四川桤木幼树地径增长模型

以幼树地径为基准变量 ,记为 Y,以株高、枝下高、平均冠幅为说明变量 ,分别记为 X1、X2 、X3 ,建立估测地径三元线性模型。     

多元简单相关系数的计算程序——SHARP PC—1500计算机在林业上的应用

一、数学方法简述1、原始数据标准化由于变量 X(j=1,2,…n)取值的范围和单位量纲都不相同,数值有的很大,有的很小。这样,计算相关系数时,往往突出数值大的作用而压低数值小的作用。数值标准化的目的为克服此种困难的一种方法。数据标准化按行、按列都行,因计算目的而定如求变量之间的简单相关系数,就要对原始数据(表1)按列进行标准化,即令     

章古台地区沙地樟子松径向生长与气候因子的相关分析

为探讨章古台地区气候因子对沙地樟子松径向生长的影响,以该区1980年和1986年春季造林的樟子松为研究对象,在树干解析的基础上,对年轮宽度与气候要素的相关关系进行分析。结果表明:章古台沙地樟子松年轮宽度受年均温度(X1)、降水量(X5)、风速(X7)、地表最高温(X9)、地表最低温(X10)等气候因子影响较大,其最优回归方程为:Y=0.171 8-0.067 3 X1+0.000 4 X5+0.098 2 X7+0.014 5 X9+0.044 8 X10(R2=0.585,p0.001)。     

太行山片麻岩山地坡面土壤含水率及其影响因子——以河北省阜平县为例

为了解决太行山干旱片麻岩山区极度缺水问题,以河北省太行山片麻岩山区的典型地区阜平县为试验基地,研究了坡向(X1)、坡位(X2)、坡度(X3)、土层厚度(X4)、土壤容重(X5)、土粒密度(X6)、植被覆盖度(X7)、田间持水量(X8)、毛管孔隙度(X9)、土壤质地(X10)等因素与土壤含水率(y)的关系。结果表明:该地土壤含水率极低,仅为3.18%~8.61%;上述因素与土壤含水率的相关系数分别为0.745,0.612,-0.078,0.992,-0.924,-0.693,0.974,0.834,0.798,0.918;除与坡度相关不显著外,其他因素均显著或极显著相关;主成分分析筛选出坡向、坡位、土层厚度、土壤容重、植被覆盖度等5个因子对土壤含水率影响最大;直接通径系数绝对值大小排序为土层厚度(0.609)>植被覆盖度(0.224)>土壤容重(-0.185),结合间接通径系数和相关系数来看,土层厚度、植被覆盖度、土壤容重均对土壤含水率有较大影响,其中土层厚度和植被覆盖度为正效应,土壤容重为负效应。     

对一元和多元回归估测的比较

一、概述回归的一般意义就是一个依变量(一般以y表示)能随着一个或几个自变量(一般以x表示)的变化而变化,通过回归计算,可以以一定的可靠程度从自变量值估测与其相对应的依变量值。当这个依变量仅仅只与一个自变量有回归关系时,则该回归为一元回归或简单回归。通常它以y=a bx或y=y b(x-x)来表达。但在实际工作中常常遇到有的依变量     

基于结构方程模型的杉木公益林林分空间结构评价

【目的】综合评价杉木公益林林分空间结构,确定不同龄组林分空间结构现状,为制定精准可行的林分空间结构优化和经营措施提供理论依据。【方法】以湖南省平江县芦头实验林场杉木公益林为研究对象,基于30块样地实测数据,采用4株木法确定林分空间结构单元,选取全混交度、角尺度和空间密度指数作为内生潜变量水平空间结构的观测变量,林层指数、开敞度和交角竞争指数作为内生潜变量垂直空间结构的观测变量,以林分空间结构为外生潜变量,构建林分空间结构评价结构方程模型,模型输出的路径系数通过归一化处理确定各指标权重,在此基础上对林分空间结构进行综合评价。【结果】1)林分空间结构评价结构方程模型的卡方自由度比值(χ²/df)为1.708,介于1～3之间,比较拟合指数(CFI)、非正规化拟合指数(NNFI)和递增拟合指数(IFI)分别为0.944、0.924和0.946,均大于0.90,各拟合指数均符合适配参考值,模型整体适配度良好;2)内生潜变量水平空间结构、垂直空间结构的权重分别为0.522 9、0.477 1,对外生潜变量林分空间结构的影响大致相同,空间密度指数所占权重最高,是影响林分水平空间...     

