用RAPD技术鉴定荷包红鲤抗寒品系

本利用RAPD技术对荷包红鲤抗寒品系的基因组DNA进行分析。通过对50个引物,150次的RAPD分析,找出了用RAPD技术从分子生物学角度对荷包红鲤抗寒品系进行鉴定的方法。     

荷包红鲤抗寒品系的筛选和培育

在吸取荷元鲤育种经验的基础上,用抗寒性强的黑龙江野鲤与菏包红鲤杂交。得到了一个抗寒、生长快的杂交种.     

红鲤4群体间主要组织相容性复合体的差异

应用鱼类主要组织相容性复合体(MIC)基因来探讨鱼类种群间遗传结构,寻找分子遗传标记。根据已报道的鲤鱼MICI类基因序列,设计了一对特异性引物,从兴国红鲤、荷包红鲤、玻璃红鲤及瓯江彩鲤基因组DNA中扩增了编码MICI类分子α2链的基因片段,并进行克隆、测序。结果表明,(1)编码MHC I类分子α2链的基因多态性较为丰富,234bp长度中有106个变异位点,多态位点百分率达45．3％;荷包红鲤的基因序列与其它3群体红鲤有显著差异;(2)由编码MICI类分子α2链的基因和氨基酸序列构建的系统进化树一致,兴国红鲤与团江彩鲤关系较近,属于同一进化支,玻璃红鲤和荷包红鲤分别属于另外两个不同的进化支,荷包红鲤是较为特化的群体;(3)多态性丰富的编码MICI类分子α2链的基因,适宜作为鲤鱼不同群体的分子遗传标记。     

RAPD技术分析荷包红鲤抗寒品系与亲本的基因组变化

用４０个随机引物对荷包红鲤、荷包红鲤抗寒品系和黑龙江野鲤三个品系鱼进行ＲＡＰＤ反应,共扩增出３６６条带,获得多态性的ＤＮＡ片段６０条。荷包红鲤抗寒品系与荷包红鲤、荷包红鲤抗寒品系与黑龙江野鲤的基因组变异指数分别为０．７７和０．９０。说明荷包红鲤抗寒品系的基因组与其亲本黑龙江野鲤的基因组较荷包红鲤具有更大的变异。     

荷包红鲤（♂）、镜鲤（♀）及其杂种一代的形态特点和主要性状分析

近年来,我国进行鲤鱼种内杂交获得的丰鲤(散鳞镜鲤♂×兴国红鲤♀)、荷元鲤(元江鲤♂×荷包红鲤♀)、岳鲤(湘江野鲤♂×兴国红鲤♀)、芙蓉鲤(镜鲤♂×红鲤♀)及红镜鲤♂×黑龙江野鲤♀的子一代,杂种优势明显,应用于生产取得良好的增产效果。我们用荷包红鲤♂与镜鲤♀杂交得到的子一代(简称杂交鲤)也具有较显著的杂种优势,经三年生     

红鲤4群体间红细胞免疫功能及其差异

应用红细胞C3b受体花环试验和红细胞天然免疫粘附肿瘤细胞花环试验方法，证实兴国红鲤(Cyprinuscarpio.var.singguonensis)、玻璃红鲤(C.carpio.var.wananensis)、荷包红鲤(C.carpio.var.wananensis)及瓯江彩鲤(C.carpio.var.color)的红细胞表面都存在C3b补体受体，均可形成花环；红鲤的红细胞免疫粘附能力存在着种群间差异，上述2种花环试验的花环率大小的顺序均是：兴国红鲤＞荷包红鲤＞瓯江彩鲤＞玻璃红鲤，差异都极显著(P＜0．01)；4群体红鲤的红细胞均具有吞噬作用。结果证实，鱼类红细胞免疫功能在机体防御病原的过程中占有重要地位。     

黑龙江鲤、德国镜鲤选育系与荷包红鲤抗寒品系生长及越冬体重损失的初步研究

利用电子标记跟踪同期孵化、同池饲养的黑龙江鲤(YL)、德国镜鲤选育系(JL)及荷包红鲤抗寒品系(HL)的生长过程。在135 d(越冬前)、325 d(越冬后)、385 d及445 d测定相关生长性状,评估3种鲤生长性能,并探讨越冬体重损失同越冬前体重的关系及其对越冬后生长的影响。结果显示,JL的特定增重率仅在1~135 d显著高于YL和HL(P<0.05);YL体长的特定增长率在1~135 d和325~385 d显著高于JL和HL(P<0.05);3种鲤品种内个体间生长差异较大,体重的变异系数在各测定时段均超过20%;在445 d时,3种鲤的性腺重和性腺成熟系数均为雄性显著高于雌性(P<0.05),但同一品种(系)雌鱼和雄鱼在各测定时段的生长无明显差别。越冬体重损失率与越冬前体重呈显著的正相关(P<0.01),但越冬前相同体重范围个体的越冬体重损失率存在一定差别,可细分为低体重损失(LWL)和高体重损失(HWL)两个群体;LWL群体的越冬前体重显著低于HWL群体(P<0.05),但在越冬后各测定时段的体重均显著高于HWL群体(P<0.05),LWL群体体长在各测定时段均显著高于HWL群体(P<0.05);越冬体重损失率同325~385 d及385~445 d的特定增重率无明显相关,但与385 d及445 d的体重呈显著的负相关(P<0.01)。以上结果表明,JL(体重)和YL(体长)的生长优势主要表现在早期(1龄);3种鲤的生长性能均具有较大的选育空间,但同一品种(系)雌雄个体在445 d前的生长无明显差别;越冬体重损失不影响后期的生长速度,而通过决定越冬结束时的体重来影响生长。     

