Encephalitogenic protein: structure

Amino acid sequences of encephalitogenic proteins from bovine cord and rabbit brain are reported. The bovine protein contains 45 residues. The rabbit protein is identical except for two isopolar substitutions, a dipeptide and amino acid deletion. Analysis of this protein and a 140-residue myelin basic protein indicates that the smaller protein is a portion of the larger encephalitogen. The larger myelin protein contains at least two encephalitogenic sites.     

一株鹅源高致病力禽流感病毒分离株血凝素基因的分析

禽流感病毒（AIV）的表面结构蛋白血凝素（HA）在决定病毒致病力、受体结合特性、宿主范围等方面起着关键作用。本研究初步鉴定为高致病力毒株的AIV鹅体分离株A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96（H5N1）的HA基因进行了克隆并测序。结果表明,这一在无胰酶条件下可在单层鸡胚成纤维细胞培养物上形成蚀斑的毒株在其HA裂解位点附近有连续6个碱性氨基酸的插入物,从而揭示了其高致病力的分子基础。进一步的序列比较发现这一毒株与1997年香港流感病毒A/Hongkong/156/97（HK/97）的HA基因核苷酸和氨基酸同源率分别高达98.0%和98.2%,且其6个糖基化位点、2个受体结合位点及裂解位点碱性氨基酸插入物的序列均完全一致,提示该毒株与HK/97具有相似的生物学特性。     

Fitting discrete probability distributions to evolutionary events

The assumptions underlying the use of the Poisson distribution are essentially that the probability of an event is small but nearly identical for all occurrences and that the occurrence of an event does not alter the probability of recurrence of such events. These assumptions do not seem to be met for evolutionary events since (i) the probability of fixing nucleotide codon substitutions is not equal for all substitutions at a codon, and probably varies for the same substitution in different lineages; (ii) the probability of fixing codon substitutions varies among positions of a cistron; and (iii) the fixation of a nucleotide codon substitution at one position in a cistron modifies, and may even promote, the fixation of a codon substitution elsewhere along the cistron. Natural selection presumably is the causative factor that acts to modify the probability of a nucleotide codon substitution's being fixed in a population. The use of the negative binomial distribution is consistent with the evidence that selective pressure on amino acid or nucleotide codon positions varies both among codon positions of a cistron and at a particular position during evolutionary time. If the number of fixations of nucleotide codon substitutions per position of cistrons encoding cytochromes c are phyletically inferred (phylogeny based on a paleontological record) rather than phenetically inferred (based on paired comparisons of extant species' differences in the absence of a phylogeny) the distribution of these fixation data cannot be described adequately by a single Poisson distribution. The fit of these same data to a negative binomial distribution is very satisfactory. It has been argued that the fit of phenetically inferred fixation data, which do not take account of parallel or reverse fixations, to the Poisson distribution was supportive evidence for the hypothesis that protein evolution results from the fixation of selectively neutral codon substitutions. This argument now appears to be undercut by the evidence that data on nucleotide codon fixation are more probably distributed according to the negative binomial distribution. The fact that fixation data can be described by a particular discrete probability distribution does not of itself provide insight into the mechanisms of the evolutionary process. However, the facts-(i) that the assumptions underlying the use of the negative binomial distribution adequately deal with the varying probability of fixing amino acid or nucleotide codon substitutions at and among the positions of a cistron and (ii) that the negative binomial distribution provides an excellent fit for the phyletically inferred fixation data-suggest that the negative binomial is a very appropriate discrete probability distribution for describing evolutionary events. Amino acids or their nucleotide codon substitutions may be fixed at a position of a cistron as though selectively neutral relative to the codon being replaced, even though the codon position will not be selectively neutral, since many amino acids cannot function there. The negative binomial distribution treats this situation well whereas a single Poisson distribution could only be satisfactory if all codon positions that could vary were selectively neutral.     

Classic selective sweeps were rare in recent human evolution

Efforts to identify the genetic basis of human adaptations from polymorphism data have sought footprints of "classic selective sweeps" (in which a beneficial mutation arises and rapidly fixes in the population).Yet it remains unknown whether this form of natural selection was common in our evolution. We examined the evidence for classic sweeps in resequencing data from 179 human genomes. As expected under a recurrent-sweep model, we found that diversity levels decrease near exons and conserved noncoding regions. In contrast to expectation, however, the trough in diversity around human-specific amino acid substitutions is no more pronounced than around synonymous substitutions. Moreover, relative to the genome background, amino acid and putative regulatory sites are not significantly enriched in alleles that are highly differentiated between populations. These findings indicate that classic sweeps were not a dominant mode of human adaptation over the past ~250,000 years.     

