Bird community comparisons of four plantations and conservation concerns in South China

Plantations of non‐native, fast‐growing trees are increasing in the tropics and subtropics, perhaps with negative consequences for the native avifauna. We studied bird diversity in 4 types of plantations in South China to determine which plantation types are especially detrimental, and compared our findings with studies in nearby natural forests to assess the magnitude of the negative impact. A total of 57 species was recorded. The mean capture rate of understory birds was 1.7 individuals 100‐net‐h^–1. Bird richness and capture rate were lower in plantations than in nearby natural forests. Babblers (Timaliidae), primarily forest‐dependent species in South China, were particularly under‐represented in plantations. Species richness, composition and bird density, particularly of understory birds, differed between plantation types. Plantations of Schima, which is native to South China, had the highest species richness according to point count data. Plantations of Acacia (non‐native) supported the highest understory species richness and produced the highest capture rate of understory birds, probably because of their complex structure and high arthropod abundance. If bird diversity is to be considered, we strongly recommend that future re‐afforestation projects in South China should, as far as possible, use mixed native tree species, and especially Schima, ahead of the other species.     

城市化对西安市不同景观鸟类多样性的影响

2011年4月-2012年6月,采用样线法和样点法沿城市化梯度调查西安市商业区、居民区、工业区、农田、林地和湿地6种不同生态景观中的鸟类区系和群落组成,从时间和空间尺度上分析城市化程度对西安市鸟类群落的影响。按照不同梯度城市化区域的划分,调查共记录到鸟类171种,隶属于17目38科。其中,古北界、东洋界、广布种鸟类分别为50种、39种、25种;在居留型上夏候鸟35种,冬候鸟32种,留鸟72种,旅鸟31种,迷鸟1种。6种生境中以位于西安市南郊秦岭浅山林地的鸟种最多,共104种;商业区鸟种数量最少,共9种。结果表明,鸟类种数沿着城市化梯度从市中心向外逐渐增多,部分鸟种丰富度减少。城市化对鸟类多样性、丰富度和空间分布等方面具有很大影响。     

黄盖湖春夏季鸟类群落结构初步研究

2018年春、夏季,采用样线法对黄盖湖5种生境类型鸟类群落结构进行调查。记录鸟类15目40科119种25816只,雀形目占51.26%,反嘴鹬(Recurvirostra avosetta)、灰翅浮鸥(Chlidonias hybrida)是优势种,主要居留型留鸟50种。3月鸟类最丰富(87种,9084只),4月鸟类最少(60种,2677只),不同月份间鸟类多样性指数、均匀度指数、优势度指数差异不显著。鸟类群落结构生境间变化明显,养殖塘中鸟类最丰富(77种,9716只),明水面最少(15种,1917只),各生境间的鸟类多样性(χ^24=21.561,P=0.000)、均匀度(χ^24=20.168,P=0.000)、优势度指数(χ^24=21.983,P=0.000)均显著差异,明水面生境中鸟类多样性、均匀度指数最小,而优势度指数最大。鸟类群落结构在养殖塘与湖滩生境间相似性最高(0.692),为中等程度相似;明水面与林地生境间相似性最低(0.046),为极不相似。湖泊湿地鸟类保护不仅要优化生境资源的空间配置,还应该重视养殖塘作为退化湖泊湿地重要替代生境的地位,加强养殖塘生境水位管理和降低人为干扰。     

Twice-Over Rotational Grazing and Its Impacts on Grassland Songbird Abundance and Habitat Structure

The majority of native prairie has been lost throughout North America. Much of the remaining prairie is used for livestock grazing, so conservation of prairie species depends on sustainable grazing practices. Our objective was to evaluate the benefits of twice-over rotational grazing, in comparison with continuous season-long grazing and ungrazed “idle” fields, in conserving prairie songbirds. Northern mixed-grass prairie in southwest Manitoba, Canada is near the northern range limits for many endangered grassland birds, and thus is an important area for evaluating the contribution of twice-over grazing in the conservation of songbirds, including species at risk. In 2008 and 2009, we compared the relative abundances and diversity of grassland birds on 22 twice-over rotation, 15 season-long, and 8 ungrazed sites, using multiple 100-m fixed-radius point-count plots per site. Analyses were conducted using generalized linear mixed models. Although one obligate grassland bird, Savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis), had significantly higher relative abundances on twice-over than season-long sites in 2009, season-long pastures had higher species richness and diversity of obligate grassland birds in both years. Season-long grazing may actually benefit grassland bird communities by creating spatially heterogeneous but temporally stable areas of high and low livestock use within the pasture, thus increasing diversity of microhabitats. We found little evidence that twice-over grazing contributed to the conservation of grassland songbirds in subhumid northern mixed-grass prairies.     

