不同形态氮肥对辣椒产量与氮肥利用率的研究

为辣椒进行科学平衡施肥及辣椒优质高产栽培,以海椒4号为材料,研究了不同形态氮肥对辣椒产量的影响,同时测定了辣椒对不同形态氮肥的利用效率。试验结果表明,当有机氮肥、铵态氮和硝态氮比例为0.21∶0.1∶0.69时,辣椒产量最高,氮肥农学利用率高达22.5 kg/kg。     

不同铵硝配比对芥蓝产量和品质的影响

水培条件下,研究了不同铵硝配比（CK,0/100|T1,15/85|T2,30/70|T3,45/55）对芥蓝产量和品质的影响。结果表明：与CK相比,T2和T3处理显著促进了芥蓝的生长|3个增铵处理均显著提高了芥蓝的品质,其中T2处理芥蓝品质最佳,其产品器官VC、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量最高。T3处理芥蓝品质下降。营养液增铵处理显著降低了芥蓝的硝酸盐含量,并且随着铵态氮比例的增加而逐渐降低。综合产量和品质,营养液增加30%的铵态氮较适合芥蓝的水培。     

不同铵硝配比对叶用莴苣生长及氮磷钾养分积累的影响

采用水培方法,研究不同铵硝配比(CK,0∶100;T1,10∶90;T2,25∶75;T3,50∶50)对叶用莴苣生长及N、P、K养分积累的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,T1处理显著促进了叶用莴苣的生长,植株地上部鲜质量和经济产量分别增加了15.77%和15.21%;而T2、T3处理的地上部鲜质量、经济产量则显著降低。不同铵硝配比处理叶用莴苣植株的N、P、K积累量均表现为T1CKT2T3,且各处理间差异显著。不同铵硝配比处理的氮素损失率在20.17%~65.31%之间;与对照相比,T1处理的氮素损失量和损失率分别下降了14.79%和4.24个百分点,而T2和T3处理的氮素损失量和损失率均显著增加。综上,营养液增铵10%可以促进叶用莴苣植株的生长及对N、P、K的积累,且显著降低氮素损失。     

不同铵硝配比对甜瓜叶片生理特性及产量、品质的影响

[目的]探究不同铵硝配比对甜瓜叶片生理特性及产量、品质的影响,以期为获得优质高产为目的的合理施用氮肥提供理论依据.[方法]试验设5个水平的铵硝配比(NH4+-N/NO3--N),依次为0∶100、25∶75、50∶50、75∶25、100∶0.[结果]2 a(年)试验结果表明,随铵硝比例的升高,甜瓜叶片可溶性蛋白质(S...     

河西地区不同氮肥施用量对辣椒农艺性状和产量的影响

为掌握辣椒在河西地区土壤条件下的氮肥施用量,在甘肃省武威市黄羊镇进行辣椒氮肥效应试验。结果表明:氮肥用量在26kg/667m2时达到最高产量,适量增施氮肥可以增加辣椒产量。     

氮肥后移对不同基因型辣椒产量及辣椒碱含量的影响

以贵州本地‘满天星朝天椒’和‘黄平线椒’为试材,采用盆栽试验,在施氮总量相同条件下(5 g·盆^-1),设置100%基肥（N1）、50%基肥+50%花期肥（N2）、不施氮肥处理（CK）3种氮肥运筹模式,研究了氮肥后移对辣椒产量及辣椒碱含量的影响,以期为辣椒增产和提高氮肥利用效率提供参考依据。结果表明：N2处理下‘满天星朝天椒’和‘黄平线椒’产量均显著高于N1处理,分别提高了11.47%和19.90%（P<0.05）,其中对‘黄平线椒’产量的提升幅度更大。在N2处理下,‘满天星朝天椒’和‘黄平线椒’果实横径、纵径和单果鲜质量比N1处理显著提高（P<0.05）10.67%、25.89%、8.29%和30.15%、23.58%、37.10%,且‘黄平线椒’单果鲜质量的增加幅度高于‘满天星朝天椒’。与N1处理相比,N2处理提高了‘满天星朝天椒’和‘黄平线椒’果实辣椒碱含量,且‘满天星朝天椒’的增加幅度更大;同时显著提高其维生素C含量（P<0.05）。综上所述,氮肥后移较传统一次性底施的施氮方式更有利于提高辣椒产量、果实辣椒碱含量;且产量提升幅度上,‘黄平线...     

