青海湖畔3种典型盐生植物叶片结构研究

采用石蜡切片法对自然生长于青海湖畔的3种典型盐生植物叶片的横切面形态学特征进行观察。结果表明：3种盐生植物叶片的栅栏组织较对照发达,灰绿藜（Chenopodium glaucum）和西伯利亚蓼（Polygonum sibiricum）的叶片由非盐生条件下的异面叶演变为等面叶,鹅绒委陵菜（Potentilla anserina）虽为异面叶,但栅栏组织较厚,占叶片厚度的4/5;且3种盐生植物叶肉细胞内存在大量异细胞;灰绿藜叶肉组织中出现较大的胞间隙;鹅绒委陵菜和西伯利亚蓼具有盐腺。研究表明,青海湖畔3种盐生植物形成的上述结构特征是对高原盐生环境的高度适应,是青藏高原特殊生态条件长期胁迫的结果。     

干旱预处理对一年生黑麦草耐盐性的影响北大核心CSCD

全球土壤盐渍化正在威胁着植物的生长发育,提高植物抗盐性已是当前亟待解决的问题。利用植物对逆境胁迫的交叉适应性是提高抗逆性的一种经济有效的方法,但关于干旱能否增强植物耐盐性的研究甚少。本试验以一年生黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum Lam.)为试验材料,对植物进行单一盐处理(NaCl)、经干旱预处理的盐处理(PEG-NaCl),以及盐旱同时处理(PEG+NaCl),比较相对含水量、叶绿素含量、丙二醛、钠离子及钾离子含量等生理指标。结果表明:盐胁迫使植物的钠离子含量显著增加,叶绿素含量及相对含水量降低;但经PEG处理后,相比于单一盐处理,叶绿素及钠离子分别有所增加及降低,其中,5%PEG的作用显著优于10%PEG处理;而盐旱同时发生则对植物造成了最大的伤害。因此,适宜强度的干旱预处理在一定程度上可减少盐胁迫对植物的伤害。     

羊草早期幼苗在盐、碱生境下生长与生理适应性的研究

为明确羊草早期幼苗在盐、碱生境下的适应机制,混合两种中性盐( NaCl∶Na2SO4=9∶1)与两种碱性盐(Na2CO3∶NaHCO3=9∶1)分别模拟不同强度的盐、碱胁迫条件,测量羊草幼苗在两种胁迫下的生长与生理指标变化.结果表明:与盐胁迫相比,羊草幼苗在碱胁迫下的生长量、鲜重及含水量下降幅度更大.盐、碱胁迫均造成幼苗Na+浓度与Na+/K+升高,K+浓度下降,碱胁迫下这三种指标变化幅度均大于盐胁迫.盐胁迫下,羊草幼苗大量积累Cl-,有机酸含量变化不大;碱胁迫下,Cl-、NO-3与H2PO-4均呈下降趋势,而有机酸则大量积累.另外,脯氨酸与可溶性糖含量随盐、碱胁迫强度的增加而增加,且碱胁迫下积累量更大.碱胁迫由于其高pH值对羊草早期幼苗生长的抑制作用更强,Cl与有机酸积累特征的差异表明,羊草早期幼苗在盐、碱生境下具有不同的生理适应策略.     

钠盐胁迫对藜科一年生草本植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

选取河西走廊荒漠绿洲过渡带典型藜科一年生草本植物雾冰藜、刺沙蓬和白茎盐生草为研究对象,分析不同浓度盐分(中性盐NaCl和碱性盐NaHCO₃,0、50、100、150、200 mmol·L^-1)对3种植物种子萌发、幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。研究结果表明：1)钠盐胁迫下,3种植物的种子萌发和幼苗生长均受到显著抑制。萌发期,种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均随盐浓度增加而下降,但盐胁迫解除后,3种植物种子均可恢复萌发;幼苗生长期,植株株高、主根长和鲜重都随盐浓度增加而下降。2)3种植物生理变化显著,叶绿素含量在钠盐胁迫下呈下降趋势,而丙二醛含量呈上升趋势,游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量则呈先升后降趋势,其中,叶绿素含量变化是影响幼苗生长的重要因素。3)轻度(50 mmol·L^-1)和中度(100、150 mmol·L^-1)盐胁迫下,3种植物主要通过渗透调节来适应盐胁迫,可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量大幅提高,以通过细胞渗透调节提高植物持水能力,维持植物正常生长;而在重度(200mmol·L^-1)盐胁...     

尖叶石竹蜡质突变体的耐盐生理响应

盐胁迫会引起植物的渗透胁迫、离子毒害,导致细胞失水、光合和呼吸作用受到抑制,进而影响植物的生长和发育.植物表皮蜡质可以阻止叶片的非气孔失水,减少蒸腾,减缓植物因胁迫而引起的生理干旱.本研究以观赏性草坪草尖叶石竹(Dianthus spiculifolius)的野生型(wild-type,?WT)和表皮蜡质增强突变体(wax?mutant,?WM)为材料,比较了两者在NaCl胁迫下的表型和生理生化指标的变化规律.结果表明:蜡质突变体在NaCl胁迫下维持了更高的水分含量从而表现出更好的耐盐表型.此外,蜡质突变体在NaCl胁迫下显示出更高的过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、光合能力以及更低的丙二醛含量.脱蜡试验显示,蜡质突变体与野生型在盐胁迫下的相对含水量和持水力差异与表皮蜡质直接相关.本研究表明表皮蜡质在植物应答盐胁迫中具有重要作用.     

