The arterial vascularization of septum interventriculare in donkeys (Equus asinus L.)

In this study, arteries that supply the septum interventriculare in donkeys, their course and variations, if present, were defined. Six hearts belonging to donkeys of varying age and sex constituted the material of the study. In order to expose the arteries, latex coloured with Rotring ink was injected into a. coronaria sinistra and a. coronaria dextra and dissection was performed. The arterial vascularization of the heart in donkeys is supplied by a. coronaria sinistra and a. coronoria dextra, which have their origin at the aorta. A. coronaria sinistra gives off two branches: one is ramus interventricularis paraconalis, which extends into the sulcus interventricularis paraconalis and the other is ramus circumflexus sinister, which lies within the sulcus coronarius. A. coronaria dextra is formed by the union of ramus interventricularis subsinuosus and ramus circumflexus dexter. Septum interventriculare is supplied by rr. septales, which originate from ramus interventricularis paraconalis, a branch of a. coronaria sinistra, as well as rami septales which have their origin in ramus interventricularis subsinuosus, a branch of a. coronaria dextra.     

The macroanatomy of coronary arteries in donkeys (Equus asinus L.)

The aim of this study was to define the arteries that supply the cardiac muscle in donkeys with regard to their course and possible variations. Six hearts belonging to donkeys of different age and sex constituted the material of the study. Following exposition of the arteries by means of injection of latex coloured with Rotring ink to a. coronaria sinistra and a. coronaria dextra, dissection was performed. The arterial vascularization of the heart in donkeys was determined to be supplied by a. coronaria sinistra and a. coronaria dextra which originate from the aorta. A. coronaria sinistra, measured to be larger than a. coronaria dextra, was determined to have its origin at the aorta, at the level of the free border of valvula semilunaris sinistra, and to extend between truncus pulmonalis and auricula sinistra. The mentioned artery was detected to give off two branches, namely, ramus interventricularis paraconalis and ramus circumflexus sinister which extend in sulcus interventricularis paraconalis and sulcus coronarius, respectively. However, a. coronaria dextra was determined to have its origin at the beginning of the aorta, at the level of valvula semilunaris dextra, and to extend to margo ventricularis dexter between truncus pulmonalis and auricula dexter. This study has revealed ramus interventricularis subsinuosus and ramus circumflexus dexter to intercommunicate by means of anastomosis and to form a. coronaria dexter. Examination of material revealed the absence of anastomosis between r. circumflexus sinister and r. circumflexus dexter. Branches named rami septales, originating from ramus interventricularis paraconalis and ramus interventricularis subsinuosus were determined to supply septum interventriculare. Ramus proximalis atrii sinistri was determined to have its origin at ramus circumflexus sinister whereas ramus proximalis venriculi dextri was determined to stem from the beginning of a. coronaria dextra in the material of this study. However, examination of the cranial and caudal branches of ramus coni arteriosi, revealed the cranial branch to be ramus proximalis ventriculi dextri in a cadaver.     

The distribution of the coronary arteries in the Angora rabbit

The aim of this study was to determine the origin, course, termination and anastomosing of the coronary arteries in Angora rabbits. Eight adult healthy male Angora rabbits were used. Coloured latex was injected into the ascending aorta. A. coronaria sinistra of the Angora rabbit had larger diameter than a. coronaria dextra. It was divided into r. proximalis atrii sinistri, r. interventricularis paraconalis and r. circumflexus sinister in six Angora rabbits as well as r. septi interventricularis in two. R. septi interventricularis that stem directly from a. coronaria sinistra in two animals and from r. interventricularis paraconalis in six was a principal vessel responsible for the septum interventriculare. R. marginis ventricularis sinistri originating from r. circumflexus sinister was the most prominent artery on the auricular surface of the heart. R. interventricularis subsinuosus was not detected in Angora rabbits examined. A. coronaria dextra, crossing the sulcus coronarius immediately after its origin, ran obliquely in direction of the sulcus interventricularis subsinuosus to supply the right portion of the heart. The ventricular and septal branches of a. coronaria sinistra and a. coronaria dextra ran subepicardially at the beginning then intramyocardially and mostly parallel to the muscle fibres as surrounded by a thin adipose tissue. Their atrial branches were seen continuously to run subepicardially.     