城市化对杭州市繁殖鸟类物种多样性与功能多样性格局的影响

2007年3月至2007年8月,在杭州地区的城区、城乡结合区、农田区、农林交错区和自然林区等不同城市化程度的栖息地内各设置了90条100 m×3000 m调查样线,采用样线法对鸟类种类及其数量进行调查,采用实地调查与查阅文献相结合的方法确定每种鸟类的营巢类型和功能团,采用Shannon-Wiener指数计算鸟类群落的物种多样性和功能多样性.同时,对栖息地的人为干扰、植被盖度、人工设施指数等3项参数进行测定,并以此计算出各样线的城市化综合指数.调查结果显示,研究区内共记录有繁殖鸟类96种,分属于林冠枝干营巢功能团、灌草丛营巢功能团、林冠枝干/灌草丛营巢功能团、自然洞穴营巢功能团、人工建筑营巢功能团、自然洞穴/人工建筑营巢功能团、地面营巢功能团、水面营巢功能团和寄生功能团等9种功能团.对鸟类群落的物种数、物种多样性、功能团丰富度、功能多样性与城市化综合指数进行回归分析发现,城市化对鸟类群落的物种数、物种多样性、功能团丰富度和功能多样性均有着极显著性的影响,并且随着城市化程度的提高这些参数值均明显下降.不过,物种数和物种多样性与功能团丰富度和功能多样性间的下降模式存在明显差异.其中,物种数和物种多样性基本旱线性下降模式,即随着城市化程度的提高,物种丰富度及多样性基本为匀速下降;而功能团丰富度和功能多样性则呈二次函数下降模式,即在城市化初期,功能团丰富度和功能多样性下降不明显,但随着城市化程度的继续提高,功能团丰富度和功能多样性呈现加速下降的趋势.可见,鸟类群落的物种多样性和功能多样性对城市化的响应存在差异.虽然适度城市化可使物种多样性下降,但对功能多样性的影响却不明显;而群落的功能多样性则对高度城市化更为敏感.进一步对鸟类群落功能多样性与物种多样性的回归分析显示,功能多样性与物种多样性亦呈二次函数曲线关系,即在低多样性水平时,功能多样性与物种多样性基本呈线性关系,但随着多样性水平的逐渐升高,功能多样性的增长速度则明显慢于物种多样性的增长速度.由此可见,当群落物种多样性达到一定水平时,物种的增加不会明显地提高群落的功能多样性.     

向海湿地景观类型与鸟类多样性季节变化的关系

2010～2011年,在吉林向海国家级自然保护区采用固定半径样点法对春秋两季的鸟类多样性进行了调查,共记录到鸟类114种22 111只次,隶属于14目34科。应用逐步向后回归模型探测春、秋两季不同景观类型与鸟类香农-维纳指数、均匀性指数和物种丰富度指数之间的关系。结果表明,湿地鸟类群落在季节间发生种类结构的显著变化,不同景观类型对不同多样性指数的影响不同,农田会显著减少湿地鸟类多样性,水域和沼泽对香农-维纳多样性有正效应,但是对均匀性和物种丰富度有负效应,距公路较近会减少鸟类春季的均匀性和香农-维纳多样性。     

贵州贵阳阿哈湖国家湿地公园鸟类群落多样性分析

湿地鸟类多样性对维持湿地生态系统的动态平衡具有重要意义。2016年9月至2017年2月,2018年4—8月,在贵州贵阳阿哈湖国家湿地公园研究了鸟类群落结构和多样性,结果如下:1)共记录鸟类17目52科161种,其中国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物有11种。2)湿地公园鸟类群落多样性指数为3. 220 8,均匀度指数为0. 696 4,优势种为黄臀鹎(Pycnonotus xanthorrhous)、麻雀(Passer montanus)和白颊噪鹛(Garrulax sannio)。3)随着季节的更替,物种丰富度逐渐下降,多度夏季最大,春季次之,秋季和冬季相继减少,物种多样性指数和物种均匀度指数均呈现先下降后上升的趋势,优势度指数与物种多样性变化趋势相反。鸟类多样性指数自然植被生境(3. 087 4)>水陆过渡区(2. 762 5)>人工生境(2. 442 5)>水域(1. 907 0),均匀度指数水陆过渡区(0. 765 0)>自然植被生境(0. 726 7)>水域(0. 687 8)>人工生境(0. 666 7),优势度指数水域(0. 204 9)>人工生境(0. 172 2)>水陆过渡区(0. 107 7)>自然植被生境(0. 078 3)。4)不同季节、不同生境鸟类群落相似性存在差异,秋季和冬季鸟类相似性较高,相似系数为0. 651 2,春季和冬季相似性较低,相似系数为0. 464 6。自然植被生境和人工生境鸟类相似性较高,相似系数为0. 550 5,水域和自然植被生境相似性较低,相似系数为0. 139 5。     

大兴安岭北部春季兴安落叶松林鸟类群落的垂直结构

2011年4月24～5月15日,在黑龙江省岭峰自然保护区对春季兴安落叶松林鸟类群垂直结构进行了研究,共观察到鸟类36种,分属6目17科,非雀形目鸟类6科13种,雀形目鸟类11科23种。雀形目鸟类的种类最多,占总数的63.89%,这和我国北方地区鸟类组成相一致。研究结果显示大兴安岭春季兴安落叶松林中,鸟类垂直分层现象较为明显,林冠层和地面(或水面)鸟类多样性较高,而乔木层和灌木层鸟类丰富度较高;草本层鸟类较少。分析显示造成这种结果的原因不仅与鸟类的食物资源分布有关,而且与鸟类的求偶、领域以及防御行为具有密切关系。本研究结果为鸟类保护和森林管理提供了依据。     

东洞庭湖冬、夏两季湿地鸟类多样性比较分析

2007年8月—2009年1月对东洞庭湖湿地鸟类资源进行调查,从物种丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀性指数、G-F指数等方面对比分析了冬夏两季鸟类的群落多样性。将物种数、多样性指数、均匀性指数作为基数,运用欧氏和最短距离法进行了聚类分析,结果表明:夏季树林灌丛和居民区生境鸟类群落结构十分相似,而水域和沼泽生境鸟类群落结构相似,冬季树林灌丛和芦苇、草滩沼泽生境鸟类群落结构十分相似,而水域和居民区生境鸟类群落结构相似。     

A preliminary analysis of the response of an avian community to silvicultural treatments in the southern Cumberland Plateau,Alabama, USA

We simulated a shelterwood forest regeneration treatment by reducing basal area, and monitored the response of an avian community in oak‐hickory forest on the southern Cumberland Plateau, northern Alabama, USA. We used five treatments: control (no removal), clear‐cut (100% removal), and 25, 50, and 75% removal of basal area. Territory mapping was used to quantify bird community between mid‐April and July of both 2002 and 2003. Microclimate variables were recorded at each plot. The residual basal area and canopy cover showed three distinct conditions after treatment: closed canopy, open forest, and clear‐cut. The microclimate varied among treatments: air temperature was highest in clear‐cut plots and lowest in control plots, whereas soil moisture had the opposite pattern. A total of 71 bird species were detected, with 36 of them defending territories. Territory density, species richness, and Shannon diversity index differed among the treatments; the relationship between these bird community indices and the level of basal area removal was quadratic, lowest in the clear‐cut plots and highest in the intermediate levels. Although species richness was similar among the control, 25, 50, and 75% removal treatments, species composition varied. The richness difference among treatments became smaller in the second year post‐treatment (2003) with an increase in bird density and richness occurring in the clear‐cut plots.     

云雾山本氏针茅草地群落恢复演替过程中的物种多样性变化动态

采用样方法对云雾山干草原区本氏针茅草地群落进行长期定位监测,对未封育样地和封育5,10,15,20和25年样地群落的平均高度、盖度、多度和地上生物量以及植物多样性进行实地调查分析,以研究围栏封育对草地植物群落特征动态变化的影响.结果表明,围封10年样地群落的高度、多度以及地上生物量最大,而群落的盖度则随封育年限的增加呈显著增加趋势,在封育25年达到最大;围栏封育的不同年限也显著影响了群落的物种多样性,在围封10年样地群落具有最高的多样性指数,围封15年样地具有最高的丰富度指数,而均匀度指数则是在未封育群落中表现为最高值,最低值是在物种丰富度最高时出现.由此可见,围栏封育在一定时间范围内可以显著改善群落的特征,增加群落的生产力,对于本研究地本氏针茅群落的最佳封育期限为10～15年,但围封时间过长在草地退化方面有一定程度的影响.     

长沙城市湿地植物多样性研究

以长沙市辖五区及周边郊区10 km范围内湿地为研究对象,对不同湿地类型植物物种多样性及其变化特征进行了分析,根据不同湿地类型中植物种组成,探讨了植物种在湿地中的分布及定居特点。研究表明,长沙市不同湿地类型中主要有芦苇（Phragmites australis）、菖蒲（Acorus calamus）、菱（Trapa bispinosa）、野艾蒿（Artemisia lavandulaefolia）、问荆（Equisetum arvense）、苍耳（Xanthium sibiricum）、一年蓬（Erigeron annuus）、空心莲子草（Alternanthera philoxeroides）等20个植物群落;植被类型以草本群落为主,并且主要为二年或多年生植物,共有24种,其次有14种一年生草本,而灌木与乔木等木本植物分布较少;不同湿地类型植物种丰富度差异不大,植物种丰富度最高为23个种,其中特有种只有5个。从河流湿地到沟渠,种多样性指数变化没有明显规律,Simpson指数和Shannon Wiener指数最大的是沟渠,分别为18.08和3.75,其次是山塘水库;Pielou均匀度指数表现出与多样性指数大体一致的状况,沟渠＞山塘＞河流＞湖泊＞景观水面。     

不同生境类型金莲花群落物种多样性比较

摘要：采用群落多样性指数中Shannon Wiener多样性指数、丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数及群落相似性指数中的Jaccard指数和Sorenson指数,对河北省承德接坝地区5种生境条件下金莲花(Trollius chinensis)群落进行比较。结果表明,林中空地、湿地、沟谷、荒坡及林下5种生境类型金莲花群落共包括36科、93属、182种,林中空地物种数最多,林下物种数最少。各群落的物种生态类型均表现为湿生植物多于旱生植物,反映了金莲花喜湿的特性。Shannon Wiener多样性指数表现为林中空地>沟谷>湿地>荒坡>林下,丰富度指数表现为林中空地>湿地>沟谷>荒坡>林下,均匀度指数表现为沟谷>林中空地>荒坡>湿地>林下。群落相似性比较表明,湿地和林中空地两种生境差异性最小,林下和沟谷差异性最大,群落相似性的比较结果与群落多样性的方差分析结果较为一致。土壤水分与光照是影响金莲花群落物种多样性及群落相似性的主要因子。     

大丰麋鹿保护区冬季鸟类群落特征

2009年12月,2010年1月、2月,采用样线调查法对江苏大丰麋鹿国家级自然保护区内7种不同生境类型的鸟类群落进行调查。共记录鸟类13目29科71种,其中国家Ⅰ、Ⅱ级保护鸟类8种,占总物种数的11.3%。鸟类的季节型,以留鸟比例最大,占38.0%;鸟类的地理型以广布种鸟类最多,占42.3%。从鸟类数量来看,稀有种的种类最多,占鸟种类总数的50.7%,其留居类型以留鸟最多,占鸟类种数的38.0%;密度最大的优势种鸟类种类最少,占鸟类种数的11.3%,其季节型以冬候鸟最多。7种生境中,落叶阔叶林群落植被结构最复杂,鸟类种数、多样性和均匀度最大,而植被结构较简单的互花米草草滩群落最小。     

