芽孢杆菌组合BCL-8的筛选及其促生抗病效果

为了获得对加工番茄具有促生、抗病双重功效且防治效果稳定的生防细菌组合,进行芽孢杆菌菌株组合的复配筛选.根据菌株间相互拮抗试验和菌株生长特性,将12株对6种番茄痛原菌有较强拮抗作用的芽孢杆菌组合培养,平板对峙筛选得到23个抑菌活性优于单一芽孢杆菌的组合.活体接种进一步筛选,发现芽孢杆菌组合BCL-8具有显著的抗病促生效果.室内促生试验结果表明:组合BCL-8可促进加工番茄发芽和苗期生长,发芽率提高10%,苗期株高、鲜重和干重分别增加66.58%、176.19%和143.75%.在温室和田间条件下,组合BCL-8对加工番茄立枯病的防治效果分别达40.08%和55.42%,大田试验增产效果达24.32%.     

协同增效型拮抗细菌组合CL-7和CL-8的稳定性及其对加工番茄的促生防病效果

将加工番茄根际土壤中筛选到的单一拮抗细菌进行复配，筛选获得两个具有促生拈抗作用的细菌组合CL-7和CL-8。经过20代转管连续培养检测细菌组合的稳定性，结果表明，这两个拮抗细菌组合从13代之后，其pH值基本稳定，组合内菌落种类及数目也基本稳定；且12代后抑菌活性基本保持不变。和单一拮抗菌株相比，CL-7和CL-8均能显著增加对番茄立枯病菌、辣椒疫霉病菌和枯萎病菌的抑菌效果。发芽和苗期灌根试验结果表明，拮抗细菌组合CL-7和CL-8可显著促进加工番茄幼芽及苗期的生长，苗期鲜重分别增加了147．620k和176．190k，干重分别增加了143．75％和143．75％。在温室和田间条件下，细菌组合CL-7和CL-8对加工番茄立枯病的防治效果都很显著，分别可达25．1％、40．1％和52．2％、55．5％。     

娄彻氏链霉菌XL-6的抑菌活性及对茄子幼苗的防病促生效应

本文研究了娄彻氏链霉菌Streptomyces rochei XL-6无菌发酵液在自然状态下的抑菌活性及对茄子幼苗的防病促生效果。结果表明,菌株XL-6发酵液的抑菌活性物质可耐70℃高温,在pH 5~8其抑菌活性保持稳定;该抑菌活性物质不受紫外线、蛋白酶K和胰蛋白酶的影响,在4℃条件下贮藏28 d仍可保持良好的抑菌活性。采用不同浓度的发酵液处理茄子幼苗均可提高茄苗对青枯病的抗性,其中,施用40倍发酵液显著降低茄子青枯病发病率和病情指数并显著提高PAL和PPO酶活性,对盆栽茄子的防治效果达64.78%。同时,40倍发酵液显著提高茄子种子发芽率、鲜重、叶绿素含量及根系活力,较病原菌菌体处理和无菌水处理,茄苗干重增幅分别达15.81%和27.95%,对茄苗的促生效果显著。说明适宜浓度的拮抗菌XL-6发酵液兼具防治茄子青枯病和促进植株生长的效果。     

深绿木霉发酵液对黑麦草促生作用及生理生化特性的影响

通过种子萌发和幼苗盆栽试验研究了不同稀释倍数深绿木霉发酵液对黑麦草促生作用及生理生化特性的影响。室内试验结果表明,不同稀释倍数深绿木霉发酵液能够显著提高黑麦草种子的发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数,尤其是100倍稀释液对黑麦草种子发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数的影响较为明显,分别为96.55%、37.41和7.83。盆栽试验结果表明,不同稀释倍数深绿木霉发酵液对黑麦草幼苗的生长具有明显的促生作用,以及能够显著地提高幼苗叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量和与抗性相关酶的活性,尤其是100倍稀释液处理的黑麦草幼苗根系长度、株高、鲜重、干重和根冠比的相对增长率分别为16.95%、13.33%、40.57%、73.68%和36.36%;叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量的相对增长率分别为8 4.09%和75.50%;多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性均显著高于对照,且多酚氧化酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性在处理后第四天达到最大值,过氧化物酶活性在处理后第三天达到最大值。因此,深绿木霉发酵液对黑麦草的生长具有显著的促生作用,且能够显著提高与抗性相关酶的活性。     

