叶面施锌对马铃薯产量和锌含量的影响

在缺锌土壤中施用锌肥不仅可提高马铃薯产量,而且能显著提高马铃薯块茎锌含量,研究旨在揭示不同 熟性马铃薯叶面施用锌肥的不同施肥量、施肥时期及施肥种类在提高马铃薯产量和块茎锌含量方面的差异。以马 铃薯品种费乌瑞它、大西洋、定薯 4 号为供试材料,于 2020 年 4 月至 2021 年 10 月在大田条件下设置 3 组试验: 试验 1 为不同类型锌肥喷施试验,设不施锌肥为对照(G0)、喷施硫酸锌水溶液(G1)、喷施硫酸锌 + 尿素水溶 液(G2)和喷施安米达·糖醇锌水溶液(G3)4 个处理;试验 2 为不同锌肥喷施量试验,设喷施浓度为 0.00% (F0)、0.02%(F1)、0.03%(F2)、0.04%(F3)、0.05%(F4)和 0.06%(F5)6 个处理;试验 3 为不同时期喷 施锌肥试验,设全生育期不喷施锌肥为对照(L0)、苗期喷施(L1)、现蕾期喷施(L2)、块茎形成期喷施(L3) 和块茎膨大期喷施(L4)5 个处理。结果表明,叶面喷施适量硫酸锌,马铃薯产量、块茎锌含量和叶片 SPAD 值 均有所提高。早熟品种费乌瑞它与中熟品种大西洋,喷施锌肥浓度为 0.30% 时,块茎锌含量较未喷施分别显著增 加 37.25% 和 32.26%;晚熟品种定薯 4 号锌肥浓度为 0.50% 时块茎锌含显著增加 31.75%。不同品种马铃薯喷施关 键时期均在块茎形成期和膨大期,块茎锌含量较未喷施平均显著增加 46.26%。叶面喷施硫酸锌和尿素水溶液增产 增效显著,块茎锌含量显著增加 42.11%,产量显著增加 12.86%。综上所述,结合叶面施锌增加马铃薯产量和块 茎锌含量的田间应用效果分析,在早、中熟品种马铃薯上采用 0.30% 硫酸锌水溶液,晚熟品种上采用 0.50% 硫酸 锌水溶液,因地制宜采用叶面喷施硫酸锌水溶液配施 0.05% 尿素,在马铃薯块茎形成期和块茎膨大期两个关键时 期进行喷施,可协同实现最佳肥料利用效率、最大程度的稳产增产和提高马铃薯的锌营养含量。     

不同时期施锌对旱稻籽粒锌积累的影响

为了探明不同时期施锌肥对旱稻籽粒锌积累的影响,在田间条件下对两个旱稻供试品种(巴西陆稻和旱稻502)进行不同时期施锌肥(100 kg/hm~2 ZnSO_4·7H_2O)处理(基施或花前7 d土壤追施),收获期对旱稻各器官锌含量进行测定和分析.结果表明,与对照(未施锌)和基施锌肥相比,花前7 d追施锌肥能显著增加地上部生物量和籽粒产量.施锌肥两处理均显著提高了旱稻地上部锌积累量.与基施锌肥相比,花前7 d施锌肥更能增加旱稻糙米中锌的含量,但在巴西陆稻上两种施锌方法对籽粒产量的增加均不显著.     

喷施锌、碘对大白菜锌、碘累积量、产量及品质的影响

田间试验结果表明，喷施锌或碘后，在一定浓度范围内，白菜累积锌、碘量明显增加。最大累积量分别达到６２．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ和３．３２ｍｇ／ｋｇ，白菜产量也有一定程度的增加。但是当锌、碘喷施量超过一定浓度后，对白菜会产生毒害作用。同时，喷施锌、碘对白菜硝酸盐含量、维生素Ｃ含量也有一定影响。     

喷施锌,碘对大白菜锌,碘累积量,产量及品质的影响

田间试验结果表明，喷施锌或碘后，在一定浓度范围内，白菜累积锌，碘量明显增加，最大累积最分别达到６２．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ和３．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ，白菜产量也有一定程度的增加，但是当锌、碘喷施量超过一定浓度后，对白菜会产生毒害作用，同时，喷施锌，碘对白菜硝酸盐含量，维生素Ｃ含量也有一定影响。     

氮锌配施对不同冬小麦品种产量及锌营养的影响

为比较石灰性土壤氮锌配施对不同小麦品种生长及锌营养的影响,选10种本地主要种植小麦品种,进行连续两年的田间试验,测定小麦产量及锌含量。结果表明,在石灰性土壤上单施锌肥和氮锌配施对小麦产量、籽粒锌含量的影响因品种而异。单施锌肥及氮锌配施处理可显著增加土壤有效锌含量,但单施锌肥处理仅增加"西杂1号"、"武农148"、"郑麦9023"籽粒锌含量;氮锌配施增加除"小偃22"外其余9种供试小麦品种籽粒锌含量,增幅为7.3%～54.7%。单施锌肥对小麦锌累积量增加的效果不明显;氮锌配施可显著增加小麦地上部锌累积量,两季分别增加6.5%、29.8%。单施氮肥可显著增加小麦锌吸收,但其主要累积在小麦茎叶部。在石灰性土壤上,单施锌肥虽显著增加了土壤有效锌含量,但对小麦产量及籽粒Zn含量增加有限,氮锌肥配施可取得较好效果。     

不同品种粳稻的锌强化方法研究

通过比较不同锌肥施用方式对不同粳稻品种产量以及稻米锌含量的影响,筛选高效锌水稻品种和最佳锌施用方式。在田间试验条件下,分析9个粳稻品种的稻米产量和锌含量对S(锌肥土施)、SB(锌肥土施结合孕穗期喷施)、SF(锌肥土施结合扬花期喷施)和SBF(锌肥土施结合孕穗期和扬花期喷施)4种锌肥施用方式的响应,结果表明,各水稻品种稻米的锌含量在18.1～29.3 mg·kg~(-1)之间,吉洋1号、吉农大809、吉粳302、吉宏6号、长粳717和稻花香2号为高锌品种,吉农大899为中锌品种,平粳8号和吉粳515为低锌品种。锌肥土施对大多数水稻品种无显著增产作用,不同品种的稻米锌含量在施用锌肥后平均增幅为18.0%;S、SB、SF和SBF处理的稻米锌含量分别较不施锌处理提高了8.3%、17.4%、19.5%和27.0%,但3个喷施处理间的平均锌含量无显著差异。锌肥土施结合叶面喷施能显著提高稻米中的锌含量,不同施用方式的施锌效果因品种而异。选择富锌高产品种,锌肥土施结合适当生育期叶面喷施,可实现增产和稻米锌强化,实现水稻高产优质种植。     

旱稻苗期品种(系)间锌吸收与利用的差异研究

为了探讨旱稻品种(系)间苗期锌吸收与利用的差异,揭示旱稻前期锌反应和锌高效机理,在温室盆栽条件下,对12个旱稻品种(系)进行不同锌水平处理,出苗后35.d对植株锌含量进行了测定,分析了不同品种(系)间锌吸收和利用率。结果表明,品种(系)间对低锌的敏感性存在显著差异。在低锌条件下适当补施锌肥可显著提高旱稻植株的锌含量和植株体内的锌积累量1～2倍,并增加干物质生产量20%左右,其中云南旱稻、秦爱-3混、辽旱109和91B特9-7四个品种锌的相对生物量均大于100%,对低锌表现不敏感;而旱稻7号则对低锌较敏感,相对生物量仅为68%。     