不同氮肥施用量对青花菜氮肥利用率、氮素含量及产量的影响

为了探明不同氮肥施用量对青花菜氮肥利用率、氮素含量和产量的影响,试验设置5个水平,分别为667 m2施0、5、10、20、30 kg,利用相关性分析及回归方程了解氮肥对青花菜的影响。结果表明,氮肥施用量与氮肥利用率间呈显著负相关,与花球中氮素含量呈极显著正相关。青花菜的氮肥效应方程为:Y=-0.829 5X2+33.17 1X+543.55,在其他条件相同的情况下,667 m2氮肥施用量为19.46 kg,青花菜达到最大收益。     

氮素对辣椒产量和硝酸盐积累的影响

在施等量有机肥的前提下,随着施氮量的增加,辣椒营养生长旺盛,株高株幅增加;辣椒产量在一定范围的施氮量内逐步增加,超过一定施氮量反而下降;随着施氮量的增加,辣椒果实和叶片的硝酸盐含量均随之上升,其中以叶片中积累量最高,其次是果皮,果肉中硝酸盐的含量最低;各处理对辣椒亚硝酸盐的积累没有影响。     

中微量元素对辣椒养分吸收和产量的影响

在氮、磷、钾的基础上研究增施中微量元素对辣椒养分吸收和产量的影响。结果表明:与常规施肥相比,硅钙肥、镁肥和复合微肥产量增加10.27%～13.38%,硼肥和锌肥增产效果不显著;镁肥和复合微肥使植株干物质积累提高25.86%～34.77%,硅钙肥和硼肥影响不明显,而施用锌肥干物质的积累降低5.58%;镁肥和复合微肥提高辣椒对氮素的吸收;复合微肥、硼肥提高对磷的吸收;硅钙肥、镁肥、复合微肥、硼肥提高对钾的吸收,锌肥反而降低。     

控释氮肥对保护地辣椒生长的影响

采用田间试验方法,研究了保护地辣椒完全空白(T1)、农民习惯施肥(T2)、等量控释氮肥和磷钾肥(T3)、80%控释氮肥和等量磷钾肥(T4)、80%控释氮肥和80%磷钾肥(T5)等不同施肥方式和施肥量对辣椒产量、植株养分含量、干物质积累量及品质的影响。结果表明:与农民习惯性施肥相比,T3处理产量最高,比T2增产12.3%,T4、T5处理产量并未显著性降低。在定植后40d,各处理辣椒植株N、P、K含量达到最高,T3处理干物质累积量和氮磷钾累积量较高。T4处理氮磷钾累积量比T2处理高。T2、T3、T4处理辣椒维生素C含量差异性不显著,各处理间辣椒可溶性糖含量变化不大。T3、T4、T5处理辣椒硝酸盐含量均显著低于T2处理(P0.05)。综合考虑,在农民习惯性施肥基础上施用80%控释氮肥和等量的磷钾肥可以保证较高的产量和较好的果实品质。     

A comparison of nitrogen use efficiency definitions in Citrus rootstocks

Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) definitions, commonly used in literature, are evaluated in response to nitrate availability in four citrus rootstocks, Rough Lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush) (RL), Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) (SwO), Cleopatra Mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort ex Tan.) (CM) and Sour Orange (Citrus aurantium L.) (SO). The application of diverse definitions determine different characterizations in N-efficiency among rootstocks. Nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE) and nitrogen efficiency ratio (NER) determine equal level of nitrogen efficiency among all rootstocks. Total nitrogen accumulation (TNA), nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE), shoot dry weight (SDW) and total leaf area (TLA) response curves produce the same NUE characterization: SO and SwO were nitrate use efficient and inefficient rootstocks, respectively, while the RL and CM exhibit superior and inferior genetic potential, respectively.     