猪生长激素基因第二外显子区遗传变异的序列基础

采用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）及ＰＣＲ产物有直接序列分析方法，对猪一长激素基因第二外显子外遗传变异的序列基础进行了研究，ＰＣＲ扩增片段长度为２３０ｂｐ，包含全部的生长激素基因的第二外显子序列（１６１ｂｐ）共分析了６头二花脸和６头长白猪，结果表明：在猪的生长激素基因第二外显子子区，共有７处碱基替换，依次为５０７处的Ｃ／Ｔ替换，５２０处的Ｃ／Ｔ替换，５４６处的Ｇ／Ａ替换，５５５处的Ｇ／Ａ替换，５５６处的Ｃ     

The potential for respiratory droplet-transmissible A/H5N1 influenza virus to evolve in a mammalian host

Avian A/H5N1 influenza viruses pose a pandemic threat. As few as five amino acid substitutions, or four with reassortment, might be sufficient for mammal-to-mammal transmission through respiratory droplets. From surveillance data, we found that two of these substitutions are common in A/H5N1 viruses, and thus, some viruses might require only three additional substitutions to become transmissible via respiratory droplets between mammals. We used a mathematical model of within-host virus evolution to study factors that could increase and decrease the probability of the remaining substitutions evolving after the virus has infected a mammalian host. These factors, combined with the presence of some of these substitutions in circulating strains, make a virus evolving in nature a potentially serious threat. These results highlight critical areas in which more data are needed for assessing, and potentially averting, this threat.     

传染性法氏囊病病毒超强毒株致弱的分子生物学特征

为了探索传染性法氏囊病病毒（ＩＢＤＶ）超强毒株致弱的分子特征变化,采用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ技术,从超强毒（ｖｖＩＢＤＶ）及其不同代次细胞传代致弱毒中扩增到编码ＶＰ２蛋白的ｃＤＮＡ高变区基因,并对其序列测定。将ｖｖＩＢＤＶ及其致弱毒株ＶＰ２高变区的氨基酸与其它血清Ⅰ型毒株比较,发现ｖｖＩＢＤＶ与其致弱毒株在ＶＰ２高变区的２２２、２４２、２５３、２５６、２７１、２７９、２８４、２９４、２９９和３００位氨基酸发     

狂犬病毒CTN株核蛋白基因的克隆与序列分析

本研究克隆了我国狂犬病毒CTN株的N基因，序列分析表明其开放阅读框由1353个核苷酸组成，与我国狂犬病毒疫苗及国外一些固定株进行N基因同源性比较，结果核苷酸序列及其推导的氨基酸序列保守性很高。磷酸化分析表明CTN株N蛋白具有狂犬病毒共有的389位丝氨酸磷酸化位点。本研究还对N蛋白的抗原位点进行了详细分析和讨论。     

H1N1亚型猪流感病毒HA蛋白225位氨基酸对病毒致病性的影响

[目的]流感病毒的致病性是由多个基因共同决定的,笔者之前的研究结果发现当两株具有相似基因特征的H1N1亚型猪流感病毒进行HA基因替换以后,病毒对小鼠的致病性发生了改变.通过确定影响病毒致病性的关键氨基酸位点,为进一步揭示流感病毒致病力差异奠定了基础.[方法]对ZD71和SY130的HA蛋白氨基酸序列进行比对,确认氨基酸...     

Study on Mutations in ALS for Resistance to Tribenuron-Methyl in Galium aparine L.

In recent years,Galium aparine L.has not been controlled by tribenuron-methyl in major Chinese winter wheat fields.The objective of this study is to understand the molecular basis of the resistance mechanism to tribenuron-methyl in G.aparine and to find the specific mutation sites in amino acid sequence of acetolactate synthase(ALS)in the resistant biotype of G.aparine.Fragments that encode the ALS were amplified and cloned from susceptible(S)and resistant(R)biotypes of G.aparine to tribenuron-methyl and sequenced subsequently.The result showed that the nucleotide sequence of Rbiotype of G.aparine differed from that of the S biotype with three amino acid substitutions,of which,the amino acid substitution of Trp574(TGG)to Gly(GGG)is located in the highly conserved region Domain B.The substitution of Trp574might be responsible for the resistance to tribenuron-methyl in the R-biotype of G.aparine.     