外源锌对谷子锌含量、生物有效性及其产量的影响

探究孕穗期喷施不同浓度外源锌溶液对谷子各部位锌含量、锌生物有效性、矿质元素含量及产量的影响,明确谷子外源锌的最佳施用量,为锌肥在谷子上的合理施用提供理论支持。以杂交谷子品种张杂谷10号和常规谷子品种晋谷21号为试验材料,采用大田试验,在谷子孕穗期喷施等量0(CK,清水)、20(Zn1)、40(Zn2)、60(Zn3)、80(Zn4)、100(Zn5)mg·kg-1(以Zn计)硫酸锌(ZnSO4·7H2O)溶液,研究不同浓度锌溶液对锌含量、锌生物有效性、矿质元素含量及产量的影响。结果表明:喷施不同浓度锌溶液均可提高植株各部位锌含量,且随着锌喷施浓度增大,锌含量持续升高,在Zn5处理时达到最大,但含量均未超过国家标准食品中锌限量标准(<50 mg·kg-1);施用不同浓度外源锌后,锌在叶片中分配比例最大,其次为根、茎鞘,在籽粒中分配比例最小;随着锌喷施浓度的增大,籽粒植酸含量及植酸/锌摩尔比均呈先降低后升高的趋势,均在Zn 40 mg·kg-1处理时降低程度最大,与CK相比,晋谷21号分别降低了46.06%、54.31%,张杂谷10号分别降低了35.80%、40.31%;喷施不同锌溶液后,籽粒氮、磷、钾及粗蛋白含量随着锌浓度的增大呈先升高后降低的趋势,在Zn 40 mg·kg-1时达到最高,晋谷21号较CK分别提升了9.26%、40.79%、9.20%、9.26%,张杂谷10号较CK分别提升了5.36%、17.17%、4.58%、5.36%;不同品种谷子喷施不同浓度锌,其穗长、千粒重、穗粒重以及产量与对照相比,均在Zn2处理增加最多,晋谷21号较CK分别增加了7.12%、3.79%、20.69%、21.16%,张杂谷10号较CK分别增加了3.33%、5.16%、14.22%、13.94%。综上所述,外源锌对谷子各部位锌含量、生物有效性以及改善品质、增加产量均具有重要作用,高产高效富锌谷子生产锌的最佳喷施时期为孕穗期,最佳喷施浓度为40 mg·kg-1锌溶液。     

锌离子活度对水稻锌积累与分配的影响

采用HEDTA螯合剂缓冲营养液培养法,选用籽粒含锌量有明显差异的2个基因型水稻(BY和Z921),设置4种锌离子活度(pZn2+9.7、10.3、11.0、11.4),研究了锌离子活度对水稻锌积累、分配的影响以及对不同时期水稻叶片中锌的化学形态的影响。结果显示:(1)2个基因型水稻各器官的锌含量都随着锌离子活度的升高而升高,但不同基因型间,同一基因型不同器官间均存在差异,供锌正常的的条件下,锌首先向代谢活性较弱的营养器官分配;缺锌的条件下,锌首先满足籽粒的需要;(2)从籽粒锌分配看,当锌离子活度(pZn2+)小于10.3时,糙米锌含量最高,当pZn2+升高到9.7时,颖壳锌含量则超过糙米,糙米和精米锌含量的比值在0.79～0.90之间,并以pZn2+为9.7时为最小;(3)任一锌离子活度下,BY籽粒锌含量均大于Z921。表明通过筛选籽粒富锌水稻品种来提高稻米锌含量是经济可行的,且通过增加环境锌离子活度来改善水稻的锌营养能显著提高水稻籽粒的锌含量;(4)营养生长前期,水稻叶片中的锌主要以活性较低的醋酸提取态(重金属磷酸盐)存在;营养生长后期,锌主要以乙醇提取态(醇溶性蛋白、氨基酸等)存在。     

恩施烟区土壤有效锌与烤烟锌含量的关系

采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法分析了湖北省恩施烟区土壤有效锌含量和烤烟锌含量状况及其相互关系,结果表明:(1)恩施烟区土壤有效锌含量偏低,平均值为(1.00±0.51)mg·kg-1,变幅为0.17～2.49mg·kg-1,变异系数为54.26%.所取129个土壤样本有62.79%有效锌含量在临界值1.0 mg·kg-1以下,部分烟区存在缺锌现象.不同海拔土壤有效锌含量表现为高海拔>中海拔>低海拔.(2)恩施烟区烤烟锌含量平均为(29.18±7.99)nag·kg-1,变幅为15.40～54.73 mg·kg-1,变异系数为27.38%,与巴西优质烤烟锌含量(10.15～31.64 nag·kg-1)的符合频率为63.79%.品种、海拔间锌含量差异显著,等级间则差异不显著,品种间表现为K326>云烟87>云烟85;海拔间表现为高海拔>中海拔>低海拔;等级间表现为B2F>C3F>X2F.(3)烤烟锌含量与土壤有效锌含量均随着海拔高度的升高而增加,且烤烟锌含量随着土壤有效锌含量的升高而升高.     

