食品中喹诺酮类兽药多残留检测技术的应用与发展

喹诺酮类兽药在食品中的残留问题引起各国的重视,建立高效灵敏的多残留检测方法是喹诺酮类兽药检测方法研究的热点和趋势.通过对微生物抑制法、色谱法、免疫法、蛋白芯片法在多残留检测技术的解析,概述食品中喹诺酮类药物多残留检测技术的应用现状与发展,为开展药物残留检测的研究和监测提供借鉴.     

兽药多残留分析中前处理与检测技术研究进展

以动物源性食品为检测基质,对兽药多残留分析中样品前处理和检测技术进行总括,综述了常用兽药氟喹诺酮类(FQs)、磺胺类(SAs)等药物多残留分析的国内外文献,并对兽药多残留分析的研究方向进行了展望.     

动物源性食品中氟喹诺酮类药物残留色谱质谱检测技术研究进展

兽药残留检测已成为全球动物源性食品安全的重要组成部分,色谱与质谱是兽药残留分析中最常用的检测方法。由于兽药各种类之间在理化性质、残留状态、限量要求等方面差异较大,导致在仪器分析环节存在一定的技术困难。为进一步了解该技术领域的研究进展,本文综述了动物源性食品中氟喹诺酮类药物残留色谱和质谱检测方法,指出了各种方法的优缺点并对检测技术的发展进行了展望,以期为氟喹诺酮类药物的残留检测提供技术支持和理论依据。     

动物性食品中氟喹诺酮类兽药残留检测技术

介绍了3种动物性食品中氟喹诺酮类兽药残留检测技术,三者之间在使用范围、检测环节中有着很大的区别,要做到具体问题具体分析,正确选择合适的检测方法,进而确保动物性食品的安全性。     

动物性食品中氟喹诺酮类兽药残留检测技术研究进展

氟喹诺酮类兽药是近年发展起来的一类广谱抗菌药,随着该类药物使用量的增多和人们对食品安全的关注,兽药残留问题越来越被人们所重视.用于氟喹诺酮类兽药残留检测的方法主要有微生物法、免疫分析法、液相色谱法、高效液相色谱法等.目前主要的检测方法是高效液相色谱法,但该方法样品前处理比较繁琐,不适合大量样品的快速检测;微生物法是一种抗菌药物残留检测的快速筛选方法,但该法的检测限量高于欧盟所规定的最低检测限量;免疫分析技术是以抗原抗体的结合反应为基础的分析技术,其特点是特异性强,简单、灵敏、快捷,可用于大量样品的快速检测.     

氟喹诺酮类兽药残留分析方法的综述

氟喹诺酮类药物（FQNs）在动物源性食品中导致人体内病原体的耐药性。FQNs兽药残留分析方法包括微生物法、免疫分析法、色谱分析法。我国对FQNs残留检测的研究还处于初级阶段,应在以后的科研中努力研发更现代化的检测技术。     

动物性食品中氟喹诺酮兽药残留分析方法的研究进展

氟喹诺酮药物已广泛应用于治疗兽医临床上一些疾病,并且在养殖业上作为饲料添加剂用于促进动物的生长.近年来有研究发现,动物 性食品中的氟喹诺酮药物残留超标对人体存在潜在的威胁,这类兽药残留问题越来越被人们重视,而氟喹诺酮药物残留的检测方法 也有很多,目前常用的检测方法包括微生物法、各种色谱法及各种免疫分析法等.本文对这些方法加以综述.     

动物源性食品中多种兽药残留种类及检测方法

动物源食品中多种兽药残留主要是动物在生长和加工中额外添加。该种残留现象具有水平低、种类多、机制效应复杂的特点。针对该种动物制品在进行兽药残留检测中应综合运用新技术新方。目前在动物源食品中多种兽药残留检测中常用的技术为高效液相色谱质谱联合使用技术,该项技术具有检测灵敏度高,数据获取精准的特点,能对多种兽药残留情况进行定性定量的分析,在动物源食品多种兽药残留检测过程中应用较为广泛。该文主要论述动物源食品中多种兽药残留的种类及兽药残留检测技术。     

行业动态

农业部:发布动物源产品中兽药残留检测方法国标1月23日,农业部市场与经济信息司为应对农产品质量安全突发事件,根据《兽药管理条例》的规定,发布了水产品中硝基呋喃类代谢物残留量的测定等应急标准。此外,农业部还组织有关单位制定了动物源食品中硝基呋喃类代谢物残留量的测定、鸡蛋中氟喹诺酮类药物残留量的测定、蜂蜜中氟氯苯氰菊酯残留量的测定、牛奶中青霉素类药物残留量的测定等多项动物源产品中兽药残留检测方法国家标准。食品价格涨幅加大肉禽价格将止跌看涨国家信息中心发布“2007年中国与世界经济发展报告”中指出:2007年我国居民…     

中华人民共和国农业部公告第824号

为加强兽药残留监控工作，保障动物性产品安全，根据《兽药管理条例》规定，经研究确认国家兽药残留基准实验室药物检测范围，现予公告。 一、按照《中华人民共和国动物及动物源食品中残留物质监控计划》，国家兽药残留基准实验室主要承担相关药物残留检测方法（筛选法、定量法、确证法）研究和标准的制定、检测技术仲裁、比对试验及技术培训等工作。     

Emerging antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli with public health relevance

In 2009, 1462 Escherichia coli isolates were collected in a systematic resistance monitoring approach from primary production, slaughterhouses and at retail and evaluated on the basis of epidemiological cut-off values. Besides resistance to antimicrobial classes that have been extensively used for a long time (e.g. sulphonamides and tetracyclines), resistance to (fluoro)quinolones and third-generation cephalosporins was observed. While in the poultry production chain the majority (60%) of isolates from laying hens was susceptible to all antimicrobials tested, most isolates from broilers, chicken meat and turkey meat showed resistance to at least one (85-93%) but frequently even to several antimicrobial classes (73-84%). In the cattle and pig production chain, the share of isolates showing resistance to at least one antimicrobial was lowest (16%) in dairy cows, whereas resistance to at least one antimicrobial ranged between 43% and 73% in veal calves, veal and pork. Resistance rates to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid in isolates from broilers were 41.1% and 43.1%, respectively. Likewise, high resistance rates to (fluoro)quinolones were observed in isolates from chicken meat and turkey meat. In contrast, ciprofloxacin resistance was less frequent in E.?coli isolates from the cattle and pig production chain with highest rate in veal calves (13.3%). Highest resistance rates to cephalosporins were observed in broilers and chicken meat, with 5.9% and 6.2% of the isolates showing resistance. In dairy cattle and veal, no isolates with cephalosporin resistance were detected, whereas 3.3% of the isolates from veal calves showed resistance to ceftazidime. Resistance to (fluoro)quinolones and cephalosporins in E.?coli isolates is of special concern because they are critically important antimicrobials in human antimicrobial therapy. The emergence of this resistance warrants increased monitoring. Together with continuous monitoring of antimicrobial usage, management strategies should be regularly assessed and adapted.     

2017年酒泉市部分地区市动物性食品喹诺酮类抗生素残留情况调查与分析

研究旨在初步了解并分析甘肃省酒泉市部分地区市动物性食品喹诺酮类抗生素残留情况,为相应的膳食安全评估提供基础数据。于2017年3—10月在酒泉市部分地区随机采集动物性食品共235份,应用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法对被检样品中喹诺酮类抗生素残留进行检测与分析。结果表明:235份样品中有14份样品检测含有喹诺酮类抗生素残留,检出率5.96%,其中猪肉、鸡肉、鸡蛋、羊肉和牛肉的检出率分别为4.56%(2/43)、4.17%(1/24)、25.00%(5/20)、4.69%(6/128)和0.00%(0/20),且2份鸡蛋样品检测超标,超标率0.85%(2/235);此外,14份阳性样品中恩诺沙星的检出率最高,为64.28%(9/14)。说明酒泉市部分动物性食品存在喹诺酮类抗生素残留,对消费者健康造成一定的威胁,应引起相关部门的重视。     