兴国红鲤仔、稚、幼鱼发育的形态特征

<正> 兴国红鲤(Gyprinus carpio VarXingosis)是在江西发现的一个地方品种,它和另一地方品种婺源红鲤被称为是“江西二红”。兴国红鲤具有肉肥、味美、生长速度快、抗病能力强、成活率高等优点,是一个优良品种。兴国红鲤是一个具有一定经济价值的优良品种,在利用它作为一亲本进行杂交组合,获得更优良的新种方面已经取得了一定     

三个不同品系中华鳖形态差异分析

通过测量中华鳖(Pelodiscus sinensis)淮河品系(3龄)、黄河品系(8月龄)和日本品系(8月龄)的10项形态参数,对不同品系和性别的形态差异进行分析。主成分分析表明,3个品系4个主成分的累计贡献率为80.5%,其中第1主成分是中华鳖的体型因子,贡献率最大,3个品系的形态差异主要体现在体型上。通过逐步判别法建立了3个品系的判别函数,淮河、黄河和日本品系的判别准确率分别为91.7%、75.0%和73.8%,淮河鳖的形态与其他品系的中华鳖存在较大的差异。3个品系中不同性别的判别分析显示,淮河品系中华鳖雌雄判别准确率也较高,综合判别率为88.3%,判别效果最好,建立的判别函数可初步用于不同品系不同性别中华鳖的鉴定。中华鳖形态特征的差异分析为今后中华鳖种质资源鉴定和新品种(系)的选育提供了参考依据。     

棉酚对鲤鱼急性中毒的研究

鲤鱼（体重约16克）腹腔注射乙酸棉酚0，7．3，54，100，200，400mg/kg体重，经四天（96小时）后，死亡率分别是0，0，20％，70％，90％，100％。96小时半数致死剂量是63．6mg/kg体重。注射剂量高于54mg/kg体重时，发生腹腔红肿、体壁溃烂，甚至死亡。实验结果说明虽然棉籽水平的棉酚不引起鲤鱼的任何可见的中毒症状，但是腹腔注射大剂量棉酚可引起与哺乳类相似的中毒症状。     

Environmental effects of common carp Cyprinus carpio (L.) and mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) as bottom feeders in major Indian carp polycultures

A polyculture experiment with the large carp rohu, catla and either mrigal or common carp (as cash crop fish), and the small indigenous fish punti (as food for the farmer's family) was carried out at Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. The main objectives were to compare polycultures of large carp in which the bottom feeder is either the native mrigal or the exotic common carp, and to assess the effects of adding the small indigenous species punti to those polycultures. The results of fish–fish interactions and overall fish production have already been reported. The present paper presents the effects on the water quality, and discusses fish–environment interactions. The main conclusions are: time changes in the pond environment were stronger than fish composition effects. The main practice affecting water quality was liming, that incresed alkalinity, pH and water transparency and decreased ammonia. Rain affected photosynthesis and the match‐mismatch of the two steps of nitrification. The more that bottom feeding fish species disrupt the mud bottom, the stronger their effects on pond environment. Common carp produce the strongest disruption of the mud bottom, followed by punti and then by mrigal. Mud disruption produced by common carp leads to a stronger liming effect, nutrient release into the water, and provides more particles that rain‐floods wash out, facilitating the mismatch of the two steps of nitrification, and increased phosphorus adsorption into the mud bottom. Mud disruption by punti is only enough to improve the liming effect. Mud disruption by mrigal is the least, hence less particles are resuspended, nitrification is not affected during floods and relatively more phosphate remains in the water available for photosynthesis. The bottom feeder common carp can be seen not only as a target‐cultured fish but also as a management tool. Farmers can get double benefit in introducing common carp in the ponds as it enhances the effectiveness of lime application and increases the availability of nutrients to phytoplankton. Through the manipulation of species in the polyculture alone, farmers can maintain the environment better and also reduce input costs.     