Macroscopic description of the coronary arteries in Swiss albino mice (Mus musculus)

A total of 25 (13 male, 12 female) adult, healthy Swiss albino mice were used to investigate the origin, course and anastomoses of coronary arteries. Coloured latex was injected into the aortic arch to enable these arteries to be clearly discerned. A. coronaria sinistra was larger than A. coronaria dextra. It was divided into a Ramus interventricularis paraconalis and a Ramus circumflexus sinister. However, in 2 specimens, the septal ramus, was observed to stem directly from the left coronary artery, and only 1 ventricular branch arose from the left circumflex. The collateral branches of the paraconal interventricular ramus had a larger diameter and more extensive distribution was observed in these specimens. The A. coronaria dextra was divided into a Ramus septalis and Ramus circumflexus dexter. The Ramus interventricularis subsinuosis was not detected in this study. The ventricular branches of the left coronary artery run intramyocardially whereas the branches of the right coronary artery course subendocardially.     

Coronary arterial anatomy of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius)

The detailed coronary arterial anatomy of seven camels was studied and compared with that of horses and cattle. In camels, there is a bilateral coronary supply, the right coronary artery being the larger. The left coronary artery follows the same pattern as that in horses. The ramus collateralis proximalis in camels separates off some distance away from the origin of the ramus interventricularis paraconalis, as in horses, whereas it separates off very quickly in cattle. The ramus collateralis distalis has two branches in camels, whereas the left distal ventriculi ramus does not branch. The ramus angularis is also absent but the left distal atrii ramus is present.Abbreviations LCR left ramus circumflexus - RCR right circumflexus ramus - RIS ramus interventricularis subsinosus - RIVP ramus interventricularis paraconalis     

兰州大尾羊心脏冠状循环血管宏观解剖观察

选取五个不同年龄和性别的兰州大尾羊的心脏,分别采用20%的ABS丙酮溶液进行血管灌注,以红色染料的溶液灌注动脉而用蓝色染料的液体来灌注静脉。结果表明,兰州大尾羊的动脉血液是由起源于主动脉的左冠状动脉和右冠状动脉供应的,左冠状动脉比较粗大。     

Arterial vascularization of the uropygial glands (Gl. uropygialis) in geese (Anser anser) and ducks (Anas platyrhynches)

In the present study, arterial vascularization of the uropygial glands (Gl. uropygialis) of 10 adult geese (Anser anser) and 10 adult ducks (Anas platyrhynches) were studied. Takilon was injected into the median coccygeal arteries of six specimens from each species, and Latex (a natural rubber with ammonia) into those of four specimens. Takilon-injected specimens were corrosion casted, and arteries nourishing the gland were revealed via dissection. Vascularization of the uropygial glands of both the goose and the duck was observed to be the right (a. gl. uropygii dextra), left (a. gl. uropygi sinistra) and ventral (a. gl. uropygi ventralis) glandular uropygial arteries, arising from the median coccygeal (a. coccygea media) artery. Both the right and left glandular uropygial arteries were observed, divided into four branches as follows; muscular ramus (ramus muscularis), medial ramus (ramus medialis), ventral ramus (ramus ventralis) and lateral ramus (ramus lateralis). Of these, as the lateral, medial and ventral branches feed the gland, the muscular branch provides blood for the lateral coccygeal (m. coccygealis lateralis) and levator coccygeal (m. levator coccygealis) muscles, and the skin. Among the arteries mentioned above, anastomosis between the first and the second branches of the right ventral uropygial arteries in the five geese and five ducks was found.     

The macroanatomical investigations on the aortic arch in porcupines (Hystrix cristata)

The anatomy of aortic arch in porcupine was studied. Angiography was applied to each of the three adult porcupines (two males, one female) following the injection of latex from the abdominal aorta for the examination of aortic arch. The results indicated that three arteries arose from aortic arch in porcupine. These were truncus brachiocephalicus, arteria carotis communis sinistra and arteria subclavia sinistra. The truncus brachiocephalicus in porcupine yielded arteria subclavia dextra and arteria carotis communis dextra. Truncus bicaroticus was absent. The origin of truncus costocervicalis (right) and arteria vertebralis (right) arose from a common root. Left or right axillary arteries seemed to be a continuation of subclavian arteries. The results of this study may contribute to the data in this area of science.     