氟喹诺酮类药物残留限量及检测技术研究进展

氟喹诺酮类药物(FQS)是第3代喹诺酮类抗生素,具有良好的生物利用度和耐受性,不仅对革兰氏阳性菌和阴性菌有杀菌作用,还具有抗真菌和抗病毒活性,因此被广泛应用于治疗畜牧动物养殖过程中的细菌性感染。但当人类过多食用含有FQS残留的食品后,将会损害身体多个系统并引起细菌耐药性,因此建立灵敏度高、简便的检测方法十分必要。本文综述了FQS残留的检测标准和常用的检测方法及优缺点,酶联免疫分析法(ELISA)具有灵敏度高、操作简便等优势,预测ELISA法在今后FQS残留检测中发挥重要作用。     

Quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli.

Escherichia coli is an important pathogen of animals and humans that causes great financial cost in food production by causing disease in food animals. The quinolones are a class of synthetic antimicrobial agents with excellent activity against Escherichia coli and other Gram-negative bacteria used in human and veterinary medicine. Different quinolones are used to treat various conditions in animals in different parts of the world. All members of this class of drug have the same mode of action: inhibition of topoisomerase enzymes, DNA Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV. Escherichia coli can become resistant to quinolones by altering the target enzymes, reducing permeability of the cell to inhibit their entry, or by actively pumping the drug out of the cell. All these resistance mechanisms can play a role in high-level fluoroquinolone resistance, however target site mutations appear to be most important. As all quinolones act in the same way resistance to one member of the class will also confer decreased susceptibility to all members of the family. Quinolone resistant Escherichia coli in animals have increased in numbers after quinolone introduction in a number of different case studies. The resistance mechanisms in these isolates are the same as those in resistant strains found in humans. Care needs to be taken to ensure that quinolones are used sparingly and appropriately as highly resistant strains of Escherichia coli can be selected and may pass into the food chain. As these drugs are of major therapeutic importance in human medicine, this is a public health concern. More information as to the numbers of quinolone resistant Escherichia coli and the relationship between resistance and quinolone use is needed to allow us to make better informed decisions about when and when not to use quinolones in the treatment of animals.     

高效液相色谱-质谱联用法同时测定鸡肉中2种金刚烷胺类药物和12种喹诺酮类药物残留

为建立一种同时测定鸡肉组织中2种金刚烷胺类药物和12种喹诺酮类药物残留的高效液相色谱-质谱联用法,试验将鸡肉组织经1%乙酸的乙腈提取,乙腈饱和的正己烷脱脂,以0.1%甲酸水和甲醇为流动相进行梯度洗脱;样品质谱采用电喷雾电离,正离子扫描,多反应监测模式检测,同位素内标法定量。结果显示:14种药物在1～100 ng/mL线性范围内,线性关系良好,2种金刚烷胺类药物检出限为1μg/kg,定量限为2μg/kg,12种喹诺酮类药物检出限为5μg/kg,定量限为10μg/kg;两类药物的平均回收率在76.3%～112.6%之间,批内、批间变异系数≤12.5%。研究表明:建立的方法前处理简便,结果稳定、可靠,适用于同时检测鸡肉中金刚烷胺类药物和喹诺酮类药物残留。     

In vitro activity of fifteen antimicrobial agents against methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus intermedius

In this study the susceptibility of 91 methicillin-resistant and -susceptible Staphylococcus intermedius strains (MRSI and MSSI, respectively) against 15 antimicrobial agents was determined. The activity of the antimicrobial agents was studied at pH 7.2 and pH 8.5. Methicillin was more active at pH7.2 (28 strains methicillin-resistant) than at pH 8.5 (55 strains methicillin-resistant). Gentamicin showed excellent activity, with only 3 strains resistant at pH 8.5. However, gentamicin would have to be administered parenterally. Oxytetracy-cline cannot be recommended for treatment of canine staphylococcal dermatitis, due to the high percentage (over 25%) of strains that were found to be resistant. Clindamycin showed little activity in inhibiting growth of the strains studied, the percent resistance at pH 7.2 was 93.4%. Rifampin behaved differently at the two pH values. However, a close relationship was noted between methicillin-resistant and rifampin-resistant strains, particularly at the lower pH. Of the fluoroquinolones, ciprofloxacin or enrofloxacin would be a good useful alternative for the treatment of methicillin-resistant strains of S. intermedius . Lastly, very high resistance to sulphamethoxypyridazine was found, as was the case with trimethoprim and a combination of trimethoprim/ sulphamethoxypyridazine, against not only MRSI but also MSSI strains.     

