基于PZT和DIC对木构件榫卯松动监测试验研究

榫卯松动是木结构产生损伤的主要原因，为准确评估木构件的榫卯松动程度，采用压电陶瓷和数字图像相关法对木构件拔榫距离进行监测试验。首先基于压电陶瓷主动感应法和小波包能量法得到时域信号图，分析拔榫距离与电压值的关系。然后利用数字图像法实时检测拔榫过程中榫卯表面应变场信息变化。结果表明：拔榫距离越大，传感器接收能量和电压值越少；数字图像法可实时监测构件表面应变场信息变化，并根据应变演化规律检测木构件拔榫距离。试验结果可为木构件榫卯松动程度的检测研究与实际工况测量提供依据。     

典型直榫梁柱节点在现代木结构中的应用研究

基于Abaqus有限元分析,对不同榫长的实木榫卯连接梁柱节点和榫长为75 mm的不同层数的正交胶合木(CLT)榫卯连接梁柱节点进行数值模拟,分析其受力状态并提取荷载-位移曲线,与使用金属连接件连接的梁柱节点承载力进行对比,探究将榫卯连接应用在现代木结构中的理论依据。研究表明:竖向荷载作用下,榫长75 mm的榫卯连接梁柱节点承载能力处于M8和M10螺栓连接梁柱节点的理论承载力之间;当榫长增大时,节点的最大承载力逐渐提高,榫长150 mm的榫卯节点承载力已经略微超过M12螺栓连接时的理论承载强度,说明榫卯连接梁柱节点在承载能力上可以满足现代木结构建筑的使用要求。由于榫卯节点的承载力主要受到顺纹抗压强度的影响,因此相比于实木连接榫卯节点,CLT榫卯节点的承载力无显著提高。     

中国传统木结构榫卯连接节点力学性能研究进展

榫卯是指木结构建筑中柱、梁等构件连接在一起的一种凹凸结合的连接方式。然而,木材作为一种生物材料,随着使用年限的延长,出现的干缩湿胀、开裂变形等损伤会对榫卯连接节点的连接特性造成不良影响,因此,探究木结构榫卯连接节点的力学性能对建筑结构的安全性能具有重要意义。在木结构建筑中,榫卯连接节点的构造多种多样,力学特点和传力机制也各不相同。根据榫卯连接节点在木结构建筑中使用功能将其分为公母榫、直榫、燕尾榫、管脚榫、馒头榫和搭扣榫等六大类,简要介绍了各类榫卯连接节点的结构特点和应用情况。综述了常见榫卯连接节点半刚性的连接特性和节点刚度的求解方法,总结了不同种类榫卯连接节点和模拟残损榫卯连接节点的抗震性能及木结构建筑模型中的榫卯连接节点在人工模拟地震中位移响应和加速度响应的相关研究,概述了常见榫卯连接节点在外力作用下的破坏形式及破坏特征。根据榫卯连接节点的破坏形式,重点从金属构件和纤维增强复合材料两个方面对榫卯连接节点的加固效果进行归纳。总结了有限元分析法在榫卯连接节点力学性能方面的相关研究,指出了榫卯连接节点力学性能研究存在的问题,提出了榫卯连接节点研究的相关建议及其发展方向,以期为榫卯连接节点在现代木结构建筑中的应用提供新思路。     

重组竹材结构连接性能的研究进展

对重组竹材的基本性能进行综述,其力学性能与木材相近,密度大,碳化后的重组竹纹理与高级木材相近,干缩系数较小,适用于家具制作。重点对榫卯连接、螺栓连接和钉连接三种常用连接方式对用重组竹材的结构连接性能进行了综述分析,榫卯结构连接比一般的木材强度高;螺栓直径、纹理方向和含水率对连接点的影响显著;螺钉的拧入深度和导入直径比螺钉种类对结合强度的影响更为显著。     