一株多粘类芽孢杆菌的鉴定及其生防促生效果初步测定

菌株CF05是从浙江天目山柳杉中分离得到的1株细菌,经形态、16S rDNA序列、生理生化指标检测,鉴定为多粘类芽孢杆菌Paenibacillus polymyxa。平板拮抗结果表明,该菌对9种植物病原真菌和3种病原细菌具有显著拮抗效果。室内生测结果表明,发酵液和菌悬液对番茄幼苗均具有明显的促生效果,其中发酵液处理最佳,鲜重增长272.0%,干重增长266.7%。菌株CF05接种27 d后,番茄根际细菌浓度仍很高。种子萌发测定结果表明,菌株CF05处理后发芽率提高11.7%,番茄猝倒病防治测定结果显示,发病率降低38.6%,效果均优于Bacillus subtilis 168处理。综上结果,表明P.polymyxa CF05是1株生防性状优良的促生细菌。     

不同种子处理方法下长枝木霉T6菌株对小油菜促生作用及生理特性的影响

为了明确长枝木霉T6菌株(Trichoderma longibrachiatm)对小油菜(Brassica chinensis)促生效果及生理特性的影响，通过水琼脂培养法、浸泡法和灌根法进行种子处理，并测定了长枝木霉T6菌株及其孢子悬浮液和发酵滤液处理后小油菜种子活性、根系发育及幼苗叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量的变化情况。结果表明：与对照相比，采用水琼脂培养法，接种长枝木霉T6菌株后小油菜种子发芽率、发芽指数、胚根长度、胚芽长度、幼苗鲜重和干重相对增长率分别为2.51%、20.55%、70.79%、21.98%、32.00%和30.00%,幼苗根系总投影面积、总根表面积、平均根系直径、总根体积和根尖数相对增长率分别为58.49%、58.79%、18.18%、100.00%和77.88%;采用种子浸泡法，浓度为1.0×10⁷ cfu·mL^-1长枝木霉T6菌株孢子悬浮液处理后显著提高了小油菜种子发芽率、发芽指数、胚根长度、胚芽长度、幼苗鲜重和干重，其相对增长率分别为2.06%、19.60%、82.21%、43.36%、31.58%和40.00%,根系总...     

深绿木霉TraT2A对5种作物的促生作用研究

为明确来源于深绿木霉(Trichoderma atroviride)T2菌株发酵液的蛋白提取物TraT2A对小麦、玉米、豇豆、辣椒和黄瓜5种作物的促生作用,本试验采用种子萌发和室内盆栽试验测定了4种不同浓度的TraT2A对5种作物种子发芽情况、幼苗形态变化和生理特性的影响。结果表明：4种不同浓度的TraT2A对5种作物均具有促生作用,可显著促进作物生长,促生率可达104.69%,同时提高叶绿素含量和根系活力,促生率达24.95%,且降低丙二醛含量,促生率达36.69%。10 mg·mL^-1 TraT2A对5种作物的促生效果最好,且不同作物不同指标之间促生效果存在差异,表现为对黄瓜干质量的促生率最大,为104.69%,其次是对黄瓜活力指数的促生率为91.86%,第三是对辣椒胚轴的促生率为70.17%;对其他作物的发芽率、发芽指数、胚根、鲜质量、干质量、叶绿素含量和根系活力的最大促生率在17.65%～46.46%范围内;10 mg·mL^-1 TraT2A处理5种作物后小麦丙二醛含量降幅最大(36.69%)。4种不同浓度的TraT2A处理5种作物后...     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌B1619对番茄的促生作用

解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciensB1619是一株对设施番茄土传病害具有很好防治效果的生防菌株。为了明确其对番茄的促生作用,本研究通过室内盆栽试验研究了不同稀释倍数的生防菌B1619发酵上清液对番茄种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响;测定了喷施B1619菌液后番茄体内叶绿素、胡萝卜素和根系活力的变化;运用液质联用法检测了生防菌B1619上清液中促生相关物质(生长素、细胞分裂素、赤霉素、脱落酸和亚精胺)的含量。结果表明,生防菌B1619不同浓度的上清稀释液对番茄种子萌发和幼苗生长均有一定的促进作用,其中以100倍稀释液(4.8×10⁷cfu/mL)促生作用最大;用生防菌B1619不同浓度的上清稀释液对番茄喷施后,番茄植株的叶绿体色素、胡萝卜素和根系活力均有不同程度的增加,其中以100倍稀释液各生理指标活性增加最大(分别增加47.92%、38.37%和49.75%);生防菌B1619上清液中生长素(IAA)、细胞分裂素(CTK)、赤霉素(GA₃)、脱落酸(ABA)和亚精胺(Spd)的含量分别为1.90、1.30、0.0544、1.94和1.22mg/L。本研究结果证实了解淀粉芽孢杆菌生防菌株B1619对番茄生长具有显著促生作用,且促生物质主要存在于上清液中。     