东兴金花茶优良单株选择初步研究

为筛选出观赏性较高、具有开发潜力的东兴金花茶(Camellia tunghinensis)植株,在野外选择50株长势较好的东兴金花茶成年植株进行观测,测量每个个体的12个指标(冠幅/地径(X1)、冠厚/地径(X2)、一级分枝数/地径(X3)、总枝条数/地径(X4)、一年生枝条数/地径(X5)、一年生枝条叶片数(X6)、叶片大小(X7)、叶片重量(X8)、开花数量/地径(X9),冠型(X10)、通直度(X11)、生长势(X12)),用线性加权法对其进行综合评价并打分,分值越高植株越优。结果表明评价分值较高的植株编号为1、2、4、8,共4株,分值分别为:85.03、83.46、82.12、81.30,其余植株分值均低于80分。     

对一元和多元回归估测的比较

一、概述回归的一般意义就是一个依变量(一般以y表示)能随着一个或几个自变量(一般以x表示)的变化而变化,通过回归计算,可以以一定的可靠程度从自变量值估测与其相对应的依变量值。当这个依变量仅仅只与一个自变量有回归关系时,则该回归为一元回归或简单回归。通常它以(?)=a bx     

湖南四水流域适宜森林覆盖率指标研究

以湖南省湘江、资江、沅江和澧水四大流域为研究对象,探索在大尺度上森林覆盖率对水文效应的影响.通过编制水文特征值得分表和精度检验,确定了径流深(y1)、相对河况系数(y2)、河流含沙量(y3)、侵蚀模数(y4)4个水文因子和森林覆盖率(X1)、水利工程数量(X2)、流域形状系数(X3)、平均坡度(X4)、流域面积(X5)、年降雨量(X6)6个流域因子,并建立了它们之间的关系模型,并求出流域在其它因子一定时的该水文因子所要求的适宜森林覆盖率,综合考虑各水文因子在水文生态环境中的相对重要性并进行加权平均,确定流域内适宜森林覆盖率指标分别为:湘江49%,资江47%,沅江51%,澧水50%.     

峡江县人工湿地松中幼龄林进界胸径预估模型

以峡江县湿地松人工林中幼龄林为总体，以连清样地为样本，用坡向坡位(以数字化度量)、林龄、样地株敷为说明变量。以样地立木进界平均胸径为基准变量，建立预估模型。建模结果表明，不论一元线性模型或二元线性模型均取得了较大的复相关系数与较高的显著水平。     

崇阳县毛竹立地分类

以崇阳县较大面积集中连片的毛竹林分为研究对象,对42个标准地数据进行了统计分析。以坡向(x_1)、坡位(x_2)、坡度(x_3)、腐殖质层厚度(x_4)、土层厚度(x_5)及母岩类型(x_6)为自变量,以毛竹平均胸径(y)为因变量,对其进行逐步回归分析,确定影响毛竹生长的主导因子,并以此作为依据进行立地类型划分。结果表明,影响崇阳毛竹胸径大小的主导因子是土层厚度(x_5)、母岩类型(x_6)及坡位(x_2),回归方程为:y=6.332+0.358 x_2+0.060 x_5-0.662 x_6。通过因子分析,将6个立地因子划分为2个主成分,其中第一个主成分映了土壤因子方面的信息,第二个主成分反映了地形因子方面的信息。应用主成分聚类分析方法可将进行崇阳县毛竹立地划分为4种类型:页岩中下坡厚土层立地类型、页岩上坡中土层立地类型、石灰岩中下坡中土层立地类型及石灰岩上坡薄土层立地类型。应该分别不同立地类型,确定毛竹林经营的主要方向,并制定相应的生产描述措施以促进毛竹林高产、稳产与高效。     

福安市马尾松林分密度效应的研究

运用随机抽样法抽取马尾松成熟林分50个小班,调查胸径、树高、单位蓄积量及密度等测树因子,运用回归分析法进行测树因子相关性分析,结果表明,林分蓄积量对于密度、胸径、树高之间存在显著线性关系,其相关性数学模型可用三元线性回归方程y=b0+b1x1+b2x2+b3x3表示,其中,密度是影响林分蓄积量的主导因素。相关性变化趋势分析表明,在兼顾林分产量和林木径级的情况下,合理保留密度每667 m2为105株。     

A Top Height Equation for Pinus pinaster

A number of equations were fitted by means of stepwise regression to data from 171 compartments enumerated for working plan purposes in the southern and south-western Cape Province. Top height (= the mean height of the 100 biggest trees per ha in terms of diameter at breast height) or a function of top height was used as the dependent variable. Mean height, age (A), stems per ha (SPH) and mean diameter at breast height were used as the independent variables. The following equation gave the best results:

Top height = mean height + 0,03 log (SPH—99) A     

Growth response and sapwood hydraulic properties of young lodgepole pine following repeated fertilization

We examined how tree growth and hydraulic properties of branches and boles are influenced by periodic (about 6 years) and annual fertilization in two juvenile lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) stands in the interior of British Columbia, Canada. Mean basal area (BA), diameter at breast height (DBH) and height increments and percent earlywood and sapwood hydraulic parameters of branches and boles were measured 7 or 8 years after the initial treatments at Sheridan Creek and Kenneth Creek. At Sheridan Creek, fertilization significantly increased BA and DBH increments, but had no effect on height increment. At Kenneth Creek, fertilization increased BA, but fertilized trees had significantly lower height increments than control trees. Sapwood permeability was greater in lower branches of repeatedly fertilized trees than in those of control trees. Sapwood permeabilities of the lower branches of trees in the control, periodic and annual treatments were 0.24 x 10(-12), 0.35 x 10(-12) and 0.45 x 10(-12) m2 at Kenneth Creek; and 0.41 x 10(-12), 0.54 x 10(-12) and 0.65 x 10(-12) m2 at Sheridan Creek, respectively. Annual fertilization tended to increase leaf specific conductivities and Huber values of the lower branches of trees at both study sites. We conclude that, in trees fertilized annually, the higher flow capacity of lower branches may reduce the availability of water to support annual growth of the leader and upper branches.     