Response of carboxylate metabolism to zinc deficiency in Lactuca sativa and Brassica oleracea plants

Species or genotypes differ in their zinc use efficiency (ZnUE) under low Zn availability in the soil. Organic acids (OAs) synthetized by plant carboxylate metabolism may play a role in Zn‐deficiency tolerance. The main objective of the present work was to assess the response of two species of great agronomic interest such as Lactuca sativa and Brassica oleracea to Zn deficiency focusing on OAs and carboxylate metabolism. For this, L. sativa and B. oleracea plants were grown in hydroponic culture with two different Zn‐application rates: 10 µM Zn as control and 0.1 µM Zn as deficiency treatment. ZnUE parameters, concentrations of OAs and enzymes of carboxylate metabolism were analyzed. L. sativa showed better Zn uptake efficiency (ZnUpE), while B. oleracea demonstrated better Zn utilization efficiency (ZnUtE). In L. sativa, citrate and oxaloacetate concentrations and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and citrate synthase activities increased, while fumarase and malate dehydrogenase activities declined. In B. oleracea no significant response was found in concentrations of carboxylate metabolism or enzyme activity except for a decrease in fumarase activity. These results suggest that a possible factor that induces the tricarboxylic acid cycle could be the low ZnUtE rather than the low Zn concentration under Zn‐deficiency conditions. In L. sativa citrate, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, and citrate synthase may play a key role to face Zn deficiency, while in B. oleracea the higher ZnUtE cannot be explained in terms of a rise in OAs synthesis.     

Varietal tolerance of zinc toxicity in peanuts

Peanuts (Arachishypogaea) are more susceptible to zinc (Zn) toxicity than other crops. However, there is potential for rapid evolution of Zn tolerance in many species. The objectives of this study were to test a nutrient solution screening procedure for identifying Zn tolerant cultivars and to identify plant characteristics and cultivars which have potential for Zn tolerance. Florunner was used as the test cultivar to determine the optimum Zn and pH levels for the nutrient solution cultivar screening test. The screening test showed that VA 81B and NC 6 (both virginia‐type peanuts) were more Zn sensitive than Florunner and that N. M. Valencia C and McRan (both valencia‐type peanuts) were more tolerant than Florunner. Field tests were carried out at three locations in Tift County, Georgia: Gibbs Farm (1986–87), Richards Farm (1991), and Stephens Farm (1992). Two out of four field tests did not have adequate soil Zn levels to test Zn tolerance; soil pH between 5.0 and 5.5 and Mehlich 1 soil Zn level ranging from 15–20 mg/kg should be adequate for cultivar screening in the field. Spanish‐type cultivars (Pronto, Spanco, and Starr) had the lowest toxicity ratings and highest yields (Gibbs, 1987), but yields were not economically viable for any cultivars. Aboveground plant Zn or calcium (Ca): Zn ratio were not good indicators of cultivar tolerance. However, low hull Zn concentration, high hull Ca: Zn ratio, and high plant Zn: root Zn ratio correlated well with high yield and low toxicity rating. Minimization of Zn uptake by the hulls would evidently be beneficial in aiding peanut plants in tolerating high soil Zn levels while producing economic yields.     

Improved productivity and zinc content for maize grain by different zinc fertilization techniques in calcareous soils

Scientific management of nutrients along with several other crop management practices are required for sustainable production of maize (Zea mays L.). Zinc (Zn) status of maize grown in Potohar plateau, Pakistan was monitored. A two-year field study was conducted at two sites to assess the yield of maize cultivars, i.e., hybrid (cv. NARC-2704) and local (cv. Agaiti-2002) and Zn requirement of leaves and grain using various Zn application methods. Zinc was applied by three ways, i.e., broadcast and band placement each at 3, 6 and 9 kg Zn ha^?1; and foliar at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kg Zn ha^?1 along with recommended basal fertilization. Cultivars' response varied to Zn rates, application techniques and sites. The maximum increase in grain yield (two-year mean) at NARC site was: broadcast – hybrid, 17% and local, 13%; band placement – hybrid, 18% and local, 16%; and foliar – hybrid, 15% and local, 13%. Corresponding response at Pindi Gheb site was: broadcast – hybrid, 20% and local, 16%; band placement – hybrid, 21% and local, 17%; and foliar – hybrid, 17% and local, 15%. Zn concentration in leaves and grain of both cultivars also increased to varying extent as a result of applied Zn rates and techniques. Fertilizer Zn requirement for near-maximum grain yield (kg ha^?1) was: broadcast – hybrid, 4.6 and local, 1.9; band placement – hybrid, 1.8 and local, 1.5; and foliar – hybrid, 0.28 and local, 0.26.     