The venous drainage of the heart in porcupines (Hystrix cristata)

The venous drainage of the heart in porcupines (Hystrix cristata) was investigated. Each of the five adult porcupines (three males, two females) was injected with a coloured latex mixture via the V. cava caudalis for the demonstration of the cardiac veins. The dissection of the specimens revealed that the venous drainage of the heart in porcupines was made by the V. cordis magna, V. distalis ventriculi sinistri, V. proximalis ventriculi sinistri, V. cordis caudalis (the left marginal vein), V. cordis media and Vv. cordis dextrae. The cardiac veins were observed in a subepicardial course on the heart except for the R. interventricularis paraconalis. The R. interventricularis paraconalis showed an intramyocardial course until the middle of the sulcus interventricularis paraconalis, and a subepicardial course after this point. The V. cordis magna and V. distalis ventriculi sinistri opened to the sinus coronarius. The V. cordis caudalis and the V. cordis media drained into the V. cava caudalis. The venous drainage of the conus arteriosus was made by the left V. coni arteriosi opening to the R. interventricularis paraconalis, and by the right V. coni arteriosi which continued to the Vv. cordis dextrae.     

内蒙古地区健康及患阴道蝇蛆病双峰驼的主要血液指标比较分析

旨在了解内蒙古地区健康及患阴道蝇蛆病双峰驼的主要血液指标之间的差异。从内蒙古阿拉善左旗等地采集健康及患阴道蝇蛆病双峰驼血液样本107份,采用瑞氏染色法和吉姆萨染色法对制备的血液涂片进行染色,观察并比较健康及患病双峰驼血液的红细胞与白细胞的形态特征;利用血液细胞分析仪测定血液样本的血细胞含量,并对相同及不同地区的健康及患病双峰驼的主要血常规指标进行统计学分析;应用比值方法估计血液样本的血浆含量。结果表明,患病驼血液中的嗜碱性粒细胞含量较少,嗜酸性粒细胞含量较多,且血小板含量较健康驼多;来自相同地区的患病驼与健康驼的各种血细胞含量无显著差异（P〉0.05）;不同地区的健康驼血细胞含量趋于平稳,但不同地区的患病驼血细胞含量变化存在较大波动;双峰驼的血浆含量为0.349 0-0.736 5,患阴道蝇蛆病的双峰驼血浆含量普遍高于健康双峰驼。     

The right coronary artery is absent in the chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera)

A total of 10 adult, healthy, male chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera) were used to investigate the origin, course, and termination of the coronary arteries. Coloured latex was injected into the carotid arteries following conventional anatomical applications. In all the chinchillas examined, the left coronary artery was the single coronary artery. The right coronary artery was missing. Additionally, a small vessel originating from the cranial border of the aorta was observed in one chinchilla. The left coronary artery divided into the paraconal, interventricular and left circumflex rami. The left marginis ventricular ramus arose from the paraconal interventricular ramus in eight chinchillas, and from the left circumflex ramus in two. The ventricular and septal branches of the left coronary artery ran subepicardially at the beginning mostly parallel to the muscle fibres, also surrounded by a thin adipose tissue. It was concluded that the only left coroner artery supplied blood to the heart in the chinchilla.     

Age-related changes in the anatomical characteristics of Peyer's patches in small intestine of Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus)

The distribution, size, and appearance of Peyer's patches vary according to species. In order to determine the anatomical characteristics of Peyer's patches in small intestine of Bactrian camel, and age-related changes in the number of Peyer's patches, 40 Bactrian camels of the following four age groups were studied: young (0.5–2 years), pubertal (3–5 years), middle-aged (6–16 years), and old (17–20 years). The exact number of Peyer's patches was recorded, and the appearance of Peyer's patches was described in detail. The results indicated that Peyer's patches of Bactrian camels not only have a particular anatomical location and distinct appearance but also change with age. They were distributed in the whole small intestine and there were four distinct types of Peyer's patches: nodular, faviform, cup-shaped, and cystic form Peyer's patches. However, the nodular and cystic form Peyer’s patches are specific to Bactrian camel, which have not been found in other animals including Dromedary camel. In addition, the distribution density of Peyer's patches in ileum was the maximum, then was jejunum and duodenum. Further statistical analysis showed that the number of Peyer's patches was altered with age. The number peaked in 5-year-old camels and declined subsequently with age. However, there was little change in the size of Peyer's patches in different age groups; no age-related macroscopic variations in the shape or size of the Peyer's patches were found. Results obtained from this study provide the basic information to further study on the gastrointestinal mucosal immunity of Bactrian camel.     

