The race to x-ray microbeam and nanobeam science

X-ray microbeams are an emerging characterization tool with broad implications for science, ranging from materials structure and dynamics, to geophysics and environmental science, to biophysics and protein crystallography. We describe how submicrometer hard x-ray beams with the ability to penetrate tens to hundreds of micrometers into most materials and with the ability to determine local composition, chemistry, and (crystal) structure can characterize buried sample volumes and small samples in their natural or extreme environments. Beams less than 10 nanometers have already been demonstrated, and the practical limit for hard x-ray beam size, the limit to trace-element sensitivity, and the ultimate limitations associated with near-atomic structure determinations are the subject of ongoing research.     

An ultrasensitive bacterial motor revealed by monitoring signaling proteins in single cells

Understanding biology at the single-cell level requires simultaneous measurements of biochemical parameters and behavioral characteristics in individual cells. Here, the output of individual flagellar motors in Escherichia coli was measured as a function of the intracellular concentration of the chemotactic signaling protein. The concentration of this molecule, fused to green fluorescent protein, was monitored with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Motors from different bacteria exhibited an identical steep input-output relation, suggesting that they actively contribute to signal amplification in chemotaxis. This experimental approach can be extended to quantitative in vivo studies of other biochemical networks.     

Microcolumn separations and the analysis of single cells

Capillary zone electrophoresis and open tubular liquid chromatography are two examples of an emerging area of analytical instrumentation known as microcolumn separations. The high resolution and small sample requirements of these methods make them suitable for the quantitative, multicomponent chemical analysis of single cells. Appropriate instrumentation for the analysis of nanoliter and subnanoliter samples is discussed. Data from the analysis of individual neurons are presented, including amino acid and neurotransmitter content.     

海洋产出的要素贡献分析——以“海洋大市”湛江为例

海洋经济开发，是现代农业向多元化，多维度，多角度发展，以及特色农业产业升级的主要内容。就湛江这个特殊区域来讲，其也是热带农业培育与发展的核心内容。本文根据产业化的基本原因，以技术因素为主要标识研究发展海洋经济的基本轨迹，了解海洋技术对海洋经济发展在过去，现在的作用，并对未来海洋经济发展提出新的思路及其政策选择。主要研究方法是：首先对海洋经济产业发展中的单要素贡献率进行分析，再根据有关生产函数求出不同要素的贡献，最后得出基本结论。     

Duplicate plating of immune cell products: analysis of globulin class secretion by single cells

Antibodies secreted by individual immune cells were collected focally in very thin "original" and "imprint" layers of agar containing the target antigen, sheep erythrocytes. Identical treatment of both layers led to mirror image patterns of hemolytic plaques. Development of one layer for immunoglobulin M hemolysins and the other for immunoglobulin G hemolysins produced unrelated plaque patterns indicating that few, if any, cells simultaneously release substantial amounts of both gammaM and gammaG antibodies.     

Nematode morphogenesis: localization of controlling regions by laser microbeam surgery

Laser microbeam studies reveal that postembryonic development of the free-living nematode Panagrellus silusiae is under the control of specific regions. Growth is regulated by the hindgut, and ecdysis by nerve cell bodies situated anterior to the nerve ring, and gonad development is under the control of the nerve ring. This latter event is presumably neuronally mediated, while the other events are under hormonal control.     

Plaque formation in agar by single antibody-producing cells

Distinct plaques, each of which is due to the release of hemolysin by a single antibody-forming cell, are revealed by complement after incubation, in an agar layer, of a mixture of sheep red cells and lymphoid cells from a rabbit immunized with sheep red cells.     

Inhibitor of bacterial growth released by human cells in culture

Used medium from cultured human cells contains a factor that inhibits growth of the "less virulent" strains of pathogenic bacteria, but only retards growth of the "more virulent" strains. The factor is heat-stable, dialyzable, and unaffected by change in pH; it chromatographs as material of molecular weight between 700 and 1500. There is evidence that this factor is an alpha-ketoaldehyde attached to a carrier.     

Elemental compositions and ages of lunar samples by nondestructive gamma-ray spectrometry

A gamma-ray spectrometry system with low background was used to determine the radioactivity of crystalline rocks, breccias, and fine material. Nuclides identified were (40)K, (232)Th, (238)U, (7)Be, (22)Na (26)A1, (44)Ti, (46)Sc, (48)V, (52)Mn, (54)Mn, and (56)Co. Concentrations of K, Th, and U ranged between 480 and 2550, 1.01 and 3.30, and 0.26 and 0.83 parts per million, respectively. Concentrations of thorium and uranium were those of terrestrial basalts, while the potassium concentrations were near values for chondrites. Products of low-energy nuclear reactions showed pronounced concentration gradients at rock surfaces. Concentrations of K and of (22)Na determined here were combined with concentrations of rare gases to estimate gas-retention ages and cosmic-ray exposure ages with ranges of 2200 to 3200 and 34 to 340 million years, respectively, for three rocks.     