Effects of zinc activity in nutrient solution on uptake,translocation, and root export of cadmium and zinc in three wheat genotypes with different zinc efficiencies

The interactions of zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) in uptake and translocation are common but not consistent. We hypothesized that Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺ activity in the apoplasmic solution bathing root-cells could affect Zn accumulation in plants dependent on the wheat genotype. This hypothesis was tested using seedlings of two bread wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L. cvs. Rushan and Cross) and one durum wheat genotype (Triticum durum L. cv. Arya) with different Zn efficiencies grown in chelate-buffered nutrient solutions with three Zn²⁺ (10^?11.11, 10^?9.11, and 10^?8.81?µM) and two Cd²⁺ (10^?11.21 and 10^?10.2?µM) activity levels. Increasing Zn²⁺ activity in the nutrient solution significantly increased Zn concentration in root and shoots of all three wheat genotypes, although the magnitude of this increase was dependent on the genotype. Cadmium decreased Zn concentration in roots of “Cross” while it had no significant effect on root Zn concentration in “Rushan.” At Zn^2+?=?10^?11.11?µM, Cd decreased shoot Zn concentration in “Arya” whereas it increased shoot Zn concentration at Zn^2+?=?10^?8.81?µM. Cadmium increased shoot Zn concentration of “Rushan” and “Cross” at Zn^2+?=?10^?8.81?µM but it had no significant effect on shoot Zn concentration of these genotypes at Zn^2+?=?10^?11.11?µM. The zinc-inefficient genotype “Arya” accumulated significantly more Cd in its root in comparison with “Cross” and “Rushan.” Cadmium concentration in roots of “Arya” was decreased significantly with increasing Zn activity. The effect of Zn on accumulation of Cd in roots of “Cross” and “Rushan” was dependent on the dose provided, and therefore, both synergistic (at Zn^2+?=?10^?9.11?µM) and antagonistic (at Zn^2+?=?10^?8.81?µM) interactive effects were found in these genotypes. Zinc supply increased the Zn concentration of xylem sap in “Cross” and “Rushan” whereas Zn content in xylem sap of “Arya” was decreased at Zn^2+?=?10^?9.11?µM and thereafter increased at Zn^2+?=?10^?8.81?µM. Cadmium treatment reduced Zn concentration in xylem sap of “Arya,” while it tended to increase Zn content in xylem sap of “Cross.” At Zn-deficient conditions, greater retention of Zn in root cell walls of Zn-inefficient “Arya” resulted in lower root-to-shoot transport of Zn in this genotype. Results revealed that the effect of Cd on the root-to-shoot translocation of Zn via the xylem is dependent on wheat genotype and Zn activity in the nutrient solution.     

Magnesium and zinc interaction in four soybean cultivars with different nutritional requirements

Abstract

In the last decades, soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) was the crop with the highest acreage in Brazil. Soybean has been cropped under unfertile soils as sandy soils and those under pasture decaying where applying high fertilizer levels have significant responses. The presence of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) concentration in the upper layers promotes ions imbalanced concentration in soil solution because the soil acidity correction reduces the uptake of other cations as zinc (Zn). The objective of this study was to evaluate under nutritive solution conditions, the Mg influence in Zn distribution and mobilization into plants from four soybean cultivars with different nutritional requirements. The experimental design was complete randomized blocks in factorial scheme 4?×?2?×?4 being with four soybean cultivars (FT Estrela, DM Nobre, IAC 17, and IAC 15-1), two Mg rates (0.1 and 1.0?mmol?L^?1), four Zn rates (0, 1, 2, and 5?µmol?L^?1), and four replicates. The IAC 17 and FT Estrela cultivars with determinate growth and high nutritional requirements, and the IAC 15-1 and DM Nobre with tolerance to soils partially corrected, average fertility, or both were investigated. In the highest Mg rates, we verified increase in grain yield (GY) as well as in the Zn rates up to 2.0?µmol?L^?1. The Mg?×?Zn interaction was significant and the IAC 17 cultivar was the most responsive to Zn under nutritive solution. The foliar nutrient concentration was significantly modified by Mg rates. The Mg at 1.0?mmol?L^?1 presented the lowest nutrient concentration in soybean plants and increased the shoot dry weight yield (SDWY) in plant and grain no matter the nutritional requirement from every cultivar.     

Zinc Efficiency of Wheat Cultivars Grown on a Saline Calcareous Soil

Abstract

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a yield limiting constraint for wheat production in central Iran. A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years (1999/2000 and 2000/2001) to study Zn use efficiency of five wheat cultivars. Two Zn rates were used, i.e., 0 and 40 kg Zn ha^?1 applied as zinc sulfate. Significant variation was found among wheat cultivars in relation to grain yield, straw yield, Zn use efficiency and yield components. Based on grain yield and Zn use efficiency across two years, cultivar Cross was most efficient and Dur-3 was most inefficient for Zn use efficiency. Cultivars Kavir, Falat, and Rushan were intermediate in Zn use efficiency. Zinc concentration and uptake were higher in the zinc efficient cultivar Cross, while these values were lowest in the Zn inefficient cultivar Dur-3.     

Effect of zinc sulfate fortification in germinated brown rice on seed zinc concentration, bioavailability, and seed germination

Rice is the staple food for more than half of the world's population and, hence, the main source of a vital micronutrient, zinc (Zn). Unfortunately, the bioavailability of Zn from rice is very low not only due to low content but also due to the presence of some antinutrients such as phytic acid. We investigated the effect of germination and Zn fortification treatment on Zn bioavailability of brown rice from three widely grown cultivars using the Caco-2 cell model to find a suitable fortification level for producing germinated brown rice. The results of this study showed that Zn content in brown rice increased significantly (p < 0.05) as the external Zn concentrations increased from 25 to 250 mg/L. In contrast, no significant influence (p > 0.05) on germination percentage of rice was observed when the Zn supply was lower than 150 mg/L. Zn fortification during the germination process has a significant impact on the Zn content and finally Zn bioavailability. These findings may result from the lower molar ratio of phytic acid to Zn and higher Zn content in Zn fortified germinated brown rice, leading to more bioavailable Zn. Likewise, a significant difference (p < 0.05) was found among cultivars with respect to the capacity for Zn accumulation and Zn bioavailability; these results might be attributed to the difference in the molar ratio of phytic acid to Zn and the concentration of Zn among the cultivars evaluated. Based on global intake of Zn among the world population, we recommend germinated brown rice fortified with 100 mg/L ZnSO(4) as a suitable concentration to use in the germination process, which contains high Zn concentration and Zn bioavailability. In the current study, the cultivar Bing91185 fortified with Zn through the germination process contained a high amount as well as bioavailable Zn, which was identified as the most promising cultivar for further evaluation to determine its efficiency as an improved source of Zn for target populations.     

硫酸锌和EDTA-Zn不同施用方法对第二季小麦籽粒锌和土壤锌有效性的影响

【目的】在潜在缺锌石灰性土壤上,特别是种植小麦并以此为主粮的地区,缺锌问题日益受到人们的关注。提高小麦籽粒锌含量以满足人体锌需求,对于改善人体锌营养不良的现状具有重要意义。【方法】以ZnSO₄和Zn-EDTA为锌源,布置了2个为期两年的田间定位试验。试验均采用裂区设计,即主因子为喷施锌肥,设喷施与不喷2个主处理;副因子为土施方法,设不施锌、均施、条施3个副处理。在第1季试验基础上,第2季不再土施锌肥,调查了小麦籽粒锌含量、土壤有效锌含量及锌组分含量,分析了第1季锌肥的后效。【结果】第2季单独喷施ZnSO₄小麦籽粒Zn含量提高了11.13 mg/kg,提高幅度为33%,而喷Zn-EDTA无明显效果。不喷Zn时,第1季均施和条施的ZnSO₄在第2季均表现出一定后效,小麦籽粒锌含量比对照分别提高了6.05、3.51 mg/kg,提高幅度为20%和11%;喷Zn时,第2季均施和条施ZnSO₄处理的小麦籽粒锌含量增加了28.59和21.59 mg/kg,增幅100%和76%,表现出显著富锌作用,但增加幅度比单独喷施要小很多。第1季土施的两种锌肥在第2季小麦收获后DTPA-Zn仍维持在1 mg/kg以上,即不喷Zn时,均施和条施ZnSO₄处理的土壤有效锌含量分别为1.99和1.65 mg/kg,均施和条施Zn-EDTA的有效锌含量分别为1.23和1.01 mg/kg;喷Zn时,均施和条施ZnSO₄处理的土壤有效锌含量分别为1.44和2.22 mg/kg,均施和条施Zn-EDTA处理的有效锌含量分别为1.16和1.10 mg/kg。土壤各锌组分含量均表现为:松结有机态Zn > 碳酸盐结合态Zn > 氧化锰结合态Zn > 紧结有机态Zn > 交换态Zn。具体而言,第1季均施和条施ZnSO₄,第2季结束后交换态Zn（Ex-Zn）、松结有机态Zn（Wbo-Zn）、碳酸盐结合态Zn（Car-Zn）含量均显著提高,其提高幅度分别为184%和116%;75%和85%;53%和43%。而均施和条施Zn-EDTA仅Ex-Zn、Wbo-Zn含量显著提高,其提高幅度分别为232%和132%;18%和10%。均施Zn-EDTA处理的锌肥利用率为0.27%,条施为0.70%,后者约为前者的3倍;而条施与均施ZnSO₄无差异。【结论】在潜在缺锌石灰性土壤上,单独喷施ZnSO₄显著提高了小麦籽粒锌含量,而喷施Zn-EDTA效果不显著;土施ZnSO₄和Zn-EDTA,不论条施或均施,虽然会使有效锌（DTPA-Zn）及较高活性锌形态（Ex-Zn、Wbo-Zn）长时间维持较高含量,但对第2季小麦籽粒富锌的后效有限;土施基础上配合喷施ZnSO₄对小麦籽粒锌的含量效果最令人满意。     