一株溶磷菌的分离鉴定及溶磷促生作用

为了提高土壤磷素利用率,为微生物磷肥开发提供高效菌种资源,采用平板分离法从荒漠绿洲过渡带白刺根际土壤分离筛选出一株溶磷能力强的真菌P-1407,对其溶磷特性、产酸特性和耐盐碱特性进行研究。结果表明,液体条件下培养10 d,菌株 P-1407对 Ca₃( PO₄)₂表现出高效的溶解能力,最大溶磷量为557 μg·mL^-1;其溶磷量和pH值变化呈显著负相关,溶磷过程中分泌的有机酸种类主要为葡萄糖酸、草酸及甲酸;在高浓度 NaCl 和较高的pH值条件下仍保持较高的溶磷能力;结合培养性状、显微形态特征和ITS rDNA序列分析,鉴定菌株P-1407为草酸青霉（Penicillium oxalicum）;盆栽试验表明,P-1407菌株对番茄的促生作用较对照显著提高,番茄种子发芽率提高了2.53%,番茄植株的株高、根长、地上部鲜重、地上部干重、地下部鲜重和地下部干重分别增加了109.27%、78.41%、82.95%、121.69%、94.74%和64.71%。因此,P-1407是一株展现良好应用前景的高效溶磷菌种,有望为土壤的改良和生物菌肥的开发提供种质资源。     

黄花刺茄浸提液对番茄种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为明确入侵植物黄花刺茄对当地主栽经济作物番茄种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,本文采用培养皿滤纸法,在智能光照培养箱的变温控制条件下,分别研究了黄花刺茄根、茎、叶浸提液对番茄种子发芽率、发芽指数及幼苗根长和苗高的影响。结果表明:(1)黄花刺茄不同器官的浸提液对番茄种子发芽率、发芽指数、幼苗根长和苗高的影响不同,其茎、叶浸提液的化感作用较为显著(P<0.01)。(2)黄花刺茄同部位浸提液对番茄种子发芽率、发芽指数、幼苗根长和苗高不同指标的影响也不同。根浸提液对种子发芽率、幼苗根长影响不显著(P>0.05),但对种子发芽指数的影响极显著(P<0.01)。茎和叶浸提液各浓度对种子发芽指数的影响比种子发芽率、幼苗根长和苗高的影响显著(P<0.01)。     

内生细菌B504的鉴定及对黄瓜枯萎病的生防作用

B504是从黄瓜植株中分离到的内生细菌。平板对峙试验表明,该菌株对黄瓜枯萎病菌等10种植物病原真菌具有拮抗作用,对黄瓜枯萎病菌的生长抑制率达44.1%。该菌株造成黄瓜枯萎病菌的分生孢子畸形,形成泡状物,尔后细胞壁消解,引起细胞内含物外溢,明显影响孢子萌发。用B504对黄瓜种子进行催芽处理,对黄瓜苗期、成株期枯萎病的防治效果分别为54.0%和41.7%。B504的16S rDNA序列与枯草芽胞杆菌具有高度相似性。根据菌体形态、培养性状、生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列分析等指标,确定B504为枯草芽胞杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）。     

邻烯丙基苯酚处理黄瓜种子控制土传腐霉菌和丝核菌侵染危害秧苗的效果

采用ISTA滤纸法检测得出:20%邻烯丙基苯酚悬浮种衣剂按1∶ 30~1∶ 90药种比(质量比)包衣处理"中农8号"和"长春密刺"黄瓜品种的种子,对黄瓜种子安全,种子发芽率分别达到95.75%~97.75%和80.00%~84.25%;PDA平板上检测药剂包衣处理对黄瓜种子带菌消毒效果显示,消毒处理效果达到66.67%~100%。菌丝生长速率法和染色处理结合显微技术实验证实,邻烯丙基苯酚对危害黄瓜秧苗的土传病原菌腐霉病菌Pythium aphanidermatum和立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani具有较强的抑制作用,EC50值分别为27.59和34.16 μg/mL;药剂处理使供试病菌的菌丝发生中空、解体断裂等异常现象。20%邻烯丙基苯酚悬浮种衣剂1∶ 30~1∶ 90包衣处理黄瓜种子后接种供试病菌,对腐霉病菌和立枯丝核菌的防病效果分别达到73.31%~100%和85.16％~100%;随着药剂包衣处理浓度的增大,邻烯丙基苯酚防治两种病原菌侵染危害黄瓜秧苗的效果提高,等效或者优于常规药剂福美双种子处理。     

