我国草原生态保护补偿机制的实践与重点建设任务

草原是我国重要的自然生态系统,生态保护补偿是协调草原生态与生产关系,平衡保护群体和受益群体的重要机制和制度安排,对我国生态文明建设及草原生态保护与区域高质量发展具有重要的作用。本文系统总结近年来我国草原生态保护补偿的实践,全面分析现行补偿制度存在的短板,借鉴已有研究成果,完善了草原生态保护补偿制度框架体系,并提出建立健全相关法律法规和配套政策、强化生态监测及监管体系建设、优化草原生态保护补助奖励政策、完善草原保护和退化草原生态修复治理体系、促进产业发展并保障优质产品高附加值实现、探索多元化补偿等一系列重点建设任务,为推进我国草原生态保护补偿制度的健全和完善提供有益参考。     

库车县草原类型特征与分布

以库车县草地资源为研究对象,查清天然草原分布特征及草地资源利用现状,为开展草原资源与生态动态监测,加强草原资源保护和生态修复,建立健全生态保护补偿机制,确定草原保护建设重点,综合评价草原生态状况及畜牧业可持续发展提供科学依据。     

浅谈呼伦贝尔草原生态效益补偿机制

草原生态补偿机制是国家为了保障生态安全和实现可持续发展,建立以公共财政为主,多渠道的草原生态保护投入机制。我国草原生态补偿机制正在建立和完善当中。呼伦贝尔草原生态环境恶化,实施草原生态补偿意义重大。提出要坚持谁使用、谁受益、谁付费,公平、公正等原则。草原生态补偿的范围应包括对地方财政和农牧民生活、生产费用两方面的补偿。补偿的具体形式是多种多样的,可以是现金补偿,也可以是实物补偿,或者以其他方式补偿。主要从国家财政无偿扶持、补偿基金、受益者生态建设费用、发行国债、捐助、全民义务绿化费、生态税等7个方面多渠道筹集资金。目的是在支持和鼓励草原牧区更多地承担保护呼伦贝尔草原生态环境责任的同时,维持和发展社会经济,富裕牧民,和谐社会。     

草原生态保护与牧民持续增收的思考

本文对当前草原生态保护与牧民持续增收存在的问题进行了分析,立足于各地区草原生态保护的实际情况,提出完善草原生态补偿机制、重点发展肉用型产业、大力推广科教兴牧等建议,希望能够为草原生态保护与牧民持续增收的协调发展提供一定的思路。     

南方草地生态保护补偿取得新突破——湖南省出台健全生态保护补偿机制实施意见

正为建立完善生态保护补偿机制,切实保护好湖南各类自然资源及重要生态功能区,近日,湖南省政府办公厅印发《关于健全生态保护补偿机制的实施意见》(以下简称"意见")。意见提出,到2020年,生态保护补偿全部覆盖草原、森林、湿地、水流及耕地等重点领域,及禁止开发区域、重点生态功能区等重要区域。生态保护补偿水平与全省经济社会发展状况相适应,跨地区、跨流域补偿试点示范要取得明显进展,多元化补偿     

基于不同生态功能区农牧户认知的草地生态补偿依据研究

从行为主体认知视角,采用PRA调查方式获取问卷资料,以农牧交错、干旱草原、荒漠草原、高寒草原等生态功能区的典型项目村为例,分析了不同生态功能区农牧民对退牧还草生态补偿政策的认知、生态补偿标准和期望的认知及补偿方式的偏好。结果表明:受长期传统生产生活方式影响,不同生态功能区农牧民对退牧还草生态补偿表现出不同的认知及满意度。补偿标准未能达到被调查者的期望值,现有生态补偿只体现了对草地资源属性的补偿,很少考虑草地对牧民的综合功能与经济价值。不同生态功能区均为单一的资金补偿方式,缺乏相应技术、智力、基础设施及就业等方面的配套,未能有效地适应退牧还草区产业结构转型和家庭生计发展的需求。     

新疆牧民参与草原生态补偿意愿分析——以新疆和静县、沙湾县为例

通过对新疆巴州地区和静县和塔城地区沙湾县206户牧民进行抽样调查,运用逻辑斯谛(Logistic)回归模型对牧民参与和接受草原生态补偿意愿的影响因素进行计量分析。结果表明:牧业收入、自主保护意愿和草原保护主体等因素与参与草原生态补偿的关系成正相关关系,草场流动意愿、牧业支出、气候变化和草场状况等因素与参与草原生态补偿意愿成负相关关系。     

试谈对做好草原大文章的理解

我国广袤的草原功能多样,以加强草原保护建设为核心,以转变草原畜牧业发展方式为重点,以科学利用草原为前提,以落实草原生态补偿为保障,以推进草原科技创新为支撑,以强化草原法制建设管理为基础,以实现草原牧区生产、生活、生态协调发展为目标,做好草原大文章,对保障国家生态安全、粮食安全、维护边疆地区社会稳定与民族团结和促进生态文明建设具有重大意义.     

尊重青海草原生态保护建设,发展青海特色生态畜牧业

青海为全国六大牧区之一,天然草场约占全国草场总面积的一半。青海畜牧业的发展,为青海经济增长的主流产业。但是,日益恶化的草原生态现状,严重制约青海畜牧业的健康可持续发展。针对此问题的出现,地方政府相继落实各项生态保护措施,率先推进各项草原保护政策法规,出台一系列的禁牧、草畜平衡等管理制度,确保生态保护政策落到实处。在取得成绩的同时,我们同样不能放松警惕。今后尊重青海草原生态保护建设,发展青海特色生态畜牧业,务必做到:改革创新草业发展,探索不同模式类型;改革创新饲草产业发展,实现与生态保护的双赢;加大草原生态保护建设,落实新一轮的生态保护补偿机制;纵深推进草地生态畜试点区建设,积极推广实施草原实用技术等等说,文章借此展开论述以供参考和借鉴。     

草原生态保护补助奖励机制实施效果分析——以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟镶黄旗为例

内蒙古草原是我国北方重要的生态屏障,是牧民赖以生存的物质基础,是重要的畜产品基地,同时具备强大的碳汇功能。由于全球气候变暖、人口较快增长等原因,草原＂三化＂现象非常严重。为了切实加强草原生态保护,国务院在全国包括内蒙古在内的主要草原牧区省份实施了草原生态保护补助奖励机制。基于内蒙古草原生态保护补助奖励机制的实践,以内蒙古典型草原镶黄旗牧户为研究对象,以草原生态保护为目标,调查研究草原生态保护补助奖励机制实施的情况及农牧户对政策的响应,以期为内蒙古自治区生态环境保护政策的实施提供经验指导与政策依据。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -