南亚热带4种人工林生物量及其分配格局

【目的】研究相同立地不同树种人工纯林生物量及其分配格局,为建设高产及高碳汇人工林的树种选择提供依据。【方法】采用随机区组设计,在广西凭祥市同一坡面和坡位的林分中,研究了16年生马尾松、米老排、灰木莲、西南桦人工纯林的生物量及其分配格局。【结果】乔木层生物量、器官分配量、生态系统生物量及其各层次分配量树种间差异显著(P0.05)。乔木层生物量和生态系统生物量以西南桦米老排灰木莲马尾松;乔木层生物量在器官的分配量,干、皮、枝、叶均以西南桦最高,根以米老排最高;生态系统生物量在各层次的分配量,西南桦以乔木层灌木层凋落物层草本层,其它3个树种都以乔木层凋落物层灌木层草本层。乔木层生物量在器官的分配量排序,马尾松为干皮根枝叶;米老排和灰木莲为干根皮枝叶;西南桦为干皮枝根叶。灌木层和草本层生物量都以地上部显著高于地下部。【结论】乔木层和生态系统生物量及分配格局树种间差异显著,乔木层和生态系统生物量都以西南桦米老排灰木莲马尾松;乔木层生物量占生态系统生物量的91.24%～98.42%,其它层次仅占1.58%～8.76%。选择乔木层生物量高的树种造林能获得更高的林分生产力及碳汇能力。     

凋落物添加对不同龄级杉木林土壤养分与微生物特性的影响

[目的]探讨并分析不同树种凋落物组合添加对各龄级杉木林土壤养分以及对土壤微生物特性的影响,为南方杉木纯林营造混交林提供理论依据.[方法]以江西分宜不同龄级杉木人工林为研究对象,设置不同树种凋落物组合添加处理,研究其在杉木不同发育阶段对土壤有机碳(SOC)、氮(N)、磷(P)养分及其化学计量比,以及对土壤微生物生物量碳(...     

南亚热带不同树种人工林对土壤细菌群落多样性的影响

[目的]探讨我国南亚热带地区不同树种人工林对土壤细菌群落多样性的影响,为该地区实施人工林生态系统适应性经营策略的树种选择提供土壤微生物生态学方面的科学依据.[方法]采用PCR-DGGE技术,比较分析位于广西凭祥市中国林业科学研究院热带林业实验中心的4个乡土树种(马尾松、红锥、米老排和火力楠)人工林和外来树种尾巨桉人工林...     

西藏自治区人工林植被碳汇预测

西藏自治区人工林林龄偏小,且近年来造林面积逐渐增加,其碳汇功能是天然林的有效补充。根据调查西藏人工林各小班优势树种、林龄、蓄积等数据,建立主要造林树种的单位面积蓄积—林龄模型,根据单位面积生物量—单位面积蓄积模型,推算现有人工林的碳汇潜力。     

退耕还林工程植被碳汇效益估算

利用全国森林资源连续清查的人工林统计数据,建立了不同树种(组)人工林生物量密度—林龄模型,并根据全国退耕还林工程退耕地还林阶段验收有关结果数据,分析估算了全国退耕还林工程植被碳汇量及碳汇价值。     

两种密度马尾松人工林地上生物量模型及分配特征

采用空间代替时间法、整株收获法和生物量模型估算法,对广西南亚热带两种密度(A:1156株/hm2和B:820株/hm2)的马尾松(Pinus massoniana)人工林地上生物量模型及生物量分配进行研究,为高碳汇马尾松人工林的密度选择提供依据.结果表明,W=a×Db×Hc的各项评价指标及预测效果较好,可作为估算不同密...     

气候敏感的落叶松人工林林分生物量模型研究

[目的]建立林分生物量模型,分析不同因子对林分生物量的影响,为区域尺度生物量的估算提供模型和依据.[方法]以东北和华北地区7个省份的落叶松人工林为研究对象,利用第8次一类清查固定样地数据,采用普通最小二乘方法和稳健回归方法建立林分生物量模型.采用主成分分析和相关分析法筛选气候变量,建立气候敏感的林分生物量模型(包括地上...     

西藏自治区退耕还林工程林碳汇潜力研究

根据西藏自治区2002—2010年退耕还林工程逐年造林的树种、面积数据,利用国家森林资源连续清查中人工林生长的历史数据拟合造林树种生长曲线,结合经文献调研所获得的树种生物量扩展系数、木材密度和碳含量等参数,采用"人工林生长曲线法"估算出西藏未来50年退耕还林工程林的碳汇潜力。结果表明:在2020,2030,2040,2050,2060年,西藏的退耕还林工程林碳汇在无采伐模式下分别为0.214,0.205,0.159,0.087,0.054 TgC/a;在采伐模式下分别为0.214,-0.205,0.171,0.243,-0.352 TgC/a。     

杉木造林密度试验研究Ⅰ.密度对幼林生物量的影响

杉木[Cunninghamia Lanceloata(Lamb.)Hook]为我国南方重要用材树种,造林历史悠久,分布面积广,集约化经营程度高,经济效益大,深受群众喜爱。研究杉木人工林的生物量,对了解我国亚热带杉木人工林生态系统的功能,提高生产力,具有十分重要的意义。1986年2月我们在江西大岗山实验局年珠林场的五年生杉木造林密度试验林内,进行了生物量测定,旨在探讨不同造林密度对杉木幼林生物量的影响,研究其分配规律,为今后科学造林和营林提供可靠的理论依据。     

14年生观光木人工林生物量初步研究

为了填补观光木在生物量方面研究的空白,提高人们对广西珍贵树种的认识,对广西南宁良凤江国家森林公园于1 983年种植的观光木人工林的生物量进行了测定研究,分析了观光木人工林不同径阶平均单株生物量变化及其分配规律、林分生物量、生产力,并研究了林木各器官之间的相关关系.结果表明:观光木人工林林分的生物量为72.05t·hm_2,乔木层的生物量为59.01t·hm_2,比重很大,达到了81.90％,其次是根系,占22.55％.林下灌木层、草本层及腐殖质层生物量分别为8.86t·hm-2、1.99t·hm-2、2.19t·hm_2.林分内各部分生物量大小排序依次为:乔木层＞灌木层＞腐殖质层＞草本层.为观光木人工林研究提供理论科学依据.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.