyards in Napa Valley, California. We measured differences in the soil bacterial and archaeal community composition and diversity by sequencing the fourth variable region of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (16S V4 rDNA). Soil bacterial communities were structured with respect to soil properties and AVA, demonstrating the complexity of soil microbial biogeography at the landscape scale and within the single land-use type. Location and edaphic variables that distinguish AVAs were the strongest explanatory factors for soil microbial community structure. Notably, the relationship with TC and TN of the <53 μm and 53–250 μm soil fractions offers support for the role of bacterial community structure rather than individual taxa on fine soil organic matter content. We reason that AVA, climate, and topography each affect soil microbial communities through their suite of impacts on soil properties. The identification of distinctive soil microbial communities associated with a given AVA lends support to the idea that soil microbial communities form a key in linking wine terroir back to the biotic components of the soil environment, suggesting that the relationship between soil microbial communities and wine terroir should be examined further.     

Oxygen-18 study of the atmospheric-aquatic linkage in adirondack watersheds

Twelve monthly measurements were made of the δ¹⁸O of the water and of the dissolved sulfates in inlet streams and in outlet streams of lakes in three watersheds in the Adirondack Park region of New York. The average \(\delta ^{18} {\text{O}}_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}}\) of the surface waters (streams and lakes) of the three watersheds was in the typical range of seasonally varying \(\delta ^{18} {\text{O}}_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}}\) of precipitation water, whereas the \(\delta ^{18} {\text{O}}_{{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}^{{\text{2 - }}} }\) of the surface waters was significantly lower than the typical range of seasonally varying \(\delta ^{18} {\text{O}}_{{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}^{{\text{2 - }}} }\) in precipitation water. Two possible causes for the apparent alteration of δ¹⁸O of the sulfates during percolation of the water through various strata in the ground link between the atmosphere and the watershed lakes are: (1) bacterial redox cycling, in which the sulfate is reduced, allowing isotopic equilibration between the HS0₃ ^? ion and associated water, and then catalytically reoxidized to sulfate; and (2) ion exchange, in which the soil strata, containing chemically fixed sulfates, behave as a “column” that is not in sulfate-ion equilibrium with sulfates in the atmospheric recharge water.     

近50年来河北省降水和温度极端事件分析

极端气候事件对农业生产有重要影响。利用河北省(含北京和天津)17个站点1957-2006年逐日降水、最高、最低和日平均气温资料,采用线性分析并结合GIS空间分析的方法,对河北省50a来极端天气事件的变化趋势及空间分布特点进行了研究。结果表明:1957-2006年河北省暴雨日数、极端降水事件的频率都在减少,而且干燥事件的频率在增加,但其线性增加趋势并不明显;暴雨和极端降水的变化趋势呈明显的东西差异。极端高温事件增加而极端低温事件减少,冬季变暖的趋势比较显著;低温日数有显著减少趋势,但高温日数有一个微弱的上升趋势,其变化趋势的空间分布具有很好的一致性。河北省具有干暖化倾向,农业生产应采取相应的适应对策。     

Natural abundance of 18O of sugar biomarkers in topsoils along a climate transect over the Central Scandinavian Mountains,Norway

Precipitation and topsoil samples from a climate transect over the Scandinavian Mountains, Norway, were analyzed for bulk and compound‐specific δ¹⁸O values. The natural abundance of ¹⁸O in the plant‐derived hemicellulose biomarkers arabinose and xylose correlates positively with δ¹⁸O of bulk soil, but not with δ¹⁸O of precipitation. This suggests that other factors than δ¹⁸O_prec, such as evaporative ¹⁸O enrichment of leaf water, exert a strong influence on the natural abundance of ¹⁸O in soils.     