种子处理对西瓜苗期3种病害的防治效果

为了筛选防治西瓜苗期立枯病、猝倒病和枯萎病的有效种子处理剂,在人工控制的条件下,选择了6.25%精甲·咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂、2.5%咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂、3.5%精甲·咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂、72%霜霉威盐酸盐水剂和50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂5种杀菌剂对西瓜种子进行处理。分析了处理种子的活力和幼苗的生长特性;以及在人工接种3种病原菌的胁迫下不同处理种子在基质中的出苗率和发病情况。结果表明:5种杀菌剂对种子的活力和幼苗的生长特性没有明显的影响,但3.5%精甲·咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂包衣降低了每株幼苗的鲜重,50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂浸种则提高了幼苗的整齐度。接种西瓜立枯病菌和猝倒病菌的种子出苗率降低,接种西瓜枯萎病菌的种子出苗率没有明显变化;6.25%精甲·咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂和2.5%咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂包衣种子对西瓜立枯病的防效最佳,72%霜霉威盐酸盐水剂浸种对西瓜猝倒病有一定的防效,对西瓜枯萎病的防治没有特别有效的药剂。     

两种抗生细菌防治林木病害研究初报

假单胞菌(代号P751)和蜡状芽孢杆菌(代号BC752)是从马尾松叶上分离的两株杆状细菌,对松赤落叶病、泡桐炭疽病、镰刀菌等5种林木病菌孢子有溶解作用,溶菌率达85.67～99.27％;对松赤枯病等3种病菌孢子萌发有抑制作用;对多种化学农药具有抗性。田间试验,防治泡桐炭疽病、松赤落叶病、杜仲环剥烂皮等5种林木病害具有不同程度的效果。经用两菌液拌种飞机播种造林试验,使马尾松叶枯病降低27.55～72.25％,出苗率有所提高。这两株杆菌对人畜基本安全。     

Effects of the seed weight and burial depth on the seed behavior of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)

Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is one of the annual plants that were described recently as invasive weeds in Europe. This species is described as an invasive plant that produces seeds that are highly variable. Its production of variably sized seeds is regarded as promoting its spread in different environments. Experiments were carried out to determine the influence of the seed weight and temperature on germination and the influence of the seed weight and burial depth on seedling emergence. The seeds were divided into a number of classes of weight and the seed weight effect on germination was evaluated by Petri dish assays. In another experiment, the seeds were buried at different depths in a clay soil/sand mix to estimate the burial effect on germination and seedling emergence. The germination level of A. artemisiifolia was high overall, between 76.8% and 94.2%. The seed germination was modified by temperature but it was not influenced by the seed weight. The amounts of germination and seedling emergence were greater for the seeds on the soil surface and decreased with an increasing burial depth, from 2 to 8 cm. No germination or emergence was observed for the seeds that were buried at 10 and 12 cm. The lightest seeds were more sensitive to burial. A greater level of seedling emergence for those seeds that were placed near the soil surface could explain the success of this species in open habitats, where the probability of deeper burial is low. After high seed production, the management of A. artemisiifolia in fields could be partly achieved through soil tillage, burying seeds below 10 cm, and not carrying out deep soil tillage the following year.     

Germination, emergence, and dormancy of Mimosa pudica

Mimosa pudica (common sensitive plant) is a problematic weed in many crops in tropical countries. Eight experiments were conducted to determine the effects of light, seed scarification, temperature, salt and osmotic stress, pH, burial depth, and rice residue on the germination, seedling emergence, and dormancy of M. pudica seeds. Scarification released the seeds from dormancy and stimulated germination, though the germination of the scarified seeds was not influenced by light. The scarification results indicate that a hard seed coat is the primary mechanism that restricts germination. The germination increased markedly with the exposure to high temperature "pretreatment" (e.g. 150°C), which was achieved by placing non-scarified seeds in an oven for 5 min followed by incubation at 35/25°C day/night temperatures for 14 days. The germination of the scarified seeds was tolerant of salt and osmotic stress, as some seeds germinated even at 250 mmol L⁻¹ NaCl (23%) and at an osmotic potential of −0.8 MPa (5%). The germination of the scarified seeds was >74% over a pH range of 5–10. The seedling emergence of the scarified seeds was 73–88% at depths of 0–2 cm and it gradually decreased with an increasing depth, with no seedling emergence at the 8 cm depth. The rice residue applied to the soil surface at rates of ≤6 t ha⁻¹ did not influence the seedling emergence and dry weight. The information gained from this study identifies some of the factors that facilitate M. pudica becoming a widespread weed in the humid tropics and might help in developing components of integrated weed management practises to control this weed.     

Rhizobacteria‐mediated resistance against the blackeye cowpea mosaic strain of bean common mosaic virus in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)

BACKGROUND: The present study investigated the effect of seven Bacillus‐species plant‐growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) seed treatments on the induction of disease resistance in cowpea against mosaic disease caused by the blackeye cowpea mosaic strain of bean common mosaic virus (BCMV). RESULTS: Initially, although all PGPR strains recorded significant enhancement of seed germination and seedling vigour, GBO3 and T4 strains were very promising. In general, all strains gave reduced BCMV incidence compared with the non‐bacterised control, both under screen‐house and under field conditions. Cowpea seeds treated with Bacillus pumilus (T4) and Bacillus subtilis (GBO3) strains offered protection of 42 and 41% against BCMV under screen‐house conditions. Under field conditions, strain GBO3 offered 34% protection against BCMV. The protection offered by PGPR strains against BCMV was evaluated by indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), with lowest immunoreactive values recorded in cowpea seeds treated with strains GBO3 and T4 in comparison with the non‐bacterised control. In addition, it was observed that strain combination worked better in inducing resistance than individual strains. Cowpea seeds treated with a combination of strains GBO3 + T4 registered the highest protection against BCMV. CONCLUSION: PGPR strains were effective in protecting cowpea plants against BCMV under both screen‐house and field conditions by inducing resistance against the virus. Thus, it is proposed that PGPR strains, particularly GBO3, could be potential inducers against BCMV and growth enhancers in cowpea. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

影响丰花草种子萌发和幼苗生长的主要环境因子

运用培养皿滤纸法和盆栽法,分别研究温度、光照和水分条件对热带常见杂草丰花草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:丰花草种子萌发温度范围广泛(5~40℃),随温度升高,丰花草幼苗的鲜质量和生长长度均呈现先升高后降低的趋势;恒温下30℃为其种子萌发的最适温度,其发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数均相对较高,而平均发芽时间最短;25℃时生长的幼苗最健壮,其芽长、根长和芽鲜质量、根鲜质量均显著高于其他温度时的对应值。而变温条件更有利于丰花草种子萌发,12 h D/12 h L、5℃/15℃时发芽率达55.63%,15℃/25℃时发芽率90%,25℃/35℃时的种子萌发率、幼苗长度、幼苗鲜质量均最大。光照不是影响丰花草种子萌发的关键因子,但光照可能有利于促进丰花草幼苗生物量向根部分配,光暗交替(12 h D/12 h L)条件下丰花草幼苗生长情况相对最好(长度根冠比为1.05∶1;鲜质量根冠比为0.51∶1)。水分是决定丰花草种子能否萌发的关键因素,25℃、12 h D/12 h L条件下,在土壤最大持水量60%时丰花草种子萌发和幼苗生长状况均最佳。     

渗透胁迫对玉米幼苗叶片叶绿素含量及POD活性的影响

利用PEG高渗溶液模拟干旱,将8个商用玉米杂交种在渗透胁迫条件下萌发,研究渗透胁迫对萌芽率、叶绿素含量和POD活性的影响.结果显示,品种间由萌芽数计算的耐旱系数差异显著,硬粒型萌芽性能优于马齿型,萌芽期PEG处理的幼苗叶绿素含量较高;正常萌发的玉米幼苗品种间叶片POD活性不一,渗透胁迫后POD活性皆增加,但品种间增幅差异较大.     

聚乙二醇胁迫下赤霉素浸种对番茄种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以番茄幼苗为材料,研究了50 mg/g 的赤霉素(GA3)和清水浸种后用不同浓度的聚乙二醇(0、40、80、120 mg/g)胁迫对番茄种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:40 mg/g的聚乙二醇胁迫对番茄种子的萌发率、发芽指数、幼苗株高、根长有促进作用,120 mg/g的聚乙二醇明显抑制种子的萌发率、发芽指数、幼苗株高、根长;不同浓度的聚乙二醇胁迫明显降低了幼苗的叶绿素含量.用50 mg/g GA3浸种后明显增加聚乙二醇胁迫下番茄种子的萌发率、发芽指数、幼苗株高、根长和叶绿素含量.用50 m g/g GA3浸种对番茄幼苗的生长有一定的促进作用.