木荷二元材积表的研制

利用样木资料,以胸径D、树高H为自变量,材积V为因变量,在多种二元材积模型筛选的基础上,选择山本公式建立木荷二元材积模型并用改进单纯形法进行优化,由此求得木荷二元材积模型为:V=0.00006801D1.865613H0.918129。该模型理论值和实际值差异不显著,实际应用误差小,精度高,完全能够满足生产上的精度要求,可在森林资源清查中推广应用。     

Modelling dimensional growth of three street tree species in the urban forest of the City of Tshwane,South Africa

Tree height, crown height, crown diameter and stem diameter were measured for 282 trees of the indigenous species Combretum erythrophyllum, Searsia lancea and S. pendulina. Growth relationships were modelled using age as explanatory variable for stem diameter and subsequently stem diameter as explanatory variable for tree height, crown height and crown diameter. Coefficients are presented for predicting tree dimensions using a logarithmic function. There were strong correlations for stem diameter and age (r ² ≥ 0.75), and crown diameter and stem diameter (r ² ≥ 0.74) for all three of the species investigated. Correlations were weaker for tree height and stem diameter (r ² ≥ 0.63), and crown height and stem diameter (r ² ≥ 0.60) for S. pendulina but stronger for both C. erythrophyllum (r ² ≥ 0.83) and S. lancea (r ² ≥ 0.70) in both instances. The results can be used in forecasting the physical dimensions of these species as a function of time. The results could also be used in the process of modelling energy use reduction, air pollution uptake, rainfall interception, carbon sequestration and microclimate modification of urban forests such as those found in the City of Tshwane.     

Stem volume models for Cryptomeria japonica of Jeju Island,Korea

The accurate estimation of the stem volume of trees is an important task for forest managers. Two common variables used in stem volume models are the diameter at breast height (DBH) and the total height of a tree. These two variables can be used together, or only the DBH can be used. The present study was conducted to develop a simple volume model for Cryptomeria japonica found in Jeju Island, South Korea. The performance of six models using only the DBH and using both the DBH and total height as variables were evaluated. Fit statistics including coefficient of determination (R²), standard error of the estimate (SEE), mean bias (ē), absolute mean difference (AMD), Akaike information criterion (AIC), and Akaike weight (AIC_w) were used to evaluate the models. Lack-of-fit statistics were also used for further evaluation. The results showed that the models using the DBH and total height as variables performed better than the models using only the DBH as a variable.     

日本花柏人工林生长过程及其模型研究

采用树干解析法试验研究了日本花柏人工林生长过程及其模拟模型。结果表明:日本花柏33年生平均木树高为12.57 m,胸径为13.26 cm,材积达0.1029 m^3;此时材积连年生长量仍然大于年平均生长量,树木生长尚没有到数量成熟阶段。日本花柏生长过程中的树高、胸径、材积与树龄之间的拟合方程分别为H=12.8278/(1+e^2.893-0.1801x)、Dbh=12.4696/(1+e^3.8388-0.268x)、V=0.126/(1+e^5.1711-0.1998x)。     

贺兰山灰榆疏林单株生物量回归模型的研究

对贺兰山东麓天然灰榆疏林林分进行了调查研究。实测灰榆单株的地上和地下生物量,应用相关分析方法,探讨灰榆单株各器官生物量与树高(H)、胸径(D)、1/2树高处直径(D1/2)和胸径平方乘树高(D2H)的相关关系,结果表明:1)贺兰山东麓天然灰榆疏林单株各器官生物量分配比率为树干>树根>树枝>树皮>树叶。2)各器官生物量拟合的预测模型中,树干、树枝和树叶的生物量预测模型拟合效果较好,而且具有一定的实用价值;树枝和树皮的生物量预测模型拟合效果一般;任一自变量与单株生物量拟合的预测方程适用性均较好。     

An empirical comparison of two subject-specific approaches to dominant heights modeling: The dummy variable method and the mixed model method

The varying (local) parameter(s) in site index models can be treated as fixed or random. Two primary subject-specific approaches to height modeling, the dummy variable method (fixed individual effects) and the mixed model method (random individual effects), were compared using Chapman–Richards type models fitted to second-rotation loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) data from a designed experiment. For height prediction of new growth series, tested on our validation subset data, the mixed model provides a new (local) parameter prediction method (termed as mixed predictor), which generally performed better than the traditional method of recovering local parameters (the least squares (LS) predictor we used). However, using the LS predictor, both the dummy variable estimation method and mixed model estimation showed almost identical prediction results. With multiple pairs of height–age measurements, no big difference was found in empirical site index prediction between the LS and mixed predictor. Theoretically, one main advantage of the mixed model approach is the ability of its mixed predictor to predict several local parameters using a single height–age pair. However, our empirical results failed to support this point.