氧化鱼油对鲤抗应激能力的影响

在半纯化饲料中分别加入３％新鲜鱼油（ＰＯＶ１．２８ｍｅｑ／ｋｇ）和ＰＯＶ分别为５９．２８、１１８．７９和１８９．３７ｍｅｑ／ｋｇ的氧化鱼油,投喂体重１００ｇ左右２龄鱼种,１５周后进行抗应激试验,结果：氧化鱼油可导致鲁白细胞吞噬活性增强（Ｐ〈０．０５）,说明鲁非特异性的细胞免疫应答水平提高,处于应激状态,病原应激和运输应激实验结果证实,长期处于应激状态的鲤,其抗应激能力减弱。     

黄河鲤肾脏的显微和亚显微结构观察

应用常规解剖学和组织学方法在光镜和电镜下观察成体黄河鲤肾脏的显微和亚显微结构.试验结果显示,黄河鲤的肾脏包括头肾和中肾两部分.头肾实质中没有肾单位,主要由造血组织和淋巴组织构成,可观察到黑色素巨噬细胞中心和甲状腺滤泡;中肾实质中包含有肾小体、肾小管和拟淋巴组织,肾小体由鲍曼氏囊和与其相接触的血管球组成.肾小管由颈段、第...     

镉对鲤血清促性腺激素和生长激素的影响

采用ＣｄＣｌ２浸没法处理鲤，研究镉对鲤血清促性腺激素（ＧｔＨ）和生长激素（ＧＨ）水平的影响，结果表明，较镐浓度镉（ＣｄＣｌ２９ｍｇ／Ｌ）处理引起血清ＧｔＨ水平降低，ＧＨ水平升高，提高水中钙浓度，能使由镉引起的ＧｔＨ水平的降低恢得取正常水平，并对镉引起的ＧＨ水平升高起延迟作用，镉处理使鲤对ＬＨＲＨ－Ａ刺激ＧｔＨ分泌的反应性下降，提高水中钙浓度也不能恢复正常，实验结果提示，镉引起的ＧｔＨ和ＧＨ的变化可     

High zinc in the erythrocyte plasma membranes of common carp Cyprinus carpio

ABSTRACT:   The distribution of zinc (Zn) concentration in the blood and erythrocytes of common carp, grass carp, silver carp and tilapia was studied. It was found that in whole blood, the average Zn concentrations in these four species of fish (approx. 6–14 μg/[ml whole blood]) were relatively similar to those in other species of fish and mammals. However, the mean Zn concentration in the erythrocytes of common carp is approximately two times higher than the other three species of fish (approx. 5 vs approx. 2 μg/[ml whole blood]). It was found that approximately 70% of the Zn in the common carp whole blood came from its erythrocytes. In addition, approximately 43% of the Zn in the erythrocytes of common carp was found to be located on its outer plasma membranes. When an antibody against a 43 kDa Zn-binding protein, isolated from the digestive tract tissue of common carp, was used, significant quantities of the protein were shown to be present on the erythrocyte plasma membranes of common carp by an indirect immunofluorescent staining. High Zn on the outer plasma membrane of the common carp erythrocyte most probably comes from the 43 kDa Zn-binding protein.     

Movement, social cohesion and site fidelity in adult koi carp, Cyprinus carpio

Abstract  Koi carp is an ornamental variant of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., that was introduced to New Zealand in the 1960s and has since become a major aquatic pest. A total of 1265 wild adult koi carp were caught by boat electric fishing, dart tagged and released at multiple sites in the lower Waikato River and associated lakes and wetlands between September 2002 and February 2005. Subsequent recaptures by boat electric fishing and recreational fishing returned 76 koi carp (6% of all tagged fish). Of these, 85% were recaptured less than 5 km from their release site; only one fish moved more than 50 km. On seven occasions, pairs or small groups of koi carp (20% of all tag returns) that had previously been tagged and released at the same locations and times were subsequently recaptured together after considerable periods of time at liberty (mean 551 days ± 419 SD). Adult koi carp in the Waikato River showed a high degree of site fidelity, exhibited prolonged social groupings and females moved downstream more often than males.     

Inheritance and reliability of random amplified polymorphic DNA-markers in two consecutive generations of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers have been used in a variety of genetic studies in fisheries and aquaculture. Most population studies are performed without preliminary data demonstrating the Mendelian inheritance and reproducibility of RAPD markers. In this study, the inheritance and reproducibility of RAPD markers was examined in two consecutive generations of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Variability and segregation of RAPD markers were investigated in one F₁ progeny and three F₂ progenies. Seventy-four RAPD markers were generated by five primers using DNA extracted from the initial ornamental (koi) common carp female and wild-type colour common carp male. Fifty-five of these RAPD markers were transmitted to the F₁ progeny and the inheritance patterns were analysed. Twenty RAPD markers were fully reproducible and demonstrated dominant simple Mendelian inheritance patterns in two consecutive generations. Twenty-four RAPD markers were not reproducible in all progenies. Thirteen markers displayed inheritance ratios in the progenies that did not fit simple Mendelian inheritance patterns. Non-reproducibility of RAPD markers and distorted ratios may be caused by the absence of amplification, poor amplification or by the appearance of artefact bands. Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers with poor reproducibility and non-Mendelian inheritance can lead to misinterpretations of data in population studies, resulting in errors in the estimation of genetic diversity within and between individual populations. Therefore, it is recommended to first identify the set of reproducible RAPD markers that demonstrate Mendelian inheritance before application of the RAPD technique in population studies.