基于GIS的表征水分资源气候要素的推算及空间变化特征

为了揭示水分资源的空间变化特征,满足地质勘探、地质灾害预报、设施农牧业工程、工农业基地工程的建设以及开发利用降水资源各用户的需求,利用GIS工作平台,采用傅抱璞先生提出的半经验半理论气候资源回归模拟方法,将呼伦贝尔市水分资源推算到3”×3”小网格上,建立的41个表征水分资源空间分布模型,34个通过了极显著性检验,7个通过了显著性检验。有88％的模型回代检验和83％的模型模拟检验的平均相对误差均在-5％～5％之间,从而实现了水分资源快速、准确的查算。在此基础上分析了水分资源的空间变化规律,为该地区充分合理利用水分资源提供科学依据。     

基于GIS的大兴安岭中段东南坡降水量空间插值分析

采用大兴安岭中段东南坡即内蒙古兴安盟及其周边地区共计26个气象观测站资料,应用半经验半理论回归模拟方法,建立了内蒙古兴安盟地区18个降水量空间分布模型,模型全部通过0.05显著性检验。在此基础上,应用GIS技术和1∶25万地理信息数据,将兴安盟地区降水量插值到3″×3″的网格点上。结果表明:兴安盟地区年降水量自东南向西北逐渐递增,年降水量随经度的增加而递减,递减率为24.7mm/1°E;随纬度的增加而递增,递增率为37.6mm/1°N;随海拔高度的增加而递减,递减率为6.4mm/100m。研究结果为更好地满足当地农牧林业生产、工业基地布局等合理开发利用水资源提供科学依据。     

吉林省辽河流域土地利用对气候变化的响应研究

综合运用遥感技术、GIS空间分析技术,在获取吉林省辽河流域1989—2012年土地利用/土地覆被变化（LUCC）数据及1962—2012年气候数据的基础上,分析了流域气候和土地利用的时空变化特征,并运用SPSS软件的Spearman秩相关分析,研究土地利用对气候变化的响应规律。结果表明:研究区土地利用类型以耕地和林地为主,湿地、水域萎缩、草地退化已成为生态环境恶化的主要表现;近50 a来气温呈显著增加趋势,降水量无明显变化;与土地利用变化数据的同期研究时段（1989—2012年）内气温呈下降趋势,其空间分布呈现由西南向东北逐渐降低,降水量呈增加趋势,在空间分布上由东南向西北逐渐减少,表明区域干暖化趋势有所改善;研究区不同土地利用类型对气候变化的响应有显著差异,其中,水田、水域和草地的面积变化受降水量的累积滞后效应显著,而与气温相关性较小。     

GIS支持下的粮食单产与光热水分布特征相关分析-以安徽省为例

根据安徽省78县市气象台站20世纪50年代中期到2000年的年平均太阳辐射量、年平均气温和年降水量以及各县市1980、1990、2002年三年平均粮食单产的样点数据，运用地统计学方法，基于GIS技术支持得到全省光温水及粮食单产空间分布的栅格化数据，在此基础上分析了全省的光温水分布及其与粮食单产的组合状况。结果表明：研究区内热量条件对粮食产量的影响最明显，降水量次之，太阳辐射的限制作用最弱；安徽省内光热资源优越地区的粮食单产偏低，应充分利用资源优势提高粮食单产。     

5种CMIP5模拟降水数据在中国的适用性评估

受气候变化影响,水资源短缺现象严重,自然灾害频发。对未来水资源状况进行有效的预测和评估,可为水资源合理配置工作提供理论及决策参考。全球气候模式是大尺度模拟预测未来降水的主要手段,但模式数据的模拟质量及其在不同研究区适用性需要进行系统评估。研究以1971—2000年2 474个气象站点监测降水数据为基准,对5种CMIP5模式模拟降水数据(0.5°×0.5°分辨率)进行系统性评估,分析CMIP5模式模拟降水数据在中国区的适用性。对比分析了1971—2000年间5种CMIP5模式模拟降水数据与中国地面监测降水数据所反映的中国降水趋势变化的时间和空间特征,对CMIP5模式模拟月降水数据进行经验校正,在数据相关性、误差和趋势一致性3个角度,采用相关系数(r),偏差均值(DAVE),相对绝对误差(ERA)和均方根误差(ERMS)4个指标和Seasonal Kendall(SK)趋势检验方法,从时间变化和空间分布特征两个角度,对校正后的CMIP5模式模拟降水数据在中国区域的数据质量进行系统评估。5种CMIP5模式模拟中国区年降水高于监测数据均超过20%,通过经验校正,在保证年降水不发生变化的情况下,使模拟降水数据与监测数据在逐月的相关性大大提高,误差大大降低。对5种模式模拟数据的综合评价显示,最适合模拟中国区降水的模式是HadGEM2-ES模式。对模式数据的系统性评估,为研究合理选择、校正和使用CMIP5数据集提供理论和技术参考。