基于多角度融合的CHRIS数据提取湿地植被的研究

[目的]利用多角度高光谱数据,分析不同角度下东洞庭湖湿地典型植被群落的光谱特征,确定多角度信息融合的最佳方法,并对融合影像进行湿地植被类型精细识别。[方法]使用CHRIS多角度高光谱数据,针对洞庭湖湿地植被的光谱特征,研究计算窄波段NDVI的最佳波段组合和角度,评价CHRIS 0°影像与NDVI的像素级融合方法,进而对洞庭湖地区湿地植被进行提取。[结果]计算NDVI的最佳红波段和近红外波段分别位于667.6 nm和926.95 nm,对应于CHRIS数据的第24波段和第55波段;选取HSV、Brovery、Gram-Schmidt和PCA 4种融合方法进行融合,发现PCA融合图像的光谱信息丢失最少、纹理细节更丰富,信息量最大;PCA融合影像的总体精度为81.36%,比单角度影像提高7.93%,Kappa系数提高0.097 6,且苔草的漏分误差和泥蒿的错分误差得到明显改善。[结论]基于NDVI的多角度信息融合是提高湿地植被识别精度的一种有效途径,多角度信息融合丰富了地物的信息量,提高地物识别精度。     

基于landsat8影像的植被信息提取最佳波段组合研究 ——以浙江省龙泉市为例

以龙泉市为例,运用最佳指数OIF法,同时结合Landsat 8各个波段的统计信息和相关系数、地物光谱特征曲线及各波段主要用途进行综合分析,探讨了Landsat 8影像用于植被信息提取时的最佳波段组合的选择。结果显示:256波段组合信息量最为丰富,为植被信息提取的最佳波段组合。     

洞庭湖湿地植被分类研究

高分一号卫星是我国2013年自主发射的第一颗高分辨率对地观测卫星(GF-1),其在湿地中的应用还比较少见。以洞庭湖湿地为研究区,GF-1影像为主要遥感数据源,在对研究区湿地主要植被柳树、杨树、芦苇和苔草的光谱特征分析基础上,建立决策树分类算法。同时结合GF-1影像特有的纹理信息,引入纹理均值和相异性指数对决策树算法进行改进,结果表明:通过采用纹理均值和相异性指数,总体精度从传统决策树的85.64%提高到了92.66%,Kappa系数从0.82提高到0.91,说明该方法对湿地植被识别的效果较好。这对于同等空间分辨率遥感数据的植被分类具有指导和借鉴作用。     

基于GF-1卫星东洞庭湖湿地类型信息提取

以我国自主发射的第一颗高分辨率卫星(GF-1卫星)的影像为数据源,在东洞庭湖开展湿地信息提取。结合国家湿地遥感分类系统和高分影像数据的可解译性,建立了东洞庭湖湿地类型遥感分类系统,包括湖泊、河流、泥滩地、林地、芦苇、苔草、辣蓼+泥蒿7种湿地类型。利用最佳指数和联合熵2个指标确定最佳波段组合方式为4(R)3(G)2(B),并在遥感图像进行预处理的基础上,采用面向对象的决策树进行分类,结果表明:基于面向对象决策树遥感分类方法比最大似然法分类的精度高,总分类精度达85.41%,Kappa系数为0.822 5,并且各类信息的提取精度均有所提高,其中湖泊、芦苇、林地的精度较高。     

基于机器学习的高光谱湿地植被分类研究

为实现湿地植被的精细分类和高精度制图,为湿地管理部门提供准确的决策依据,以美国加州萨克拉门托—圣华金水域的典型湿地植被为研究对象,以高光谱影像为数据源,结合野外GPS采样点,对典型湿地植被的光谱反射率作一阶导数和二阶导数处理,基于均值置信区间原理筛选特征波段,基于单因素分析法筛选能够明显区分植被类型的植被指数。联合特征波段和植被指数构建特征集,利用机器学习C5.0决策树生成知识规则并提取湿地植被信息。结果表明,基于机器学习C5.0决策树的湿地植被提取总体精度为80.09%,Kappa系数为0.792,与最大似然法比较,总体精度提升10.79%,Kappa系数提升0.105,说明基于机器学习的C5.0决策树法能够实现植被的精细分类,方法切实可行。     