基于瘤胃转录组探究双峰驼沙漠适应性分子机制

旨在比较胚胎期和成年期双峰驼瘤胃在组织形态、编码基因表达上的变化,挖掘影响双峰驼瘤胃发育的关键基因和通路,从消化系统探究双峰驼的沙漠适应性机制。本研究选取3峰10~12岁健康状况良好的成年期阿拉善双峰驼,以及3峰9~10月龄健康状况良好的胚胎期阿拉善双峰驼,采集瘤胃组织样品,制作石蜡组织切片,观察成年期与胚胎期双峰驼瘤胃,比较其组织结构之间的差异。分别提取成年期和胚胎期双峰驼的瘤胃组织总RNA,利用Illumination Hiseq 2000测序平台分别进行转录组测序,对转录组数据进行质控、比对、差异基因筛选、GO、KEGG富集分析。随机选择6个差异表达基因进行荧光定量试验,关联转录组数据与荧光定量试验的表达趋势。结果表明,胚胎期瘤胃组织中上皮细胞和肌纤维细胞清晰可见,分布密集,在成年期的瘤胃组织中,可见明显的肌纤维,肌纤维直径较宽,肌纤维间的空隙较大。转录组测序结果显示,每个样本获得至少10G的数据量,各样本的质控率都在90%以上,Q30数据都在88%以上。对测序数据进行分析,以胚胎期为对照组,成年期为试验组,筛选到1 207个差异表达基因,其中上调基因456个,下调基因751个;对差异表达基因进行层次聚类分析,结果显示,成年期的3个个体（M1、M2、M3）表达模式接近,胚胎期的3个个体（T1、T2、T3）表达模式接近。对差异表达基因进行GO和KEGG富集分析,结果显示,上调差异表达基因显著富集到62条显著的GO条目,下调差异表达基因显著富集到366条显著的GO条目,73条显著的KEGG通路。差异表达基因主要富集在代谢过程的负调控、RNA生物合成过程的负调控、基因表达的负调控等GO条目中,KEGG主要富集到MAPK信号通路、PI3K-Akt信号通路、糖尿病并发症中的AGE-RAGE信号、胰岛素信号通路、醛固酮的合成与分泌等通路中。同时筛选到MAPK12、MAPK13、FABP5、PPARγ、CaMK1等与双峰驼沙漠适应性相关的基因。荧光定量结果显示,差异基因在成年期和胚胎期瘤胃组织中的表达模式与RNA-Seq的结果一致。上述结果表明,双峰驼的瘤胃组织可能与脂肪细胞分化有关。在沙漠环境中,双峰驼可能降低瘤胃组织代谢效率、通过胰岛素抵抗作用提高血糖耐受性以及促进醛固酮的合成与分泌以调节血压平衡,以更好地在沙漠干燥缺水的环境中生存。     

Abstracts: LVII Annual Meeting of the Italian Society for Veterin Ary Sciences (SISVET), Ischia 2003

The Bactrian camel is an important domestic animal in some of the desert and semi-desert areas of the world. However, there is no detailed report about the nervous supply to the nasal cavity of the Bactrian camel. In the present study, seven heads of adult Bactrian camels were collected and the nerve distribution in the nasal cavity was dissected grossly. The results demonstrated that the nerves supplying to the nasal cavity included the olfactory nerve, the ethmoidal nerve from the ophthalmic nerve, and the caudal nerve from the maxillary nerve. The general patterns of nervous distribution in the nasal cavity of the Bactrian camel corresponded with those of other domestic animals. However, the terminal nerve was not observed by this gross anatomical method in the Bactrian camel.     

The Arterial Supply of the Carpal Joint in the Bactrian Camel (Camelus Bactrianus)

The arterial supply of the six carpal joints was studied in Bactrian camels. The arterial branches supplying the carpal joints were the proximal medial dorsal, middle medial dorsal, distal medial dorsal, proximal lateral dorsal, distal lateral dorsal, proximal medial palmar, distal medial palmar, lateral palmar, proximal palmar and dorsal palmar carpi and the dorsal interosseous antebrachium branches. Some small unnamed branches supplied the diverticulum and the antebrachiocarpal joint capsule. All these arteries arose from the lateral and medial branches of the radial artery.     