Effectiveness of water pillow irrigation method on yield and water use efficiency on hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

A study was conducted to elucidate the effect of water pillow (WP) irrigation method, a new alternative method to furrow irrigation, on the yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of hot pepper in a semi-arid climatic condition. In this research, treatments used were: (i) WP method and its 7-day irrigation interval (WP₇), (ii) WP method and its 9-day irrigation interval (WP₉), (iii) WP method and its 11-day irrigation interval (WP₁₁) and (iv) furrow irrigation (FI) method and its 5-day irrigation interval (control) were employed. Although the plants were grown under different irrigation methods and interval conditions, there were no statistical differences in yield and biomass of hot pepper plants between FI and WP treatments (P < 0.05). Water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) values significantly increased with the application of WP irrigation method (P < 0.05). The highest WUE and IWUE values obtained from WP₁₁ treatment in both years. As a result, we conclude that WP method is a way to save water and increase the yield in semi-arid areas where climatic conditions require repeated irrigation in the hot pepper production area.     

Effects of different mulches and irrigation methods on root growth,nutrient uptake,water-use efficiency and yield of strawberry

Field studies were conducted for two consecutive years under sub-temperate climatic conditions at Nauni in district Solan of Himachal Pradesh (30°52′N, 77°11′E 1175 asl) on loamy sand Inceptisols to investigate the effect of different mulches (hay: HM, black polyethylene: BP) on root growth, nutrient uptake, water-use efficiency (WUE) and yield of strawberry cv. Chandler under drip (DI) and surface irrigation (SI) systems. Unmulch (UM) and rainfed treatments were kept as control. Higher soil moisture content was registered under both the mulch materials during entire crop growth period. However, it was greater under BP mulch as compare to HM. The moisture conservation increased by 2.80–12.80% under BP mulch as compared to UM. HM treatment, irrespective of irrigation method increased the minimum soil temperature (2.8–5.2 °C) and reduced the maximum soil temperature (2.7–5.8 °C) as compared to UM. BP mulch increased the minimum soil temperature from 0.4 to 2.5 °C. Application of irrigation moderated the soil (minimum 2.6 and maximum 1.4 °C) temperature. Both the mulch materials were effective in enhancing root growth, nutrient uptake, WUE and yield. Application of mulch enhanced the root growth (63%), nutrient uptake (179.20%), WUE (84.40%) and yield (343%) under DI. However, respective increase under SI was 23.60, 83.80, 109.40 and 219.20%. Under DI, 51% of irrigation water was saved and about 19% higher fruit yield was obtained as compared with SI treatment. Linear regression model could significantly describe the variations in nutrient uptake (N, P and K) and WUE of strawberry under sub-temperate climatic conditions, root mass density was better indicator for estimating nutrient uptake of strawberry.     

不同灌溉方式对辣椒生长、产量和水分生产效率的影响

以农大602辣椒为试材,利用张力计控制辣椒灌溉时期与灌溉量,分别研究膜下滴灌、膜上沟灌和膜下沟灌3种灌溉方式对日光温室辣椒生长及产量的影响。结果表明:膜下滴灌全生育期耗水量最少,辣椒产量和水分生产效率最高,水分生产效率较膜上沟灌、膜下沟灌分别提高2.04kg·m-3和1.81kg·m-3。综合耗水量、产量等因素,膜下滴灌是秋冬茬日光温室辣椒生产适宜的灌溉方式。     

Estimated nitrogen use efficiency,surplus, and partitioning in young apple trees grown in varied organic production systems

A certified organic apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) orchard was established to study the interaction of ground cover management systems (GMS) and nutrient sources (NS) on nitrogen (N) use efficiency and N surplus in the Southern U.S. for three years. Trees treated with green compost (GC) and wood chips (WC), regardless of the NS, had greater N accumulation and leaf N use efficiency compared to the shredded paper or mow-and-blow treated trees. The WC-treated trees had comparably low N surplus relative to the GC trees that induced more [NO₃⁻] in soil or soil solution in the rooting zone in September in year 3. GC trees had the highest [NO₃⁻] mineralization in the soil during winter. GMS had greater overall effects on the tree response variables than did the NS.     