基于FDCT与ELM的遥感影像湿地类型分类——以黄家湖国家湿地公园为例

以黄家湖国家湿地公园为例,利用高分辨率遥感影像数据,研究提出了一种基于FDCT与ELM的湿地类型分类方法。该方法利用湿地遥感影像的光谱特征、纹理特征、空间特征作为ELM的输入数据,将遥感影像进行FDCT变换分解,获得影像的高频曲波变换系数和低频曲波变换系数,选取高频部分曲波变换系数组合作为地物的纹理特征;采用连续可微的Sigmod函数作为学习函数。湿地类型识别实验结果表明,该方法能够快速实现湿地类型的自动分类,总体分类精度达到了86.7%,高于传统SVM方法 76.5%的分类精度,Kappa系数超过0.83,为湿地景观遥感动态监测奠定了较好的研究基础。     

ALOS、TM影像在土地利用中的最佳波段组合分析

利用凉城县2009年7月20日获取的ALOS多光谱数据和2009年7月9日获取的Landsat 5 TM数据,进行影像预处理(大气校正、几何校正、直方图匹配、图像裁剪等),对凉城县ALOS、TM两幅影像土地利用分类中的最佳波段组合进行实验分析.结果显示:ALOS影像的最佳组合波段为432,TM影像的最佳波段组合为145、345、245、147、347与247波段组合,并结合实际应用进一步确定最佳组合波段.     

基于WorldView-2的薇甘菊信息精细提取

及时、准确掌握薇甘菊分布信息成为防控其入侵的关键技术。随着遥感技术的发展,使得采用高分辨率遥感数据快速准确提取薇甘菊分布信息成为可能。以深圳市Worldview-2影像的9个波段为主要信息源,开展了外来入侵物种薇甘菊的信息提取分析研究。结果表明:(1)用于识别薇甘菊的最佳波段组合是347组合;(2)Worldview-2影像融合的最优方法是Gram-Schmidt变换;(3)光谱与纹理分析研究得出的辐射亮度值和NDVI值能提取出部分入侵区域,结合第7波段与PC1的反差平均值与3×3卷积核方差可提取完整的薇甘菊入侵范围;(4)信息提取的最佳分割尺度是30,且制图精度达87.6%,用户精度达88.4%。说明采用高分辨率影像特征能提取薇甘菊信息,并实现精细识别。     

基于高分二号影像的森林变化快速检测方法研究

[目的]探讨用于快速更新森林资源数据库的森林变化检测方法,监测短时期内森林采伐与更新的动态变化。[方法]以变化频繁快速,高度集约经营的广西上思县人工林作为研究区,以两个时相的高分二号遥感影像作为数据源,分别利用红波段、近红外波段和NDVI 3种特征的影像差值,并基于分布函数确定阈值,对研究区进行快速的变化检测,并提取变化区域和变化类型。[结果]表明,3种特征差值的检测精度排序为:NDVI差值法最优,红波段差值法次之,近红外波段差值法最差。其中NDVI的总体精度为87.12%,Kappa系数为0.76,[结论]该方法在实现快速检测变化的目的下,可用于森林资源数据库的更新。     

基于ETM+影像竹林信息提取的最佳波段组合研究

以竹林信息提取为研究目的,应用最佳指数法(OIF)法和典型地物影像光谱特征曲线分析,对福建省顺昌县ETM+多光谱数据的波段选组合进行了研究.研究结果表明:345波段是竹林信息提取的最佳波段组合;典型地物影像光谱特征曲线可以直观的看出地物在不同波段上的光谱差异,能为最佳波段选择提供可靠的参考依据;竹林在第5波段与其他地物光谱差异最大,分离效果最好,在第1波段的光谱影像特征曲线与阔叶林相近,在第2波段与针叶林相近,说明在第1波段和第2波段中竹林分别与阔叶林、针叶林容易混淆,不利于竹林信息提取.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.