传统木结构穿销式榫卯节点抗震性能分析

为研究不同穿销类型榫卯节点的抗震性能,考察了榫高、榫厚、柱径对节点力学性能的影响,采用有限元软件建模对榫卯节点进行拟静力分析,得到3类试件的滞回曲线、骨架曲线、耗能能力等抗震指标。结果表明：3类穿销榫卯的滞回曲线均呈现明显的Z型,捏缩效应较明显,3类试件的承载力相差不大;榫高、榫厚、柱径对榫卯节点的承载能力有显著影响,节点承载能力随榫厚、柱径增大而增大,随榫高的增大先增大后减小;根据穿销榫卯的骨架曲线建立了节点的弯矩-转角双折线模型,探讨了榫高、榫厚、柱径对模型参数的影响。在木结构设计中,应综合考虑榫卯尺寸变化对节点力学性能的影响。     

木结构榫卯节点抗震性能及震后加固修复研究进展

总结了国内外有关传统木结构常用榫卯节点抗震性能的研究进展,主要包括直榫连接与燕尾榫连接,同时介绍了扁钢、马口铁与碳纤维布三种木结构榫卯节点加固修复方法的相关研究成果,并对今后进一步研究提出建议,以期为木结构建筑震后加固与修复及我国古木建筑保护提供参考。     

小径材家具榫卯结构的强度研究

以陕西产苹果木小径材为基材,对不同截面形状、断面尺寸的零件"T"型榫卯接合节点进行抗弯和抗拉性能研究。结果表明:在榫卯配合参数一致时,构件节点接合强度随着零件断面尺寸的增大而提高;零件断面尺寸相同时,圆形截面的节点接合强度优于方形截面;同等条件下,小径材榫卯接合节点的抗拉强度明显高于抗弯强度。     

斜螺钉连接胶合木梁柱节点抗侧性能研究

设计了一种适用于装配式胶合木建筑的新型梁柱斜螺钉连接节点。采用全螺纹自攻螺钉将金属钢板和梁、柱分别连接,通过高强度螺栓完成梁和柱的基础连接。试验表明:3组斜螺钉连接胶合木梁柱节点低周反复试验得到的弯矩-转角滞回曲线,在拉向和压向加载循环中基本对称,呈"反S形",转角较大时,表现出一定的"捏缩"现象,随着循环次数的增加,骨架曲线的斜率逐渐减小,出现了刚度退化,表明节点在反复荷载作用下因累积吸收的能量而产生损伤;全螺纹自攻螺钉可以有效地将胶合木梁柱节点处的荷载传递到胶合柱的内部,具有较强的抗侧承载性能;节点在变形角1/100循环前,耗能能力处于较低水平,随着转角的增大,耗能能力明显增强,直至最后循环,节点仍保持较强的耗能能力。     

带有轻钢剪力墙加固的榫卯木框架抗震性能分析

中国传统木结构建筑可以通过设置剪力墙提高抗震性能,而轻钢剪力墙具有抗剪能力大、横向位移刚度大等优点,是木结构的理想加固构件。本研究创新性地将轻钢剪力墙作为加固件置入榫卯木框架中,采用ABAQUS有限元软件分别建立了有无轻钢剪力墙的榫卯木框架模型,并对其抗震性能进行对比。通过输入同等级不同种类和同种类不同等级的地震波,对木框架进行罕遇地震下的动力时程分析,得到了不同工况下两组木框架各层关键节点的加速度响应、位移响应和结构应力特征。结果表明：设置轻钢剪力墙后,结构的自振频率大幅度增加,在地震波激励下,木框架的层间位移减小,结构稳定性增强。由于轻钢剪力墙承担了一部分应力,因而榫卯节点的承载能力提升,木框架的抗震性能有所增强。     

非胶合条件下松木直角榫卯接合的抗拉力

通过拉伸试验研究了非胶合状态下,木材直角榫卯构件配合间隙、榫头长度和榫卯纹理方向等参数,对榫卯连接节点抗拉力的影响.结果表明:木材直角榫卯构件在拉伸过程中的抗拉力-行程曲线可分为2段,即快速线性上升和近似直线缓慢下降段;在一定范围内,构件抗拉力随着过盈配合公差的增加、榫头长度的延长而提高;同等条件下,榫卯纹理方向一致时的抗拉力要高于榫卯纹理方向直交时.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.