Effect of different fertilisation and irrigation practices on yield,nitrogen uptake and fertiliser use efficiency of white cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.)

The effect of different fertilisation (i.e. broadcast application and fertigation) and irrigation practices (tank sprinkler and drip irrigation) on yield, yield quality (nitrate content), nitrogen uptake of white cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) and the potential for N losses was assessed on sandy-loam agricultural soil. ¹⁵N-labelled fertiliser was used as a tracer. It was found that different practices significantly affected yield, nitrate content in plants, N uptake, as well as fertiliser use efficiency. The highest yield (93 t ha⁻¹), plant N uptake (246 kg ha⁻¹), and fertiliser use efficiency (42%) were obtained under treatment with broadcast fertilisation with farmer's practice of irrigation (tank sprinkler). The N surplus after harvest was −41 kg N ha⁻¹, indicating the lowest potential for N losses. Treatment by fertigation and drip irrigation covering 100% of the crop's water requirements did not result in the highest yield as expected (72 t ha⁻¹), the N surplus after harvest was about +38 kg ha⁻¹. The lowest yield (58 t ha⁻¹), fertiliser use efficiency (30%) and hence the highest potential for N losses (N surplus after harvest +68 kg ha⁻¹) were found in treatment with broadcast fertilisation and drip irrigation covering 50% of the crop's water requirements.     

灌溉方式和灌水量对梨产量和水分利用效率的影响

连续2年对8～9年生黄冠梨树采用不同灌溉方式和灌水量的试验,结果表明,树盘1/2区域交替灌溉较常规灌溉用水量减少2/5,其蒸腾速率显著低于常规灌溉,而水分利用效率显著高于常规灌溉,2者之间的光合速率、产量和单果重不存在显著差异。树盘1/2区域固定灌溉的水分利用效率介于2者之间,但产量和单果重与2者差异显著。     

Growth,yield and water use efficiency response of greenhouse-grown hot pepper under Time-Space deficit irrigation

Greenhouse-grown hot pepper was used to investigate the effect of Time-Space deficit irrigation (TSDI), a newly developing irrigation technique based on regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) and partial rootzone drying (PRD), by measuring plant growth, yield and irrigation water use efficiency. The treatments consisted of factorial combinations of three factors, organized following an orthogonal L₉ (3)⁴ test design with four growing stages. Three irrigation strategies (conventional furrow irrigation with full-water when soil water content was lower by 80% of field capacity (F), conventional furrow irrigation with 50% of full-water (D) and alternate furrow irrigation with 50% of full-water (P)) as the main plot factor were applied to select the optimum irrigation parameter at different stages of crop development, the treatment in which irrigation water was applied to both sides of root system when soil water content was lower by 80% of field capacity during all stages was considered as control (FFFF). Water consumption showed some significant effect of irrigation treatment during the growing period of different drought stress patterns application, and therefore decreased in these treatments to a level around 54.68–70.33% of FFFF. Total dry mass was reduced by 1.17–38.66% in TSDI treatments compared to FFFF. However, the root–shoot ratio of FFFF was lower than other treatments and the differences from FFFF and other TSDI treatments were statistically significant. The highest total fresh fruit yield (19.57 T ha⁻¹) was obtained in the FFFF treatment. All deficit irrigations increased the water use efficiency of hot pepper from a minimum of 1.33% to a maximum of 54.49%. At harvest, although there was difference recorded as single fruit weight and single fruit volume were reduced under the TSDI treatments, total soluble solids concentration of fruit harvested under the water-deficit treatments were higher compared to FFFF.