3种外源培养基材料对苜蓿根瘤菌活性的影响

以紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)根瘤菌ACCC17631和ACCC17676为供试菌株,采用单因素试验和正交试验设计,研究了KH₂PO₄、黄腐酸、硝酸稀土对苜蓿根瘤菌活性的影响,以期得到最优培养基材料组合.结果表明:KH₂PO₄可极显著促进紫花苜蓿根瘤菌菌株ACCC17631的生长(P<0.01),最适添加浓度为300 mg·L^-1,对菌株ACCC17676的生长促进效果不显著;黄腐酸对2株菌的生长具有极显著促进作用(P<0.01),菌株ACCC17631的最适添加浓度为0.03%,菌株ACCC17676的最适添加浓度为0.02%;硝酸稀土可促进菌株ACCC17631生长,最适添加浓度为200 mg·L^-1;低浓度硝酸稀土对菌株ACCC17676具极显著生长促进作用(P<0.01),最适添加浓度为400 mg·L^-1.菌株ACCC17631最优材料组合为100 mg·L^-1 KH₂PO₄、0.03%黄腐酸与200 mg·L^-1硝酸稀土;菌株ACCC17676的最优材料组合为300 mg·L^-1 KH₂PO₄、0.02%黄腐酸与400 mg·L^-1硝酸稀土.     

5株根瘤菌接种紫花苜蓿的效果

以5株耐盐型苜蓿中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium meliloti)(ACCC17537,ACCC17558,ACCC17617,ACCC17631和ACCC17676)为材料,采用包衣接种和液体菌剂拌种两种方式,以不含根瘤菌的包衣处理和不含根瘤菌的液体菌剂拌种处理为对照,在滨海盐渍区盐化潮土上对"中苜1号"紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa cv.Zhongmu No.1)进行接种试验,筛选出高效菌株及最佳接种方式。结果表明,在盐碱化程度较大、缺乏根瘤菌的土壤中,包衣接种根瘤菌的效果明显优于液体菌剂拌种。另外,5株根瘤菌包衣接种效果差异明显,且苜蓿接种后单株地上部分干重、粗蛋白含量及单株根瘤数均比对照有显著提高(P0.05)。菌株ACCC17558和ACCC17617接种效果最佳,可使苜蓿单株地上部分干重、单株总根瘤数、单株有效根瘤数和粗蛋白含量分别比对照提高91.4%和164.4%、91.8%和99.6%、99.8%和100.7%、8.6%和12.3%,表明两菌株的接种效果优于其他菌株,是在盐碱土壤中与"中苜1号"紫花苜蓿最佳共生的高效根瘤菌。     

饲用枯草芽孢杆菌液体培养基的筛选与优化

以KFL070505枯草芽孢杆菌为供试菌株,以活茵数为筛选的主要参考指标,进行4种液体培养基筛选,随后进行碳氮源利用试验及正交优化试验.结果表明:枯草芽孢杆菌KFL070505在2号培养基中活茵数最高,最佳碳源为葡萄糖,最佳氮源为蛋白胨,最佳培养基成分配方为1.5%葡萄糖、1.5%蛋白胨、0.3%K2HPO3、,30.8 mg/L MnSO4 0.1%、0.7%CaCO3、0.05%MgSO4·7H2O、0.01%FeCl3和pH 7～7.2.     

刺参“腐皮综合征”拮抗菌CN101发酵条件的优化

探讨一株刺参"腐皮综合征"拮抗菌株CN101的发酵条件,为微生物饲料添加剂的研究奠定基础。本试验以菌体生物量OD_(600)值为检测依据,采用单因素试验和正交试验的试验方法对拮抗菌进行发酵培养基的筛选和发酵条件的优化试验。结果表明,培养基中的不同碳源、氮源、无机盐及其组合对拮抗菌株CN101的生长具有显著的影响,适宜的复合碳源为乳糖.蔗糖3.1、复合氮源为蛋白胨.豆饼粉1.2、无机盐组合为MgSO_4+MnSO_4+NaCl,复合氮源含量对菌体生长的影响最大;菌株CN101最适宜的发酵温度为25℃、初始pH值为7.5,供氧量对菌体生长的影响显著。拮抗菌CN101发酵的最佳培养基配方为乳糖15g、蔗糖5g、蛋白胨2.5g、豆饼粉5g、MgSO_(4)0.25g、MnSO_40.25g、NaCl0.25g、蒸馏水1000ml,最佳发酵条件为接种量1%、装瓶量10%～20%、温度25℃、初始pH值为7.5。研究结果为利用CN101菌株研发微生物饲料添加剂及生产应用提供了科学依据。     

适宜内生真菌Epichloësinensis生长的碳氮源筛选

前期试验筛选出了生长迅速、性状优良的Epichlo? sinensis内生真菌菌株,为进一步利用这些性状优良的菌株,需筛选出适宜E. sinensis生长的最佳碳氮源,本研究分别采用不同碳源(葡萄糖、淀粉、麦芽糖、甘露醇、山梨醇)和氮源(氯化铵、蛋白胨、胰蛋白胨、酵母浸粉、尿素)的固体培养基及液体培养基,对3株E. sinensis内生真菌菌株(菌株ID:1、41C和111C)进行培养,探究不同碳氮源条件下,E. sinensis的生长状况及总抗氧化能力。结果表明:供试的3株E. sinensis菌株的生长有显著差异(P 0.05),在所有的碳源和氮源培养基上,菌株111C的菌落直径、生长速率、菌丝鲜重及总抗氧化能力均显著高于菌株1和41C (P 0.05),菌丝直径低于菌株1和41C。而菌株41C的菌落直径及菌丝鲜重显著高于菌株1 (P 0.05),总抗氧化能力及菌丝直径显著低于菌株1 (P 0.05)。不同菌株适宜的碳源和氮源亦不相同,在供试的5种碳源和氮源中,菌株111C的最佳碳氮源为麦芽糖和胰蛋白胨;菌株41C的最佳碳氮源为葡萄糖和胰蛋白胨;菌株1的最佳碳氮源为葡萄糖和胰蛋白胨;且在以酵母浸粉为氮源的条件下,3株内生真菌的总抗氧化能力最强。本研究结果表明,菌株111C生长迅速,总抗氧化能力强,可用于后续研究利用且初步研究获得适宜E. sinensis生长的最佳碳氮源。     