青藏高原3种野豌豆光合生理特性的比较

为探讨青藏高原地区野豌豆属植物的光合生理特性及其对环境的适应性,本文采用常规生理指标测定方法对生长于该地区3种野豌豆的光合特性、光合色素含量及叶绿素荧光参数等进行测定,并对其变化规律作了比较研究。结果表明:叶片厚度为三齿萼野豌豆(Vicia bungei)山野豌豆(V.amoena)救荒野豌豆(V.sativa);在一定光强范围内,随PFD的增加,净光合速率P_n、表观量子效率AQY、暗呼吸速率R_d和光补偿点I_c增加;总叶绿素(Chlt)、类胡萝卜素(Car)和叶黄素/叶绿素(A505/A652)含量在救荒野豌豆、山野豌豆和三齿萼野豌豆中大都呈上升趋势,而叶绿素a/b含量呈下降趋势;光系统Ⅱ实际光化学速率(Ф_(PSⅡ))和光化学猝灭系数(q_p)随PFD增加而降低,而非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)和电子传递速率(ETR)则随PFD增加而增加。因此,青藏高原地区3种野豌豆属植物光合生理指标存在差异。     

三种常见边坡植物对模拟干旱环境抗旱性能的研究

香根草、紫花苜蓿和高羊茅是工程边坡常见绿化植被,通过探究干旱胁迫对3种植物种子萌发、光合及生理生化指标的影响,评价分析其抗旱性,为水电边坡生态修复中的物种筛选、植物群落的重建给予参考。采用聚乙二醇(PEG)模拟干旱胁迫对植物种子进行4个PEG浓度水平的胁迫处理(5%、10%、15%、20%),研究3种植物种子在PEG干旱胁迫下的萌发特性;采用盆栽控水法分别对3种植物的幼苗进行4组土壤水分处理:正常供水(土壤含水量为最大田间持水量的75%~80%)、轻度土壤干旱胁迫(65%~70%)、中度土壤干旱胁迫(50%~55%)和重度土壤干旱胁迫(35%~40%),分别测定不同土壤干旱胁迫下3种植物光合、生理生化指标,运用隶属函数法对3种植物的抗旱性综合评价。结果表明由于干旱胁迫导致3种植物种子萌发数量减少、种子萌发活力下降,且随着干旱程度的加剧,影响程度逐渐加大,低浓度PEG胁迫对香根草种子的萌发具有引发作用。干旱程度导致3种植物净光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间CO₂浓度、气孔导度和水分利用效率有不同程度的下降,香根草的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和胞间CO₂浓度下降最为显著,高羊茅的气孔导度和水分利用效率下降最为显著。随着干旱程度的增加,3种植物的丙二醛、脯氨酸和可溶性糖均显著增加。综合分析3种植物种子萌发率、萌发指数、光合及生理生化等多个单项指标,运用隶属函数平均值法鉴定出3种边坡植物的抗旱性,比较得出紫花苜蓿的抗旱性最强,高羊茅次之,香根草的抗旱性相对较差。     

盐胁迫对枸杞属2种植物幼苗生理指标的影响

以枸杞属的黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum Murr.)和宁夏枸杞(Lycium barbarum L.)幼苗为试验材料,采用不同浓度NaCl溶液进行胁迫,对其叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量、质膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及渗透调节物质的积累特征进行研究。结果表明:50和150mmol·L^-1 NaCl浓度下,2种植物叶片相对含水量较对照增加,而随着盐胁迫程度的加重,叶片相对含水量迅速下降;盐处理组中2种植物叶绿体各光合色素含量显著高于对照,且随盐浓度升高而增加,但Chl a/Chl b比值在低盐时增加,而后随胁迫程度的加重快速下降;叶片质膜透性和各器官MDA含量随胁迫浓度的增加呈逐渐升高趋势,且在中、高盐胁迫下,黑果枸杞各器官中的MDA含量显著低于同浓度胁迫下的宁夏枸杞;在对照及盐处理组,2种植物脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量在各器官中的分布规律为根>茎>叶,同时,盐处理组中2种植物各器官中的脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量随着盐胁迫浓度的增加呈逐渐增加趋势,其中,同一盐浓度下,黑果枸杞叶片中积累的脯氨酸含量显著低于宁夏枸杞,而茎及根中的含量却显著高于宁夏枸杞。相对而言,黑果枸杞比宁夏枸杞具有更强的耐盐能力。     

海水胁迫下马齿苋光合及抗氧化生理特性研究

为筛选耐盐经济植物提供技术参考和理论依据,用不同浓度海水处理野生马齿苋(Portulaca oleracea)幼苗,测定了其叶绿素含量、气体交换和荧光动力参数及抗氧化生理指标。结果表明:在低浓度海水胁迫下马齿苋能保持较高的光合生产力和抗氧化特性,从而减轻盐胁迫对植株生长的伤害。     

尖叶石竹蜡质突变体的耐盐生理响应

盐胁迫会引起植物的渗透胁迫、离子毒害,导致细胞失水、光合和呼吸作用受到抑制,进而影响植物的生长和发育。植物表皮蜡质可以阻止叶片的非气孔失水,减少蒸腾,减缓植物因胁迫而引起的生理干旱。本研究以观赏性草坪草尖叶石竹(Dianthus spiculifolius)的野生型(wild-type, WT)和表皮蜡质增强突变体(wax mutant, WM)为材料,比较了两者在NaCl胁迫下的表型和生理生化指标的变化规律。结果表明：蜡质突变体在NaCl胁迫下维持了更高的水分含量从而表现出更好的耐盐表型。此外,蜡质突变体在NaCl胁迫下显示出更高的过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、光合能力以及更低的丙二醛含量。脱蜡试验显示,蜡质突变体与野生型在盐胁迫下的相对含水量和持水力差异与表皮蜡质直接相关。本研究表明表皮蜡质在植物应答盐胁迫中具有重要作用。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -