低温胁迫下AMF对景天三七生长和生理特性的影响

以景天三七(Sedum aizoon)为试材,接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)后,再进行低温处理(0℃、5℃、10℃,以25℃为对照),在低温处理2、4、6、8和10d后对生长指标和相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶活性、脯氨酸(Pro)含量、可溶性蛋白含量、叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光参数进行测定,旨在探讨低温胁迫下接种AMF对景天三七生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明,低温胁迫抑制了AMF(Glomus mosseae)对景天三七根系的侵染能力和菌根的相对依赖性。与未接种对照相比,接种AMF的景天三七在株高、根长、干鲜重等方面有明显增加,0℃低温下增长效应更明显,总干重比未接种对照增加了75.38%;低温胁迫下景天三七相对电导率、MDA含量和Pro含量随胁迫温度的下降和胁迫时间的延长而增加;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和可溶性蛋白含量则呈先上升后下降的趋势;叶绿素含量和PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)呈下降趋势。与未接种对照相比,接种AMF能显著抑制低温下景天三七细胞膜透性和MDA含量的升高,显著提高景天三七体内SOD、POD和CAT的活性,诱导产生更多的可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸;提高植株体内叶绿素含量和Fv/Fm,明显缓解低温胁迫对景天三七的伤害,增强景天三七对低温胁迫的耐受性。     

不同温度下白颖苔草(Carex rigescens)种子发芽的生理特性研究

白颖苔草(Carex rigescens)作为我国北方优良的草坪地被植物，在园林绿地中具有广泛的应用前景。然而白颖苔草的种子发芽率低、发芽时间长限制了其规模化利用。本文研究了不同温度下白颖苔草种子发芽及发芽过程中营养物质含量及相关酶活性的变化。结果表明：30℃/20℃促进白颖苔草种子的发芽，在此条件下，种子发芽过程中淀粉、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量逐渐降低，变温与恒温下白颖苔草种子的淀粉、可溶性蛋白含量存在显著差异。变温下淀粉酶活性呈先升高后下降的趋势，过氧化物酶(Peroxidase, POD)活性逐渐升高，且整体上显著高于恒温下淀粉酶和POD活性。本研究初步探讨了不同温度下白颖苔草种子发芽过程的生理机制，为白颖苔草种子研究工作的开展提供了理论依据和技术支撑。     

海藻糖对盐胁迫下玉米幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

本研究以玉米品种“郑单958”为材料,采用水培试验,探究了外源施加海藻糖对盐胁迫下玉米幼苗生物量、叶绿素含量、膜脂过氧化、抗氧化酶活性以及渗透调节物质等生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明,与对照处理比较,150 mmol/L的盐胁迫显著降低了玉米幼苗地上部干鲜重、叶面积及叶绿素含量,丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)及可溶性蛋白含量增加、质膜相对透性增大,抗氧化酶活性下降。与盐胁迫处理比较,施加10 mmol/L的海藻糖处理显著增加了盐胁迫下玉米幼苗的生物量和叶绿素含量,降低了MDA含量、Pro含量及质膜相对透性,提高了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性,促进了可溶性蛋白含量的积累。上述结果表明外源施加海藻糖对盐胁迫下玉米幼苗生长具有一定的缓解作用,从而增强玉米幼苗对盐胁迫的抗性。     

白颖苔草对不同浓度NaCl胁迫的响应及其耐盐阈值

以白颖苔草(Carex rigescens)为研究材料,采用盆栽试验研究了不同浓度NaCl(0,100,200,300,400,500mmol·L~(-1))处理下白颖苔草地上部生长和生理等指标的变化趋势,分析了不同浓度盐处理对白颖苔草生长的影响,并计算确定了其耐盐性的阈值。结果表明,盐处理对白颖苔草的生长产生了抑制作用。随NaCl处理浓度增加,白颖苔草的株高、叶长和叶宽均呈下降趋势,同时枯叶率显著升高(P0.05)。白颖苔草叶片相对含水量随NaCl浓度的增加呈下降趋势,而叶片的质膜透性则呈升高趋势。但两指标在低浓度盐(NaCl为100和200mmol·L~(-1))处理下较无胁迫对照无显著差异(P0.05),当NaCl浓度超过300mmol·L~(-1)时,两指标发生显著变化(P0.05)。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性随NaCl浓度的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,在300mmol·L~(-1)处理下均达到最大值,说明在NaCl浓度300mmol·L~(-1)左右可能存在白颖苔草耐盐的临界浓度。不同浓度NaCl处理对白颖苔草叶片叶绿素a,叶绿素b和叶绿素a+b均产生了不同程度的影响。随盐浓度的增加,叶绿素a和叶绿素a+b含量呈先升高后降低趋把势,叶绿素b含量呈降低趋势,而叶绿素a/b值无显著变化(P0.05)。以白颖苔草生物量下降50%时的盐浓度来评价其耐盐性,建立回归方程确定其耐盐阈值为263mmol·L~(-1)。上述结果表明,白颖苔草对盐胁迫有较高的耐受性,在一定范围的盐胁迫环境中能正常生长,该结果可为后续白颖苔草耐盐机制的研究提供理论依据。     

重金属及盐碱对二月兰幼苗生长和生理生化的影响

以二月兰为试验材料,研究了在不同浓度的盐碱和重金属胁迫下,二月兰幼苗生长和生理生化特性。结果表明,盐碱及重金属胁迫均会对二月兰幼苗的生长发育造成影响,MDA含量呈先降后升趋势,生物量随着胁迫的加重而减少,相对电导率、渗透物质可溶性糖含量和Pro含量均呈上升趋势,抗氧化酶POD活性、SOD活性明显高于对照,胁迫对叶片光合色素的合成具有一定的破坏作用,其中类胡萝卜素更敏感。轻度盐碱及Pb(500 mg/L)的复合胁迫下,MDA含量下降,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素高于对照,说明二月兰幼苗对轻度盐碱及Pb胁迫具有一定耐性,且叶片对于胁迫的耐性大于根部。     

4份偃麦草资源对干旱胁迫的生理响应

为了解偃麦草(Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski)的抗旱生理机制,在盆栽控水条件下,对抗旱性不同的4份偃麦草种质资源进行干旱胁迫生理响应研究。结果表明:干旱后土壤含水量呈下降趋势,且胁迫后0 d,5 d,10 d,15 d间土壤含水量差异显著(P<0.05);干旱胁迫过程中偃麦草叶片水分饱和亏缺(WSD)、电导率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、脯氨酸(Pro)含量呈上升趋势,超氧化物酶(SOD)活性与可溶性蛋白含量呈现先升高后降低趋势,而过氧化物酶(POD)活性则表现降低趋势;与其他材料相比,抗旱性强的材料E01的WSD值上升慢、增加率低,SOD活性峰值出现时间晚且峰值最高,可溶性蛋白含量变化小,脯氨酸积累少,且MDA积累慢、含量低。     

外源NO对镉胁迫下玉米幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了外源NO对镉(Cd)胁迫下玉米幼苗膜脂过氧化、渗透调节物质、抗氧化酶活性及叶绿素含量等生理特性的影响。结果表明,与对照比较,100 mg/L的Cd处理降低了玉米幼苗脯氨酸(Pro)和叶绿素含量,减缓了可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量的积累,抗氧化酶活性下降,丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧阴离子(O₂^-·)产生速率增加、质膜透性增大;与100 mg/L Cd处理比较,添加100 μmol/L硝普钠(SNP)处理显著增加了Cd胁迫下玉米幼苗生物量,提高了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,增加了幼苗叶绿素和脯氨酸含量、促进了可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的积累,降低了MDA含量、细胞质膜的透性以及O₂^-·产生的速率。因此,外源NO对Cd胁迫下玉米生长有一定的缓解作用,可以增强玉米幼苗对Cd毒害的抗性。     

草地早熟禾叶片和根颈对低温胁迫的生理响应

以甘肃省定西市安定区采集的野生草地早熟禾为材料,探讨低温胁迫对草地早熟禾不同营养器官的伤害以及不同器官的抗寒性差异,以期为草地早熟禾草坪养护管理提供依据。结果表明:随低温胁迫时间的延长,草地早熟禾叶片和根颈可溶性糖(SS)、游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量逐渐增加,其中,叶片Pro和SS含量在第6 d时显著高于对照,根颈内两者含量分别在第6 d和第10 d时显著高于对照;可溶性蛋白(SP)、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、羟自由基(·OH)含量和超氧自由基(O_2~-·)产生速率及过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均呈先增加后降低的趋势,第8 d达最大值,且显著高于对照(P0.05);叶片对低温胁迫的伤害比根颈更加敏感。     

草地早熟禾不同品种抗旱性的评价分析

通过连续干旱胁迫下测定6个早熟禾(Poa Pratensis)品种叶片相对含水量(RWC)、叶绿素(Chl)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、脯氨酸(Pro)含量、过氧化物酶(POD)含量及可溶性蛋白含量等指标,鉴定分析了其抗旱性能。结果表明,随着胁迫时间的延长,6个品种的RWC、Chl呈下降趋势;MDA含量、Pro含量、POD含量及可溶性蛋白含量呈上升趋势。通过隶属函数综合分析,6个草地早熟禾品种抗旱能力大小顺序为黑宝新歌来得月光午夜Ⅱ号奖品橄榄球Ⅱ号。     

芒草对NaCl和PEG胁迫的生理响应及相关性分析

采用不同浓度梯度的PEG模拟干旱和NaCl溶液胁迫室内盆栽的芒草,分析芒草幼苗含水量、叶绿素、保护酶系活性、渗透调节物质、膜脂过氧化产物及其之间的相关性,探讨芒草幼苗对PEG和NaCl胁迫的响应和耐干旱、耐盐能力。结果表明:芒草幼苗含水量对PEG胁迫比NaCl胁迫敏感,叶绿素则相反;CAT活性随着PEG和NaCl浓度的增加显著增强(P0.05),POD活性在低浓度PEG(10%)和NaCl 6g/L、12g/L时达到最大,说明CAT和POD响应PEG和NaCl胁迫的活性存在差异;可溶性糖含量在PEG低浓度(10%)时最高,NaCl胁迫下的可溶性糖和MDA含量随盐浓度的增大显著升高(P0.05),Pro含量随PEG和NaCl浓度的增大显著增加(P0.05)。PEG胁迫下自由水含量与POD活性显著负相关,可溶性糖含量与POD活性显著正相关;NaCl胁迫下各生理指标的相关性高于PEG胁迫,可溶性糖含量与Pro和MDA含量极显著正相关,CAT活性与可溶性糖和MDA含量显著正相关。PEG和NaCl胁迫之间,CAT活性和Pro含量极显著正相关,说明芒草对干旱和NaCl胁迫会产生相关的生理适应机制。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -