Identification of AFLP Markers that Discriminate Between Cultivated Cotton and the Hawaiian Island Endemic, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium tomentosum</Emphasis>Nuttall ex Seeman

Interspecific gene flow from crop species into wild relatives may compromise the genetic integrity of native species and in the case of transgenic crops lead to the escape of transgenes into natural populations. Approximately 72% of the upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) acreage grown in the United States in 2000 utilized transgenic cultivars. The closest relative of G. hirsutum is G. tomentosum Nuttall ex Seeman, endemic to the Hawaiian archipelago. Because these two species are fully interfertile, cultivation of transgenic G. hirsutum in the Hawaiian Islands is restricted. We investigated the possibility of identifying AFLP genetic markers that are diagnostic for each species and thus could be used in future studies to detect introgression between them. In addition, we were interested in comparing levels and geographic patterns of AFLP diversity in G. tomentosum to previous estimates using allozyme data. AFLP analysis led to the detection of 11 and 16 species-specific markers for G. tomentosum and G. hirsutum, respectively. These species-specific AFLP markers will be useful for detecting gene flow between G. hirsutum and G. tomentosum that has occurred in the past and thus might occur in the future if the restrictions on cultivation of transgenic G. hirsutum are relaxed in the Hawaiian Islands. Little genetic diversity and limited geographic patterning were discovered using AFLP markers, consistent with data from previous allozyme studies.     

Survival,distribution, and gene transfer of bacteria in a compact soil microcosm system

Summary A microcosm has been designed for application in risk assessment. It was used to investigate the vertical distribution and survival of bacteria in a soil column. Plasmid transfer was studied in sterile and non-sterile soil, using the microcosm. The results show that bacteria can be isolated from deeper soil layers a few days after their introduction. Of the bacteria containing plasmid RP4, 14% lost their replicon within 13 days. A survival analysis of representative soil bacteria demonstrated a good survival of Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens under the given conditions. The number of Escherichia coli decreased over 7 days. The conjugative plasmid RP4 was transferred between Gram-negative bacteria in sterile soil. Neither conjugation nor mobilization were observed in non-sterile soil.     

Genetic diversity of cowpea [<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vigna unguiculata</Emphasis> (L.) Walp.] in four West African and USA breeding programs as determined by AFLP analysis

Cowpea is an important grain legume and hay crop of many tropical and subtropical regions, especially in the dry savanna region of West Africa. The cowpea gene pool may be narrow because of a genetic bottleneck during domestication. Genetic variation within specific breeding programs may be further restricted due to breeding methods, ‘founder effects’ and limited exchange of germplasm between breeding programs. Genetic relationships among 60 advanced breeding lines from six breeding programs in West Africa and USA, and 27 landrace accessions from Africa, Asia, and South America were examined using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers with six near infrared fluorescence labeled EcoRI + 3/1bases/MseI + 3/1bases primer sets. A total of 382 bands were scored among the accessions with 207 polymorphic bands (54.2%). Despite a diverse origin, the 87 cowpea accessions shared a minimum 86% genetic similarity. Principal coordinates analysis showed clustering of breeding lines by program origin, indicating lack of genetic diversity compared to potential diversity. Accessions from Asia and the Americas overlapped and were distinct from West African breeding lines, indicating that germplasm from Asia and the Americas have common origins outside West Africa. US and Asian breeding programs could increase genetic variability in their programs substantially by incorporating germplasm from West Africa, while national programs in West Africa should consider introgression of Asian germplasm and germplasm from other parts of Africa into their programs to ensure long-term gains from selection.     

贵州农业气象灾害综合风险评价与区划

为了明确贵州省不同区域内主要农业气象灾害类型以及综合研究农业气象灾害的风险,以县为基本评价单元,基于信息扩散理论、不确定性理论以及风险矩阵法,对贵州省8种主要农业气象灾害风险进行综合评价与区划。利用聚类分析将贵州省分为5类农业气象灾害风险区域,以不同聚类区域为研究对象进行灰色关联分析,求得每种灾害的关联度并据以确定不同聚类区域的主要灾害,分别为：春旱、秋绵雨灾害为主的区域;凝冻、倒春寒＼秋风灾害为主的区域;冬季低温＼夏旱灾害为主的区域;秋绵雨＼夏旱灾害为主的区域;夏旱＼暴雨洪涝灾害为主的区域。在灰色关联分析基础上建立了贵州省综合农业气象灾害风险评价模型,并计算了贵州省各县的综合农业气象灾害风险性,利用GIS空间分析进行综合农业气象灾害风险区划。区划结果表明：贵州农业气象灾害高风险区主要分布在西部及中部地区,低风险区域主要分布在南部地区以及东部地区。     

基于文献数据的广西典型土壤铅含量特征及其风险研究

为阐述广西土壤铅含量现状及其潜在风险,通过检索20世纪90年代至今国内外关于广西土壤铅含量的文献,共筛选出目标文献57篇,涉及广西20多个地区,样品5 807个。结果表明,广西区土壤铅含量范围为18.80~6 350 mg kg-1,几何均值为147.9 mg kg-1。不同功能区的土壤铅含量分布存在较大差异,清洁土壤、城区土壤、工矿土壤、非矿区农用土壤和矿区农用土壤铅含量的几何均值分别为26.17、32.88、244.5、42.93和347.6 mg kg-1,分别是广西土壤铅背景值的1.391倍、1.747倍、12.99倍、2.281倍、18.47倍。调查区域中铅污染指数大于1的样本占总量的23%,有7%的样本属于重度污染,主要分布在南丹县、融安县等地,这可能与该区域的矿业活动有关。基于广西区铅矿产分布及目前未涉及调查的区域,建议对重污染区南丹、金城江、环江、融安、阳朔和崇左县等地采取治理措施,对铅锌矿分布较多的大新县、武宣县、岑溪县、贺县等地区作进一步的调查研究。     

A 3-year field investigation of impacts of Monsanto’s transgenic Bt-cotton NC 33B on rhizosphere microbial communities in northern China

Monsanto’s Bt-cotton NC 33B, planted in northern China for more than one decade, effectively controls cotton bollworms and decreases the use of chemical insecticides. Because of the concern about undesirable ecological side-effects of transgenic Bt-cottons, it is important to assess Bt-cotton NC 33B’s effects on soil microorganisms in this zone. Microbial communities in the rhizosphere soil of Bt and non-Bt cottons were monitored under field conditions by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) fingerprints of eubacteria, fungi and actinomycetes at six growth stages after three-year cultivation. Results showed that the population sizes and community structures of eubacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in rhizosphere soil were markedly affected by natural variations in the environment related to cotton growth stages. However, there was no significant difference in eubacterial, fungal and actinomycete population size and community structures in rhizosphere soil between NC 33B and its non-transgenic parent. In general, Bt-cotton NC 33B did not show evident effects on microbial communities in the rhizosphere soil under field conditions after three-year cultivation. This study provides a theoretical basis for environmental impact monitoring of transgenic Bt cottons.     

Low impact of present and historical landscape configuration on the genetics of fragmented Anthyllis vulneraria populations

Decreasing habitat fragment area and increasing isolation may cause loss of plant population genetic diversity and increased genetic differentiation between populations. We studied the relation between the historical and the present landscape configuration (i.e., patch area and patch connectivity), and the present management of calcareous grassland fragments on the one hand, and the within and between population genetic structure of 18 Anthyllis vulneraria populations on the other hand. Despite the long-time fragmentation history and the mainly selfing breeding system of the species, we detected very low genetic differentiation (Φ_st = 0.056) among habitat fragments and no significant isolation-by-distance relation. Average within fragment genetic diversity measured as molecular variance and expected heterozygosity, were relatively high (16.46 and 0.28, respectively), and weakly positively correlated with the current fragment area, most likely because larger fragments contained larger populations. We found no effects of the historical landscape configuration on the genetic diversity of the populations. Our data suggest that the consequences of habitat fragmentation for genetic differentiation and genetic diversity of A. vulneraria are relatively minor which is very likely due to the historical high levels of seed exchange among fragments through grazing and roaming livestock. This study provides indirect evidence that nature management by grazing not only positively affects habitat quality but that it might also mitigate the genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation. From the conservation point of view, this study illustrates the importance of grazing and of the regular transport of livestock between fragments to prevent the long-term effects of fragmentation on the genetic diversity of the populations studied.     

安徽省茶树春霜冻害的风险评估

应用安徽省茶种植区45个气象站点1981−2017年气象资料和1998−2017年茶叶产量资料,选取霜冻害发生综合频率、坡向敏感性指数、茶园面积和灾年减产率变异系数4个因子,利用加权指数求和法构建了茶树霜冻害风险指数,借助ANUSPLIN插值模型和地理信息系统开展了安徽省茶树霜冻害风险评估。结果表明：安徽省茶树春霜冻害高风险、中风险和低风险区域面积为118×104hm2、337×104hm2和 353×104hm2, 分别占评价区域总面积的14.6%、41.7% 和43.7%。高风险区主要分布在大别山茶区的金寨县、霍山县、岳西县、潜山县等和江南茶区南部海拔600m以上的高山区域,零星分布在江北茶区北坡地带。中风险区多分布在大别山茶区和江南茶区海拔低于600m的山区,呈斑块状分布在江北茶区的丘陵和低山区。低风险区集中分布在芜湖−宣城−铜陵−池州沿江一带,零星分布在江南茶区的低山区。构建的风险指数总体能客观反映安徽省茶树霜冻害风险水平,可为茶树霜冻害风险管理提供依据。     

苏南村镇河道疏浚底泥农用对水稻生长、产量及品质的影响

随着人们对农村环境污染的重视以及农村河道底泥疏浚工程的不断增加,疏浚底泥的处置也成为一个日益严峻的问题。本研究以江苏省常熟市辛庄镇河道疏浚底泥为研究对象,通过盆栽试验研究了4种底泥农用对水稻生长、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,底泥种植的水稻株高、穗数、生物量和籽粒产量均低于普通土壤,水稻生物量、产量与底泥碱解氮含量呈显著正相关(0.585*、0.556*),与底泥可溶性盐含量呈极显著负相关(–0.914**、–0.897**),与底泥Eh呈极显著正相关(0.887**、0.857**)。通径分析表明,底泥可溶性盐和Eh是影响水稻生长和产量的主要限制因子。稻米重金属平均富集因子顺序为Zn(0.23)Cu(0.09)=Cd(0.09)Cr(0.005)Ni(0.0025)Pb(0.0017),逐步回归分析表明稻米重金属的积累与土壤有效态重金属、pH和有机质有关。稻米单一重金属目标风险系数值均小于1,其顺序为:CuZnCdPbNiCr,而稻米重金属复合目标风险系数值大于1,表明食用该类底泥栽种的稻米可能存在潜在健康风险,并且成人食用稻米的重金属复合目标风险系数值高于儿童。     

基于信息扩散理论的福建省农作物霜冻灾害风险评估

利用福建省1978-2008年共31a的农业霜冻灾害的受灾和成灾面积数据资料,分析霜冻灾害及其对农业影响的变化趋势,基于最新正态信息扩散计算方法对农业霜冻灾害进行风险评估,结果表明:福建省农作物因霜冻受灾和成灾的面积相对较小,成灾指数与受灾指数的年际波动较为一致;受灾和成灾的风险概率随风险水平提高而下降,受灾风险概率大于成灾风险概率,在平均受灾和成灾的风险概率情况下,即受灾和成灾面积分别占播种面积2.34%和1.23%时,受灾和成灾风险分别约2.6年一遇和2.3年一遇。对照历年霜冻受灾和成灾的实际状况,风险评估结果与实际情况较为吻合,说明应用此模型,对信息量不足的自然灾害进行风险评估是可行的。     

农作物低温冷害监测评估及预报方法评述

对作物冷害指标、风险及损失评估、监测和预报,以及近年来业务化应用的研究成果进行总结和归纳,比较了这些领域新老研究方法的优缺点.重点介绍3S技术和作物模型在这些领域的应用.探讨了遥感温度反演与冷害监测相结合的可行途径,作物模型用于区域冷害损失评估所需的尺度转换及相应冷害模块添加等问题.明确了新技术与冷害研究相结合过程中需要重点考虑和解决的关键技术难题.可为冷害研究的技术革新提供参考.     

极端气候对福建省橄榄产量影响的风险评估

橄榄风险评估对其合理布局和防灾减灾具有重要意义。本文利用福建省橄榄种植区历年气象资料、橄榄种植面积、产量及其它社会经济资料,构建出由致灾因子危险性、承险体脆弱性以及种植区防灾减灾能力组成的极端气候对福建省橄榄产量影响风险指标体系;综合应用层次分析法、专家打分法和熵权系数法确定出风险评估指标权重;采用多指标综合评估法构建风险评估模型,以评估极端气候对橄榄产量影响的风险。结果表明：长乐市以南沿海低海拔橄榄种植区的极端气候对橄榄产量影响风险属轻度,主要原因是该区域致灾因子危险性较轻,脆弱性属轻度至中度,防灾减灾能力较高;重度以上的风险区域主要分布在尤溪县、上杭县、宁德市山区、福州内陆县（市）、莆田市西北部山区、安溪县西部、漳州市西部山区,主要原因是该区域的致灾因子危险性高,尤其以冻害危险性最大,同时防灾减灾能力也较低,部分县（市）种植面积大而导致脆弱性风险也加大;其余种植区的综合风险属中度。     

Soil enzyme activities in the rhizosphere of field-grown sugar beet inoculated with the biocontrol agent Pseudomonas fluorescens F113

Pseudomonas fluorescens F113, which produces the antimicrobial compound 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, is a prospective biocontrol agent. Soil enzyme activities were used to investigate the ecological impact of strain F113 in the rhizosphere of field-grown sugar beet. There were distinct trends in rhizosphere enzyme activities in relation to soil chemistry [determined by electro-ultrafiltration (EUF)]. The activities of enzymes from the P cycle (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and phosphodiesterase) and of arylsulphatase were negatively correlated with the amount of readily available P, whereas urease activity was positively correlated with the latter. Significant correlations between nutrient levels determined by EUF and enzyme activities in the rhizosphere were obtained, highlighting the usefulness of enzyme assays to document variations in soil nutrient cycling. Contrary to previous microcosm studies, which did not investigate plants grown to maturity, the biocontrol inoculant had no effect on enzyme activities or on soil chemistry in the rhizosphere. The results showed the importance of using homogenous soil microcosm systems, also employed in previous work, for risk assessment studies, whereby the effects of inherent soil variability were minimised, and effects of the pseudomonad on soil enzymology could be detected. Received: 3 February 1997     

基于信息扩散法的湖南水稻生产水灾风险评估

利用1987—2006年湖南省水稻播种面积、水灾成灾面积数据资料,基于模糊数学和信息扩散理论,以县为单位,计算了湖南各地水稻生产遭受水灾的风险概率,运用GIS技术得到了水稻生产水灾风险评估及其区划。结果表明,各风险水平下湖南水稻生产遭受水灾的概率总体上北部大于南部,这对提高社会公众对水稻生产中水灾的防灾减灾意识和因地制宜调整农业生产结构有指导意义。     

基于GIS的农业土壤重金属风险评价研究——以南京市八卦洲为例

农产品产地环境安全受到广泛关注,合理评价农产品产地土壤重金属的风险状况,具有现实和长远意义。以南京市八卦洲农业土壤为例,选取对人体危害较大的As、Cd、Cr、Hg、Pb五种重金属元素,对表层土壤进行采样分析,分别采用传统标准方法、农业部发布的《全国农产品产地土壤重金属安全评估技术规定》(产地评估标准方法)和改进地累积综合指数法对该地区农业土壤重金属风险状况进行评价,运用GIS地统计学方法分析重金属风险等级的分布特征。结果表明:5种重金属元素的平均含量分别为11.0、0.38、92.1、0.08和34.5 mg kg-1,除元素Hg以外,均超过南京市土壤环境背景值。产地评估标准方法表明八卦洲超过80%的耕地无重金属风险,风险区零散分布在八卦洲西南部、南部以及东部地区,Cd和Pb是造成低风险的主要元素;传统标准方法仅显示了Cd元素的超标特征;地累积指数法表明Cd、Cr、Pb三种元素受人为活动影响较大,改进地累积综合指数法表明研究区总体生态状况良好。传统标准方法与产地评估标准方法能共同识别无风险的区域,而产地评估标准方法能更好地评价和划分农业土壤重金属风险区域,建议与改进地累积综合指数法结合使用,共同评估该地区农业土壤重金属风险水平、空间分布以及生态风险特征。     

污染场地土壤修复目标值差异探讨 ——以重庆某化工厂遗留场地为例

污染场地土壤修复目标值确定对于土壤污染的修复效果至关重要,也是污染土壤修复工程实践中出现的难点。国家环境保护部已正式发布了《污染场地风险评估技术导则》(HJ25.3—2014),但实际上《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618—1995)、《展览会用地土壤环境质量评价标准》(HJ350—2007)等土壤环境质量标准仍未修订或废止,导致两种评价方式并行,且两种不同方式确定的修复目标值存在明显差异,为修复工作带来了极大的困难。本文调查了重庆某化工厂遗留场地土壤污染现状,分别通过两种评价方式确定了修复目标值,结果显示,两种评价方法确定的超标最严重污染物均为苯并[a]芘,但风险评估模型计算的和土壤环境质量标准确定的修复目标值存在较大差异,分别为0.041、0.3mg/kg,计算确定的修复目标值低于现有标准规定的适用限值,建议国家尽快修订或出台与风险评估模型相适应的土壤环境质量标准。     

基于MODIS数据的福建省农作物低温监测分析与风险评估

利用MODIS数据分别对福建省地表温度和农作物用地信息进行反演,建立基于分裂窗法的福建省地表温度反演模型,构建福建省土地利用信息的专家决策树分类体系,并在Surfer和ArcGIS辅助下提出基于遥感的福建省农作物地表低温风险评估法.结果表明,基于分裂窗法的地表温度监测精度较高,达到83.56％.通过与气象站实测温度对比分析,其高低温分布趋势基本一致,并能精细反映地形条件下的温度差异,弥补了气象站数量不足的缺陷.利用专家决策树分析法灵活构造NDVI、NDWI等不同判读因子,能较准确地提取福建省农作物土地利用信息.经过归一化处理建立的福建省主要农作物用地低温风险等级分为:轻度(0.45～1.00)、中度(0.24 ～0.45)和重度(0～0.24),能够细致反映出福建省地表低温分布和农作物所处的风险格局,为农作物合理区划和低温灾害风险评估等提供参考依据.