Influence of sodium chloride on the growth and mineral nutrition of pepper cultivars

The response of four cultivars of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), Yolo Wonder, HDA 103, HDA 174, and SC 81 to sodium chloride (NaCl) salinity was studied in hydroponic culture by comparing three different NaCl concentrations: 0 mM, 50 mM, and 100 mM. For all cultivars, growth was reduced when NaCl concentration in the growth medium increased. However, cultivar behavior as a function of the NaCl concentration was not homogenous. The HDA 174 displayed the best growth when NaCl concentration was high, while Yolo Wonder was the most sensitive to salinity. The SC 81 showed intermediate behavior since its growth was low at all treatment levels, but it reacted only slightly to increasing salinity. The analytical results showed that growth was very closely linked to the zinc (Zn) content of the blade: the best growth was observed when the percentage of Zn in the blade was low, whereas high Zn content was linked to sharp reduction in growth. The most tolerant cultivar, HDA 174, showed an original response: the sodium (Na) was strongly accumulated in the leaf blade, whereas the other cultivars tended to avoid Na accumulation. This corresponded to an adaptation observed for halophyte plants.     

旱地高产小麦品种籽粒锌含量差异与产量构成和锌吸收利用的关系

【目的】 明确旱地条件下高产小麦品种籽粒锌含量差异与产量构成及锌吸收利用的关系,对通过品种选育和施肥调控提高旱地小麦籽粒产量和锌营养,实现小麦高产优质生产有重要意义。 【方法】 于2013—2016年连续三年在黄土高原典型旱地进行了小麦裂区田间试验。 以我国主要麦区的123个小麦品种为试材,每个品种设置不施肥和施N 150 kg/hm2、P₂O₅ 100 kg/hm2两个处理。分析了高产小麦籽粒锌含量差异及其与干物质累积、产量构成、锌吸收和分配之间的关系。 【结果】 施肥条件下,高产小麦品种籽粒锌含量存在显著差异,小麦籽粒锌含量与籽粒产量间无显著相关性,但与千粒重、锌吸收量、锌收获指数和籽粒锌形成效率呈显著正相关,与穗粒数呈显著负相关。在高产品种中,无论施肥与否高锌品种的籽粒锌含量均显著高于低锌品种;高锌品种的籽粒锌含量因施肥而显著提高,低锌品种却降低。施肥条件下,高锌品种的籽粒产量、生物量和收获指数与低锌品种相比无显著差异,穗数却显著降低;高锌品种的籽粒锌吸收量、地上部锌吸收量、锌收获指数和籽粒锌形成效率均显著高于低锌品种。且高锌品种的产量、生物量、穗数、穗粒数和锌吸收量因施肥引起的提高幅度均亦显著高于低锌品种。 【结论】 在黄土高原旱地低锌土壤上,无论是品种选育还是施肥调控,促进小麦锌的吸收和向籽粒的转移是提高小麦籽粒锌含量的关键。