Permeability of the fish intestinal membrane to bulky chemicals

The ability to predict the environmental behavior of chemicals precisely is important for realizing more rational regulation. In this study, the bioaccumulation of nine chemicals of different molecular weights absorbed via the intestinal tract was evaluated in fish using the everted gut sac method. The amounts of chemicals that passed through the intestinal membrane after a 24-hr exposure were significantly decreased for chemicals with MW≥548 and D_{max min}≥15.8 Å (or D_{max aver}≥17.2 Å). These thresholds are consistent with those previously proposed in terms of MW (>800) and molecular size (D_{max min}>15.6 Å or D_{max aver}>17.1 Å) for the limit of permeable chemicals through the gill membrane. The results show that the same MW and D_max criteria can be used to predict low bioaccumulation through both the gill membrane and the intestinal tract. These findings are helpful in reducing the need to conduct animal tests in environmental safety studies.     

Relative contribution of genotype, seed size and environment to secondary seed dormancy potential in Canadian spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus)

Secondary seed dormancy has been linked to seedbank persistence of volunteer oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in western Canada. It has been suggested that there is a genetic component to secondary seed dormancy expression in oilseed rape, but little is known of its importance in relation to non‐genetic factors. In a series of experiments we investigated the relative importance of genotype, seed size, time of windrowing and pre‐ and post‐harvest environment on the expression of secondary seed dormancy. We found that genotype contributed between 44 and 82% to the total variation in secondary seed dormancy. A broad range in secondary seed dormancy expression was observed among 16 genotypes examined. Nevertheless, three‐quarters of the genotypes investigated exhibited relatively high potential for the expression of secondary seed dormancy (back‐transformed mean 71% dormant seeds). Seed size contributed 21% to the total variation, while the influence of seed maturity (harvest regime) on secondary seed dormancy expression was negligible. Despite diverging environmental conditions during the four growing seasons spanning these experiments, the influence of pre‐harvest environment on seed dormancy expression was relatively small and ranged from 0.1% to 4.5%. Secondary seed dormancy potential decreased over time during seed storage. This decrease was greatest when seeds were stored at ambient temperatures and least when seeds were stored at ?70°C.     

马铃薯Y病毒科分子进化研究进展

马铃薯Y病毒科Potyviridae包括许多重要的植物病毒。本文综述了近年来该科马铃薯Y病毒属Potyvirus、甘薯病毒属Ipomovirus和禾草病毒属Poacevirus内20余种病毒的分子进化研究现状,从突变、重组、漂移、选择和迁移5个方面探讨了影响该科一些病毒分子进化的因素,并展望了未来的研究方向,以期为该科病毒的有效防控提供理论依据。     

拟南芥霜霉病抗性分子机制研究进展

随着近年分子生物学技术的发展与应用,植物霜霉病抗性的研究有了长足的进展。本文就拟南芥抗霜霉病基因的克隆与结构分析,抗病信号传导,防卫反应和系统获得抗性,以及寄主-寄生菌共进化冲突方面进行了综述,并就今后的研究进行了展望。     

拟南芥霜霉病抗眭分子机制研究进展

随着近年分子生物学技术的发展与应用，植物霜霉病抗性的研究有了长足的进展。本文就拟南芥抗霜霉病基因的克隆与结构分析，抗病信号传导，防卫反应和系统获得抗性，以及寄主一寄生菌共进化冲突方面进行了综述，并就今后的研究进行了展望。     

分子生物学技术在松材线虫研究中的应用

根据松材线虫(Bursaphlenchus xylophilus)分子生物学的研究基础,以及基于不同的研究目的,对松材线虫不同DNA区域,包括基因组DNA、线粒体DNA、核糖体DNA和卫星DNA研究做了综述,并分析、比较一些常用的分子生物学技术在松材线虫研究中的适用性,以及在生物防治研究中的进展。     

分子标记在水稻稻瘟病病害系统研究中的应用

 现行水稻品种稻瘟病抗性寿命短已成为水稻生产的主要障碍之一,造成水稻品种稻瘟病抗性容易丧失的主要原因是现时尚未有客观、可靠的技术方法获知育种地区真实的病原菌群体结构及其演化规律,另外,对水稻品种稻瘟病抗性的遗传基础不十分清楚也是其原因之一。本文概述了近几年来分子标记在稻瘟病病原菌群体结构分析和抗病品种抗病遗传分析中的应用,以及抗性基因标记技术的发展,并探讨应用分子标记辅助获得稻瘟病稳定控制的策略及实际应用中的若干问题。     

书虱及其分子生物学研究进展

书虱（book lice）是目昆虫中有重要经济意义的一个类群,也是世界储粮保护中的常见害虫。本文在概述书虱的危害及其主要种类的基础上,从书虱近似种分子鉴定、分子系统发育、共生菌分子检测与协同进化、种群遗传结构与多态性以及书虱抗性分子机制等几个方面对国内外书虱分子生物学研究现状进行了分析,并就分子生物学技术在书虱领域的进一步研究和应用进行了初步展望。     

保护地常用农药对蜡蚧轮枝菌菌丝生长影响研究

6种杀虫剂和 6种杀菌剂对昆虫病原真菌蜡蚧轮枝菌菌丝生长影响的研究结果表明 ,杀虫剂对蜡蚧轮枝菌菌丝生长有程度不同的抑制作用。在田间常规使用浓度下 ,5种杀虫剂对菌丝生长的抑制率在 10 %以上 ,最高者为甲氰菊酯达 17.6%。田间常规使用浓度稀释 10倍下 ,杀虫剂万灵、快灭净和锐劲特对菌丝生长抑制率低于 5% ,锐劲特在3.3～33.3mg/L时 ,菌丝生长与对照无显著差异 ,表现出与蜡蚧轮枝菌有极好的相容性 ,是菌药混用较好的候选杀虫剂。杀菌剂对蜡蚧轮枝菌菌丝生长有强烈的抑制作用 ,浓度愈高 ,抑制程度愈强。因此 ,在利用蜡蚧轮枝菌防治保护地蔬菜害虫时 ,须与杀菌剂使用保持一定的间隔期     