马麝朊蛋白(PrP)基因的克隆和序列分析

从马麝的全血中提取基因组总DNA,用所设计引物以聚合酶链式反应扩增出细胞型朊蛋白(PrPC)基因,并克隆到pMD18-T载体。序列分析表明所克隆的马麝PrP基因片段大约为771bp,包含了朊蛋白基因的完整编码区序列,即包含在单一外显子内的完整开放阅读框,与国外报道的同科动物PrP基因序列基本相同。马麝PrP基因含5个短而富含G-C的元件,可编码5个八肽(九肽)重复Pro-His-Gly-Gly-Gly-Trp-Gly-Gln或Pro-Gln/His-Gly-Ala/Gly-Gly–Gly-Trp-Gly-Gln,其氨基酸序列含有24个氨基酸的N-端信号肽和23个氨基酸的C-端信号肽。与白尾鹿(Odocoileusvirginianus)和麋鹿(Cervuselaphus)的PrP基因相比,其核苷酸序列和推导氨基酸序列同源性分别为97.4%、97.9%和98.1%、97.7%。共发生15个碱基替换,其中10个为同义码替换,5个为异义突变,即G57A、S100N、N173S、T177N和M208I。     

伪狂犬病毒Fa株gB、gC、gD基因的克隆与序列分析

对猪伪狂犬病病毒闽A株(Fa株)gB、gC、gD基因进行了克隆和序列测定,结果表明:gB、gC、gD基因序列全长分别为2 745 bp、1464 bp、1 215 bp,编码914、487、404个氨基酸残基组成的多肽。序列分析结果显示:Fa株与其他毒株gB、gC、gD基因核苷酸序列的同源性为94.9%~99.9%,氨基酸序列的同源性为91.4%~99.9%。不同PRV毒株gB、gC、gD基因在核苷酸和氨基酸水平上高度保守。基于gB、gC、gD基因的进化树分析表明,中国分离毒株与韩国分离毒株可归为一个进化分支,而日本分离株与欧美分离株归为另一个分支。在前一个分支里,闽A株与鄂A株的亲缘关系特别近,3个基因的同源率均在99.5%以上。在gB蛋白氨基酸序列全长上中国分离株(Ea株、Fa株)比欧美分离株多了1个氨基酸,氨基酸残基的突变主要集中在第50~100氨基酸。在gC基因序列第186~211 bp,Ea株、Fa株比欧美分离株多插入了21个碱基。在gD蛋白氨基酸序列全长上,Ea株、Fa株比其他分离株多了2~6个氨基酸。在gD基因序列第803~837 bp,Fa株核苷酸AGGCCC串联重复最多,达到7个。     

嗜水气单胞菌S蛋白的生化特性

致病性嗜水气单胞菌(Aerom onashydrophila, Ah) J-1 株具有S层结构。用甘氨酸缓冲液处理AhJ-1 株菌体细胞,离心, 上清即为粗提的S蛋白。用自制兔抗AhJ-1 株S蛋白抗体建立间接ELISA法, 检测结果显示, 20～30 h S蛋白表达量较高。粗提的S蛋白经离心、Sephadex G100 凝胶层析获纯化的S蛋白。经SDS-PAGE电泳分析为单一多肽, 相对分子质量51 500。等电聚焦分析为单一条带, 等电点 (pI) 为5.01。氨基酸组分分析表明, S蛋白由天门冬氨酸等16种氨基酸组成, 其中疏水性氨基酸占42.1% , 不含半胱氨酸。N端序列分析结果为ADFQLNEKSA。     

抗苄嘧磺隆雨久花ALS基因突变研究

 【目的】近年来,中国东北水稻田抗药性雨久花发生严重,部分地区用苄嘧磺隆已无法有效控制该杂草的危害。为明确该杂草抗药性发生的根本原因,本试验从分子水平上研究了稻田杂草雨久花（Monochoria korsakowii）对苄嘧磺隆的抗药性机理,以确定导致抗药性产生的乙酰乳酸合成酶（ALS）氨基酸突变位点。【方法】利用PCR技术,通过对抗药性雨久花生物型和敏感性雨久花生物型ALS片段进行扩增和基因克隆,最后对DNA序列进行测序比对。【结果】与敏感性的雨久花ALS相比,抗药性雨久花生物型的ALS共有3处发生突变,即第197位脯氨酸突变为组氨酸,第200位蛋氨酸突变为缬氨酸,第388位精氨酸突变为组氨酸,其中第197位突变与诸多文献报道相符。【结论】抗药性雨久花ALS第197位的突变可能是雨久花对苄嘧磺隆产生抗药性的主要原因。其它2个氨基酸突变是否也导致杂草对苄嘧磺隆产生抗药性未见相关报道,有待进一步研究。     