应用PCR-DGGE技术研究四角蛤蜊的细菌多样性

应用PCR-DGGE技术对盘锦某滩涂四角蛤蜊Mactra venerformis体内的细菌多样性进行了分析。使用SDS裂解法提取样品的总DNA,采用大多数细菌通用引物F338GC/R518从总DNA中成功扩增出16S rDNA片段,然后对PCR产物进行DGGE分析,并将DGGE图谱上部分条带回收、再扩增、克隆和测序;将所测序列在GenBank核酸数据库中进行检索,用BLASTN分析DNA序列获得相似性最近的细菌。DGGE图谱显示,四角蛤蜊体内的细菌种类比较丰富,且不同时间样品细菌的优势菌群结构有一定的差异。将所测条带序列进行比对,结果表明,细菌种群中包括支原体属Mycoplasma、假单胞菌属Pseudomonas、弧菌属Vibrio、红球菌属Rhodococcus和鞘氨醇单胞菌属Sphingomonas及不可培养的细菌。     

应用PCR—DGGE技术研究四角蛤蜊的细菌多样性

应用PCR—DGGE技术对盘锦某滩涂四角蛤蜊Mactra venerformis体内的细菌多样性进行了分析。使用SDS裂解法提取样品的总DNA,采用大多数细菌通用引物F338GC／RS18从总DNA中成功扩增出16SrDNA片段,然后对PCR产物进行DGGE分析,并将DGGE图谱上部分条带回收、再扩增、克隆和测序：将所测序列在GenBank核酸数据库中进行检索,用BLASTN分析DNA序列获得相似性最近的细菌。DGGE图谱显示,四角蛤蜊体内的细菌种类比较丰富,且不同时间样品细菌的优势菌群结构有一定的差异。将所测条带序列进行比对,结果表明,细菌种群中包括支原体属Mycoplasma、假单胞菌属Pseudomonas、弧菌属Vibrio、红球菌属Rhodococcus和鞘氨醇单胞菌属Sphingomonas及不可培养的细菌。     

铬污染土壤修复过程中土壤细菌群落多样性的RFLP分析

【目的】对污染土壤修复过程中土壤细菌群落多样性的变化进行研究。【方法】以淹水培养后的模拟铬污染土壤为供试材料,通过直接提取土壤中总细菌DNA,利用细菌专一引物克隆细菌16S rDNA片段,分别建立克隆文库。利用PCR-RFLP技术,分析比较了土壤淹水10 d(对照,S1)、添加Cr(Ⅵ)淹水10 d(S2)、添加Cr(Ⅵ)和Fe(OH)3淹水10 d(S3)及20 d(S4)4个处理中土壤细菌群落的变化。【结果】用专一引物克隆细菌16S rDNA片段,分别建立了克隆文库;用限制性内切酶RsaⅠ进行细菌16S rDNA PCR-RFLP分析,分别得到123,120,97和69个酶切类型,库容值分别为54.92%,55.43%,65.33%和76.60%;Shannon-Wiener指数、Gini指数、物种丰富度指数(dMa)和物种均匀度指数(Jgi)均表现为S1>S2>S3>S4,以上4个指数的变异系数分别为11.51%,1.84%,23.64%和1.55%;基于细菌多样性参数的聚类分析结果,将对照S1和添加Cr(Ⅵ)处理的S2归于一类,而2个添加Fe处理的土壤S3和S4聚为一类。【结论】经过10 d淹水处理,土壤中添加的Cr(Ⅵ)有98%以上可发生转化,土壤残留的Cr(Ⅵ)含量基本达到稳定。添加铬矿渣处理(S2)的土壤细菌群落多样性和对照(S1)基本一致,添加氧化铁的2个处理(S3和S4)的细菌群落多样性基本接近,但低于S1和S2;添加氧化铁的处理(S3和S4)中,均出现了明显的优势细菌群落,其分别属于荧光假单胞菌属和不动杆菌属。     

Serum concentration: effects on cycle and x-ray sensitivity of mammalian cells

If the content of serum in the culture medium of exponentially growing Chinese hamster cells is below optimum (15 percent), the doubling time and the resistance to x-irradiation of the cells are increased. In synchronously dividing populations the increase in doubling time is primarily caused by increase in duration of the postmitotic (G(1)) phase of the cells; this phase is relatively radiation resistant. The response of the cells growing synchronously is related quantitatively to the response of the cells dividing randomly.     

Behavioral acts elicited by stimulation of single, identifiable brain cells

By stimulation of and recording from all of the nerve trunks and from over 50 of the large nerve cell bodies in the isolated brain of the nudibranch Tritonia gilberti a map of the axonal paths and synaptic connections has been constructed. The nervous correlates of sensory and motor activities can be monitored in single cells of the intact animal. Similarly, discrete responses in local muscles of the body wall and complex behavioral sequences such as turning and swimming are triggered by stimulation of single identifiable units.     

Activation of single lateral geniculate cells by stimulation of either optic nerve

The lateral geniculate nucleus is organized in such a way that, initially at least, information from the one eye is almost exclusively segregated from that from the other eye. Single-unit recording, however, confirms the histological evidence that bilateral integration does take place. A small number of cells (< 8.5 percent) receive afferents directly from both optic nerves and are discharged by stimulating either nerve (direct interaction). More common is delayed interaction, where the cells are discharged independently by either optic nerve but only after a relatively long latency. Indirect interaction effects also occur.     

Direct redox regulation of F-actin assembly and disassembly by Mical

Different types of cell behavior, including growth, motility, and navigation, require actin proteins to assemble into filaments. Here, we describe a biochemical process that was able to disassemble actin filaments and limit their reassembly. Actin was a specific substrate of the multidomain oxidation-reduction enzyme, Mical, a poorly understood actin disassembly factor that directly responds to Semaphorin/Plexin extracellular repulsive cues. Actin filament subunits were directly modified by Mical on their conserved pointed-end, which is critical for filament assembly. Mical posttranslationally oxidized the methionine 44 residue within the D-loop of actin, simultaneously severing filaments and decreasing polymerization. This mechanism underlying actin cytoskeletal collapse may have broad physiological and pathological ramifications.     

SEM-EDX对几种纤维的形态结构和元素成分比较研究

对几种指定纤维进行了扫描电镜 (SEM)观察 ,并且利用X射线能谱仪 (EDX)分别对兽毛的鳞片层、髓质层和化学纤维进行了元素分析 ,建立了不同纤维的比较研究方法 ,具有定性准确、分辨率高、特征信息明显之特点 ,已用于商检和物证鉴定中。