Coronary arteries of the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus; Linnaeus 1758) heart

A study of the coronary arteries of the roe deer heart was performed on 21 hearts of animals of both sexes and various ages. The roe deer heart is supplied by two arteries: the left coronary artery and the right coronary artery. The left coronary artery arises from the left aortic sinus and forms a short common trunk. The left coronary artery reaches the coronary groove, then divides into the paraconal interventricular branch and the circumflex branch. The circumflex branch gives off several branches to the left ventricle wall and terminates in the subsinuosal interventricular groove as the subsinuosal interventricular branch. The right coronary artery is less pronounced than the left coronary artery. It arises from the right aortic sinus and enters the coronary groove as the right circumflex branch. We found the left arterial cone branch in 75% and the right arterial cone branch in 80% of the cases investigated. The coronary arteries of the heart run subepicardially. In 9 cases we found muscular bridges over the coronary arteries, mostly on the paraconal interventricular branch. In conclusion we affirm the left type of the arterial vascularisation in the roe deer heart.     

Intracranial arteries of New Zealand rabbits; identification,three-dimensional modelling,and morphometry by computed tomography angiography

The aim of the study was to determine identification, three-dimensional modelling, and morphometry of intracranial arteries in New Zealand Rabbit by using computed tomography angiography. A total of 20 adult New Zealand Rabbits from both sexes were used in the study. General anaesthesia procedure was followed before computed tomography angiography imaging. Rabbits were placed in a prone position for imaging. Computed tomography angiography imaging was performed by injecting contrast agent into vena auricularis marginalis of rabbits. Morphometric measurements of the specified points were taken by MIMICS program using the computed tomography angiography images acquired. Three-dimensional intracranial artery model was prepared from the two-dimensional images on the same program. Measurements were statistically compared in terms of sex and side. It was observed in the study that arteria basilaris was generated by bilateral arteria vertebralis at the basal level of medulla oblongata. In the study, a statistically significant difference was determined only in diameter values of arteria cerebri caudalis dextra et sinistra in both female and male rabbits. On the other hand, no statistically significant difference was determined with respect to the side. Consequently, we think that the data of the present study will contribute to further studies on cerebrovascular pathology, clinicians or researchers.     

Gross anatomy of the accessory nerve and vagus nerve ofthe head and cranial neck region in the Bactrian camel

Seven heads and necks of Bactrian camels were dissected to investigate the origin, course, branches anddistribution of the accessory nerve and vagus nerve in the cranial cervical region. The spinal root and external branch of the accessory nerve were not present, but there was a delicate communicating branch between the dorsal root of the first cervical nerve and the root of the vagus nerve. The sternocephalic muscle was innervated by the second cervical nerve while the brachiocephalic and trapezius muscles were supplied by the sixth and seventh cervical nerves. In the head and cranial cervical region of the Bactrian camel the vagus nerve gave oft the auricular branch, pharyngeal branch, cranial laryngeal nerve, a common trunk to the larynx, oesophagus and trachea, and some communicating branches connecting with the glossopharyngeal, hypoglossal, first cervical nerves and the cranial cervical ganglion.     

Studies on the Haematology and Trace Element Status of Adult Bactrian Camels (Camelus bactrianus) in China

Reference values were established for some haematological and serum biochemical constituents in Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) in China. The contents of seven trace elements in the blood, hair, liver, kidney, heart, spleen, lung, cerebrum, cerebellum, rib, ovary, pancreas and gluteal muscle of Bactrian camels were also measured. Some of these values are reported for the first time for Bactrian camels in China. Most haematological and serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, yaks, sheep and dromedary camels, but the mean serum albumin concentration and the albumim/globulin ratio were significantly higher than those in other ruminants and the mean thyroxine concentration was half that in dromedary camels. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, zinc, manganese and iron, and the renal cortex contained the highest concentration of selenium. The concentrations of selenium, cobalt, zinc, manganese and molybdenum in the tissues were within the reference ranges for other ruminants, but the mean iron and copper concentrations in the liver were significantly higher than those in other ruminants.     

The Coronary Arteries of the Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius)

The pattern of distribution of the coronary arteries of the camel was studied by combining dissection and vinyl acetate casts. The results showed that in the camel the right coronary artery supplies the interventricular subsinuosal artery, characteristic of a right coronary pattern. The septal branch that supplied the interventricular septum originated from the paraconal interventricular artery. A muscular bridge was observed crossing each of the paraconal and subsinuosal interventricular arteries in the middle third of the longitudinal grooves.