气相色谱-质谱联用技术在乳制品检测中的应用

气相色谱-质谱联用技术是一种气相色谱和质谱有效结合的分析方法,实现了两者的优势互补,大大提高了检测结果的准确性。气相色谱-质谱联用能对样品高效分离,同时还能定性、定量,在食品质量检测和安全控制方面有很重要的作用。近几年来,气相色谱-质谱联用技术广泛应用于乳制品的分析和检测中,可用于农药残留检测、食品添加剂检测、食品成分检测及食品包装检测等,操作简便快捷、分离效果好、稳定性好、灵敏度高、检测结果准确。     

An assessment of antimicrobial consumption in food producing animals in Kenya

Antimicrobial agents are useful for control of bacterial infections in food animals and man. Their prudent use in these animals is important to control any possible development and transfer of resistance between animals and man. The objective of this study was to generate quantitative information to evaluate antimicrobial usage patterns by animal species, route of administration, antimicrobial class and type of use from 1995 to 1999 in Kenya. Theses data are essential for risk analysis and planning and can be helpful in interpreting resistance surveillance data, and evaluating the effectiveness of prudent use efforts and antimicrobial resistance mitigation strategies. Data on quantities of active substance classes were collected from the official records of the Pharmacy and Poisons Board of the Ministry of Health and analysed in MS Excel 2000 program. The mean antimicrobial consumption for the 5-year period was 14 594 +/- 1457 kg per year. This was distributed in the various antimicrobial classes as follows: 7975 kg (54.65%) of tetracyclines, 3103.96 kg (21.27%) of sulfonamides and 954.5 kg (6.56%) of aminoglycosides, 905 kg (6.20%) of beta-lactams, 94 kg (0.64%) of quinolones, 35 kg (0.24%) of macrolides and 24 kg (0.16%) of others (tiamulin). Mean consumption per year among the various food animals was: 10 989 +/- 357 kg in large animals (cattle, sheep, pigs and goats), 2906 +/- 127 kg in poultry alone and 699 +/- 427 kg in both large animals and poultry. These quantities represented 56.56% (8255 kg) consumption per year for parenteral use, 41.79% (6098 kg) for oral use and 1.65% (241 kg) for topical use (intramammary and eye ointments) in cattle. With respect to intended use in food producing animals, the mean consumption per year was: 13 178 kg (90.30%) for therapeutic use (ST), 4 kg (0.03%) for prophylactic treatment (PT) and 1411 +/- 246 kg (9.67%) was used both for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes (GPT). The study confirmed that antimicrobials are not used for growth promotion in Kenya. There was no specific trend in the quantities of active antimicrobial classes. This study has revealed that the tetracyclines, sulfonamides and trimethoprim, nitrofurans aminoglycosides, beta-lactams and the quinolones are the most commonly used drugs in food-producing animals in Kenya. Tetracyclines contributed approximately 55% of the total consumption, and there was an increasing trend in the consumption of quinolones from 1998.     

三种喹诺酮类药物在鸡蛋中残留消除规律的研究

建立了一种检测三种喹诺酮类药物在鸡蛋中残留的高效液相色谱-荧光检测法。利用建立的方法对三种喹诺酮类药物在产蛋期蛋鸡用药后鸡蛋中的浓度进行了测定,并根据测定值研究了鸡蛋中药物的残留消除规律。400kg水中分别添加不同含量的诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、恩诺沙星．连续给药3d,使用高效液相色谱法对鸡蛋中三种喹诺酮类药物残留进行分析。结果表明,停药8d时,鸡蛋中检出的诺氟沙星和氧氟沙星的浓度均低于10μg/kg;停药12d时,鸡蛋中检出的恩诺沙星的浓度低于10μg／蚝。建议诺氟沙星和氧氟沙星在临床上蛋鸡产蛋前10d左右停用,恩诺沙星在临床上蛋鸡产蛋前14d左右停用。