适宜内生真菌Epichloësinensis生长的碳氮源筛选

前期试验筛选出了生长迅速、性状优良的Epichlo? sinensis内生真菌菌株,为进一步利用这些性状优良的菌株,需筛选出适宜E.sinensis生长的最佳碳氮源,本研究分别采用不同碳源(葡萄糖、淀粉、麦芽糖、甘露醇、山梨醇)和氮源(氯化铵、蛋白胨、胰蛋白胨、酵母浸粉、尿素)的固体培养基及液体培养基,对3株E.sinensis内生真菌菌株(菌株ID:1、41C和111C)进行培养,探究不同碳氮源条件下,E.sinensis的生长状况及总抗氧化能力.结果表明:供试的3株E.sinensis菌株的生长有显著差异(P<0.05),在所有的碳源和氮源培养基上,菌株111C的菌落直径、生长速率、菌丝鲜重及总抗氧化能力均显著高于菌株1和41C(P<0.05),菌丝直径低于菌株1和41C.而菌株41C的菌落直径及菌丝鲜重显著高于菌株1(P<0.05),总抗氧化能力及菌丝直径显著低于菌株1(P<0.05).不同菌株适宜的碳源和氮源亦不相同,在供试的5种碳源和氮源中,菌株111C的最佳碳氮源为麦芽糖和胰蛋白胨;菌株41C的最佳碳氮源为葡萄糖和胰蛋白胨;菌株1的最佳碳氮源为葡萄糖和胰蛋白胨;且在以酵母浸粉为氮源的条件下,3株内生真菌的总抗氧化能力最强.本研究结果表明,菌株111C生长迅速,总抗氧化能力强,可用于后续研究利用且初步研究获得适宜E.sinensis生长的最佳碳氮源.     

一株霉菌产木聚糖酶液体发酵培养基组分优化及酶学性质的研究

本试验主要对一株产木聚糖酶B45菌株的液体发酵培养基组分进行优化.通过单因素和正交试验确定了所试因素的最佳组合,并对其酶学性质进行研究.结果表明B45菌株液体发酵培养基中的最优组分为碳源(玉米芯)2%,氮源(玉米粉)0.2%,无机盐(KH22PO4 MgSO4)0.1%,微量元素(FeSO4)0.0015%.木聚糖酶的最适反应pH为5.0,最适反应温度为50℃,有较好的热稳定性,但不耐强酸(pH≥4)和碱性(pH≤7).     

青海高原早熟禾有益内生真菌营养生理特性的初步研究

禾草有益内生真菌是一种极具开发潜力的真菌,本实验从碳源、氮源、无机盐(Na Cl、Mg SO4·7H2O)、生长因子,单因子、正交这五个实验对禾草内生真菌进行摇床培养,p H均为自然。单因子实验培养选出最佳碳源为可溶性淀粉,其次为蔗糖、麦芽糖、山梨醇;最佳氮源为蛋白胨,其次为酵母膏、硝酸钾、硫酸铵;无机盐中Na Cl最佳浓度为2.5g/L,Mg SO4·7H2O最佳浓度为0.75g/L,最适生长因子是麸皮;通过正交实验研究了有益内生真菌营养生理特性液体培养基配方,筛选出适宜有益内生真菌菌丝体生长的最佳液体培养基配方为可溶性淀粉25 g/L,蛋白胨6g/L,Na Cl2.5 g/L,Mg SO4·7H2O0.5g/L。     

草原黄蘑菇菌丝营养特性的研究

在碳源含量为 2 .0 % ,氮源含量为 0 .2 %的条件下 ,采用液体静置培养方法 ,研究了草原黄蘑菇A- 52 2菌株对碳源、氮源、矿质元素和维生素的利用。试验表明 ,A - 52 2菌株对碳素、氮素营养的利用都很广泛。对葡萄糖的利用最好 ,蔗糖、白糖、麦芽糖、淀粉、红糖也是理想的碳源 ;菌丝营养生长利用最好的氮源是硫酸铵和氯化铵 ,尿素、蛋白胨和酵母粉是理想的氮源 ;添加矿质元素和维生素可促进菌丝生长     

蛹虫草的生物学特性研究

<正>蛹虫草的生物学性质为筛选优良菌株的一个依据,实验从不同的温度、PH值、碳氮源、菌丝体形态、菌丝体液体培养积累量业研究不同菌株的生物学特性,确定最佳生长条件,为进行菌株的丢弃建立初步的依据。1.材料与方法1.1试验材料1.1.1供试菌株蛹虫草菌株,由锦州食用菌协会实验室提供。葡萄糖、蛋白胨、KH2PO4、MGSO4、VB1、酵母粉、琼脂、蔗糖、乳糖、半乳糖、可溶性淀粉、甘露醇、麦芽糖、大豆蛋白胨、酵母膏、牛肉     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.