2015-2020年FAdV-4安徽流行株全基因组测序分析及不同感染途径的致病性研究

为探讨血清4型禽腺病毒（FAdV-4）安徽流行株的基因组遗传变异特征及其感染途径与致病性的关系,选择2015-2020年6株FAdV-4安徽分离株进行全基因组测序与分析,并以CH/AHMC/2015株对10日龄SPF鸡进行不同感染途径（皮下注射、口服、点眼、滴鼻及其分别同群混养）的致病性试验。结果显示,6株FAdV-4安徽分离株的基因组全长均为43 719～43 723 nt,其核苷酸同源性达99.97%,与国内FAdV-4主要流行株同源性为99.56%～100%,与国外经典毒株ON1、KR5、MX-SHP95同源性为98.45%～98.78%;6株病毒与国内代表株HB1510具有13个核苷酸位点差异,并导致5个位点氨基酸变化,与国外经典毒株存在特征性差异。氨基酸分析显示,Hexon蛋白aa188、Fiber-2蛋白aa219和aa380 3个氨基酸位点存在一定的特征性,致病株主要为R、D、T,非致病株主要为I/V、G、A。进化分析显示,国内FAdV-4流行株与巴基斯坦、印度分离株的遗传关系最近。感染试验显示,皮下注射、口服、点眼、滴鼻4 组人工感染鸡的发病率和死亡率分别为100%、55%、50%、60%和90%、20%、40%、50%,各组同群混养鸡的发病率为20%～40%,仅皮下注射组混养鸡出现死亡,死亡率为20%。结果表明,2015-2020年FAdV-4安徽省流行株具有国内主要流行致病株特征,其不同感染途径的结果进一步揭示该病的临床流行特点,为该病防制提供科学依据。     

一种新型具有GPx和SOD的 含硒抗氧化肽制备

本研究人工设计合成了具有SOD 和GPx 氨基酸一级序列的小肽,将目的蛋白中活性部 位的化学修饰位点设计成Cys,同时将其它位点的Cys 变成不影响结构的其他氨基酸获得人工合 成的76 个氨基酸的抗氧化肽序列,尝试利用E.coli 的营养缺陷型表达系统进行76 肽模拟物的表 达,并对表达的肽活性进行鉴定,预期为抗氧化模拟物的研究提供一些理论参数。     

Effects of purifying and adaptive selection on regional variation in human mtDNA

A phylogenetic analysis of 1125 global human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences permitted positioning of all nucleotide substitutions according to their order of occurrence. The relative frequency and amino acid conservation of internal branch replacement mutations was found to increase from tropical Africa to temperate Europe and arctic northeastern Siberia. Particularly highly conserved amino acid substitutions were found at the roots of multiple mtDNA lineages from higher latitudes. These same lineages correlate with increased propensity for energy deficiency diseases as well as longevity. Thus, specific mtDNA replacement mutations permitted our ancestors to adapt to more northern climates, and these same variants are influencing our health today.     

外加镉处理下生物质炭对土壤微生物碳代谢功能多样性的影响

采用Biolog-Eco微平板法,通过模拟实验探究外源Cd胁迫下不同量(0%、2.5%、10%,W/W)秸秆生物质炭输入后土壤微生物在碳代谢功能方面的响应机制。平均吸光度(AWCD)值、多样性指数、碳源利用特征和主成分分析结果均表明:Cd污染条件下,生物质炭的施用提高了土壤中微生物群落碳源代谢活性及功能多样性,2.5%生物质炭处理下的提高效果尤为显著。土壤微生物Mc Intosh指数上升了70.59%,群落物种均一度发生巨大的变化;土壤微生物对羧酸类、氨基酸类碳源化合物的利用能力分别提高了10倍和5倍,其中2.5%低质量分数生物质炭提高了土壤微生物对羧酸类和糖类碳源化合物利用率,10%高质量分数生物质炭却提高了氨基酸类碳源化合物的利用率。进一步分析显示,羧酸类、其他类和聚合物类碳源化合物促使两个生物质炭处理组与单加Cd对照组在碳源利用率上存在差异。