广东省植被NPP时空特征变化分析

利用EOS/MODIS卫星遥感资料,对2000-2005年广东省农田、林地和草地3种植被类型的植被净初级生产力(NPP)的时空变化特征进行了分析.结果表明,广东省农田、林地和草地的年均NPP分别集中在480～590 gC/(m2·a),590～760 gC/(m2·a),540～690 gC/(m2·a)之间,林地最高,草地次之,农田最低.NPP变化趋势检测显示,广东省大部分地区这3类植被NPP均呈增长趋势,生长态势良好,NPP呈显著增长的面积占这3类植被总面积的61.29%.珠三角城市群和汕头等经济工业发达地区的局部NPP表现出显著减少的趋势,表明这些地区城市扩张和新增工业用地等人类活动在较大程度上破坏了当地植被,或影响了其正常生长,导致NPP的降低.     

基于生态系统服务价值的赤水河流域生态补偿标准核算

以赤水河流域2000、2010、2015年的气象数据、遥感数据、土壤类型、地质背景以及社会经济等数据为基础,采用固碳释氧模型、修正的通用土壤流失方程以及InVEST水源涵养模型定量评估了流域的生态系统服务价值总量,同时采用生态补偿计量模型计算了流域不同区域的生态补偿额度,确定了流域的补偿标准和生态补偿优先级别。结果表明：2000—2015年赤水河流域单位面积固碳释氧价值量、土壤保持价值量以及水源涵养价值量均呈先增加后减少倒“V”形结构。固碳释氧价值由2000年的4279.33元/(hm2·a)上升到2010年的4520.16元/(hm2·a),随后下降到2015年的4409.69元/(hm2·a);土壤保持价值量由2000年的95.11元/(hm2·a)上升到2010年的144.45元/(hm2·a),之后下降到2015年的89.03元/(hm2·a);水源涵养价值量由2000年的23938.13元/(hm2·a)上升到2010年的35232.99元/(hm2·a),之后下降到2015年的20167.41元/(hm2·a)。喀斯特地区固碳释氧价值总量增加的速度是非喀斯特地区的4.35倍,喀斯特地区土壤保持价值量和水源涵养价值量的下降速度分别是非喀斯特地区的1.28倍和1.59倍。流域多年平均生态补偿价值为4626.29元/(hm2·a),生态补偿价值总量为76.23亿元,流域下游补偿价值量最大,而上游地区补偿价值量较小。流域上游地区的喀斯特地区以及下游的原始森林地区属于典型的生态输出地区,应优先得到补偿,而经济发达的中游地区经济发展活跃,应率先进行生态支付,属于典型的生态消费区。本研究结果与以往的基于价值当量的生态补偿模型相比,在栅格像元尺度上量化了流域不同地区的生态补偿标准,可为长江上游赤水河流域生态补偿模式、运行机制以及补偿的标准提供科学依据。     

水土保持生态补偿定量计算研究 ——以辽宁大凌河流域为例

本文以大凌河为研究区域,利用土壤侵蚀方程模型,得出从实施大凌河整治工程和景观绿化建设工程后土壤侵蚀的变化值,并以此为依据分别计算了水土保持生态补偿主体方和客体方的消耗成本和获得收益,进行生态补偿定量的计算,得到结论:整个大凌河流域的土壤保持总量是7.21×104t/a,土壤侵蚀模数是1473.3t/(km2·a),客体方治理水土流失消耗的成本是20.12万元,因土壤侵蚀现象减弱而减少的遣弃荒废土地和营养元素所带来的收益为38.46万元,主体方因减少淤泥和水体富营养化所获收益为76.22万元,大凌河流域人均所得补偿大约是211.02—386.56元/a.     

水肥耦合效应对保护地辣椒植株生

采用“3414”试验设计,研究了灌水定额、氮肥和磷肥对保护地辣椒植株生长发育的影响。结果表明,对辣椒生育性状和产量影响最大的因子是灌水,其次是施磷和施氮,灌水和施磷的交互作用对茎粗和分枝数的影响也是显著的。辣椒生育性状和产量较佳的水肥管理措施为：灌水定额170.0 m3•hm-2•次-1,施纯氮225.0～273.9 kg•hm-2,施纯磷90.0～180.0 kg•hm-2。     

玛纳斯河流域植被净初级生产力时空变化及驱动因素分析

【目的】探明新疆玛纳斯河流域植被净初级生产力(NPP)的时空变化规律及其影响因素。【方法】基于MODIS遥感数据以及地形、气象因子和人类活动数据,运用Slope趋势分析、相关分析和地理探测器,分析玛纳斯河流域2001—2021年NPP的时空变化特征及其驱动因素。【结果】2001—2021年,玛纳斯河流域年平均NPP为125.63 g C/(m²·a),2008年最低,为98.80 g C/(m²·a),2016年最高,为163.98 g C/(m²·a),NPP呈年际上升趋势。玛纳斯河流域NPP的空间分布格局呈北部和南部区域低而中部区域高的特征,近63.84%的区域NPP呈增加趋势,其中26.98%的区域NPP显著增加(P<0.05);19.31%的区域NPP显著下降(P<0.05)。NPP随着高程和坡度的增加呈上升趋势,最高值出现在玛纳斯河流域的低山林草区;NPP与气温和降水呈正相关。各因子对NPP的影响程度由高到低依次为高程>土地利用>降水>坡度>GDP>气温>人口密度...     

基于生态需求评价的北京市生态区位划分研究

从生态需求角度从发,选择生态经济协调度、生态稀缺程度、人文发展水平作为评价指标,在对分指标进行评价的基础上,采用多指标条件判定法进行北京市生态需求程度评价,并据此划分了3个生态分区。结果显示,北京人均生态系统服务价值差距较大,从中心城区到远郊区,生态资源愈来愈稀缺;生态经济协调度中,轻度协调的区域大多位于北京北部的生态涵养区,而首都核心功能区和城市发展新区的经济协调程度多属于轻度冲突;人文发展水平从中心城区到远郊区逐渐降低;生态需求程度从中心城区到远郊区逐步降低。根据生态分区的生态需求不同,针对不同区位的特点提出了生态环境建设的建议,研究可以为区域土地资源合理规划布局与调整、生态用地配置和生态环境保护提供参考和依据。     

潜在生态网络空间结构与特性研究

以内蒙古荒漠绿洲区为研究区,将复杂网络与潜在生态网络进行类比分析,研究生态系统能量流动的特征,分析潜在生态网络的关联性、完整性和稳定性。结合相应生态因子,构建生态阻力面,提取潜在生态廊道1 103条、生态节点992个。潜在生态网络度分布符合幂律分布,因此,可将赋权网络适配到潜在生态网络进行分析。结果表明,荒漠绿洲区潜在生态网络连通性较差,聚类特征不明显;生态节点分布较为分散且破碎,完整性偏低;潜在生态网络内部能量流动情况较为单一,不够稳定。荒漠绿洲区内生态景观破碎化,发展与生态保护的矛盾较为突出,整体生态环境亟待优化。     

浅析生态水系建设措施和治理技术——以武夷山市大布小流域综合农场和鸭母洲河段治理为例

本文从改善武夷山市大布小流域综合农场和鸭母洲河段岸线杂草丛生、沿岸线倾倒垃圾、局部河道渠化、硬质护岸、河道亲水性体验差、占用河滩开垦菜地等河流现状入手,浅析生态水系治理理念和措施:即从大布小流域的河水、河床、河滩、河岸等四个方面切入,以改善流域水生态、水质,维护自然弯曲岸线,营造深潭浅滩和泛洪漫滩等为目标,采取生态护岸、生态缓冲带、河床修复措施,对改善小流域污染,促使水系恢复到较为自然的状态,提升水生态系统完整性和可持续性,营造河道亲水性等具有重要意义.     

内蒙古海拉尔河流域生态足迹与生态承载力变化

为量度区域可持续发展态势,本研究以海拉尔河流域为研究对象,使用生态足迹供需模型对其生态建设和流域可持续发展做出分析和评价。结果表明:2009年较2000年人均生态足迹增加了1.69hm2,人均生态承载力增加了0.09hm2,人均耕地面积增加了0.084hm2;2000年生态盈余为1.73hm2,而2009年生态盈余快速降低到0.13hm2,加剧了海拉尔河流域社会经济发展与生态环境压力之间的矛盾。     

黄瓜初花期光合速率主要影响因素分析与模型构建

植物光合速率受生理、生态多种因素交互影响,分析提取主要影响因素是构建高效光合速率模型的基础。选取8个典型影响因素,以初花期的黄瓜植株为实验材料,设计光合速率嵌套实验,采用相关分析法分析各因素与光合速率的相关性,证明光子通量密度、CO2 浓度、温度、气孔导度和叶绿素含量与光合速率显著相关;提出了一种融合遗传算法的径向基函数（GA-RBF）神经网络光合速率建模方法,采用RBF神经网络构建光合速率模型,利用GA算法优化RBF神经网络的扩展速度。采用异校验方法分别对融合主要影响因素和全部因素的模型性能进行分析,结果表明融合主要影响因素的模型精度显著提高,光合速率预测值与实测值决定系数为0.9976,最大绝对误差为1.0086μmol/(m2·s),平均绝对误差为0.3509μmol/(m2·s),在降低复杂度的同时提高了预测精度。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。