植物抗蚜生理及分子机制的研究进展

蚜虫作为农业害虫和植物病毒的传播者,已经成为严重威胁全球农业生产发展的主要害虫之一。本文综述了植物宿主免疫系统在抗蚜过程中的作用,从物理屏障、化感元素以及基因调控等方面阐述目前的抗蚜应答机理研究,提出了抗蚜研究应该整体地考虑植物-蚜虫互作动态体系,抗蚜基因的挖掘应该建立在有效性和持久性双重标准上,培育抗蚜新品种应考虑蚜虫效应因子与植物的基因间互作以及植物NBS-LRR抗病基因家族可能参与抗蚜免疫反应等观点,以期为揭示植物-蚜虫之间相互作用的分子机制,探索在生产实践中绿色、生态的蚜虫防治新方法提供理论依据。     

Evaluation of sampling methods and assessment of the sample size to estimate the weed seedbank in soil, taking into account spatial variability

As field sampling is time consuming, it is necessary to develop efficient sampling techniques to obtain accurate estimates of the weed seedbank in soil. The relative efficiency between sampling schemes depends on the spatial variability in weed seed density across agricultural fields. Spatial variability of the weed seed density was characterized by theoretical correlograms. A systematic sampling (square grill) scheme was considered and it was found that, taking into account spatial variability, this sampling scheme was more efficient than simple random sampling. As a result, the sample size can be reduced in comparison with that given in previous studies, where spatial correlation was ignored. The reduction depends on the correlation structure defined as a function of the ratio, τ, between the nugget effect and the sill of the variogram. The maximum reduction of the sample size, without loss of either precision or confidence level corresponds to the case where there is no nugget effect, τ = 0. The opposite extreme case, where the reduction is nil, corresponds to the case of a pure nugget effect τ = 1. The abaci based on given expressions are provided to determine the sample size in species whose spatial pattern can be fitted either to a Poisson or to a negative binomial distribution.     

寄生蜂调控寄主分子机制的研究进展

在寄生蜂与寄主相互作用的研究中,揭示寄生蜂攻克寄主防御系统和调控寄主生长发育的分子机制,已成为生物防治领域的研究热点。有关研究表明:寄生蜂通过控制血细胞增殖与分化的转录/信号传导因子、调节血细胞延展/包囊的因子及诱导血细胞凋亡,以破坏寄主细胞免疫系统;干扰与血淋巴黑化相关基因及抗菌肽基因的表达以抑制寄主的体液免疫反应;调节与生长发育相关蛋白和酶类以扰乱寄主生长发育。作者从细胞免疫、体液免疫和对寄主生长发育三个方面综述了寄生蜂调控寄主分子机制的研究进展。     

A molecular test to identify resistance alleles at the amplified esterase locus in the mosquito Culex pipiens

A new PCR/RFLP method is presented to identify all described alleles involved in resistance at the Ester locus in the mosquito Culex pipiens. The efficiency of this method as well as its advantages compared with the traditional identification technique (starch gel electrophoresis) have been tested in four natural samples from France, Tunisia and California. This simple and fast molecular test is a very convenient tool for studies in field populations and laboratory strains. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

223份小麦农家品种田间抗条锈病性评价及抗病基因分子检测

为发掘更多的小麦条锈病抗性种质资源,了解小麦抗条锈病性基因在甘肃省小麦农家品种中的分布状况,选用甘肃省223份小麦农家品种,采用人工接种与自然诱发相结合的方法于2015—2017年进行了连续2个小麦生长季的成株期抗条锈病性鉴定与评价,并利用已知的6个Yr基因分子标记对其进行抗条锈病性基因类型检测。结果显示,在供试的223份小麦农家品种中,成株期表现抗病的有50份,占总数的22.42%,其中表现免疫、高抗和中抗的分别有42、3和5份,分别占总数的18.83%、1.35%和2.24%;有99份品种具有慢条锈病特性,占总数的44.39%。Yr基因分子标记检测结果表明,可能携带Yr26、Yr9、Yr5、Yr10、Yr15和Yr18的小麦农家品种分别有112、8、92、12、77和22份,分别占供试材料的50.22%、3.59%、41.26%、5.38%、34.53%和9.87%;有41份品种未检测到供测的6个抗条锈病性基因。     

沙柳方格沙障对库布齐沙漠沙丘粒度分布的影响

为定量探讨沙柳方格沙障对沙粒粒度组成与特征的影响,以流动沙丘(LS)、设障2a沙丘(TS)和设障6a沙丘(SS)为研究对象,在沙丘不同部位、不同土层和障格内不同位置进行取样,分析样品的粒度组成与特征。结果表明:1)随着设障年限的增加,粘粒和粉粒含量增加,细砂含量下降,SS粘粒和粉粒含量与TS和LS的含量差异显著,而TS和LS二者间差异不明显;LS、TS各粒级含量在三个层次间差异均不明显,而SS 0-5cm的粘粒、粉粒以及极细砂粒体积含量较其他2层差异显著。2)SS的频率分布曲线变化幅度小于TS和LS的频率分布曲线变化幅度。各沙丘的平均粒径MZ、分选系数δ、偏度SK、峰度KG的大小顺序均表现为SS相似文献