合肥市董铺水库及临近区域鸟类多样性研究

2012年12月-2013年11月,采用样线调查和样点观察相结合的方法对合肥市董铺水库及其临近区域不同生境的鸟类资源进行了调查。共记录到鸟类14目31科87种,其中国家Ⅱ级保护鸟类1种、安徽省地方重点保护鸟类25种;古北界鸟类45种（占51.7%）,东洋种25种（占28.7%）,广布种17种（占19.5%）;留鸟33种（占37.9%）,夏候鸟19种（占21.8%）,冬候鸟21种（占24.1%）,旅鸟14种（占16.1%）鸟类群落多样性指数最大生境为水库周围灌丛、树林;而指数最小者为大面积水域。     

青藏公路沿线植被多样性特征及其与环境因子的关系

青藏高原是全球气候变化的敏感区,青藏公路从北至南穿青藏高原而过,研究沿线植被物种多样性特征及其与环境因子的关系具有重要意义。本研究调查分析了沿线29个样点(从西宁市到拉萨市编号依次为1~29号)的植被群落学特征,并分析了它们同环境因子的关系。结果表明,青藏高原从北向南植被总盖度呈先降低后升高的趋势,其中7号样点(阿尔茨托山)最低;物种丰富度呈先降低后增加再降低的趋势,其中14号样点(风火山隧道)最低,26号样点(甲赤岗)最高;香农指数和辛普森指数随样点呈降低趋势;Pielou指数呈先降低后增加的趋势,其中22号样点(托青村)最低;Alatalo指数变化趋势与Pielou指数相反,但波动较大。对物种多样性指数和环境因子进行相关分析和逐步回归分析发现,物种盖度、物种丰富度和Pielou均匀度指数特征主要受水分因子控制,物种多样性指数(香农指数和辛普森指数) 与物种Alatalo均匀度指数特征与短波辐射关系密切。     

Waterfowl abundance and diversity in relation to season,wetland characteristics and land-use in semi-arid South Africa

We studied waterfowl abundance and diversity in relation to season (wet vs dry), wetland characteristics (vegetation and morphometrics) and land-use in a semi-arid agricultural region of South Africa to determine how waterfowl respond to various wetland characteristics, particularly those of permanent agricultural ponds.Wetlands were visited during the wet (n = 215) and dry (n = 178) seasons of 1997 and species' abundances, and wetland and upland characteristics were recorded. Canonical correspondence analyses and multiple regressions determined which wetland and upland characteristics were most strongly associated with waterfowl density and species richness for both the wet and dry season. Overall, diving ducks were not abundant in the wet season, and were rare to absent in the dry season. Divers only responded positively to the characteristics of natural wetlands, including greater surface area, percent coverage of emergent vegetation, and high (ungrazed) shoreline vegetation. Of six species of dabbling ducks present during the wet season, occurrence of three co-varied with wetland and upland characteristics associated with agriculture, namely permanent water, and agricultural grains in the dry season. Being largely grazers, geese responded positively to the higher proportions of bare shoreline, characteristically surrounding agricultural ponds. Because only a few species associated with artificial waterbodies, natural wetlands should be conserved to protect waterfowl diversity in semi-arid South Africa.     

德令哈-哈拉湖沿线不同生境下群落的物种组成及其多样性

为探讨柴达木盆地的群落物种的多样性和空间分布格局,本文以德令哈-哈拉湖沿线区域为研究对象,测定了5种不同生境下群落的物种组成和多样性指数,并分析了不同生境下群落物种多样性与海拔的关系。结果表明：该区域共记录了79种植物,菊科、禾本科、豆科、十字花科为当地的优势科种。不同生境类型的物种多样性具有相似性,但也存在差异性。从物种组成的群落相似性结果来看,高寒垫状植被与高寒金露梅（Potentilla fruticosa）灌丛草甸的物种组成相似性最高,而与高寒嵩草（Kobresia myosuroides）、杂类草草甸的物种组成相似性最低。随着海拔升高,群落物种丰富度和多样性呈先降低后增加的趋势,但均匀度保持稳定;中海拔区域的群落物种多样性最高,低海拔区域的群落物种多样性略高于高海拔区域,而造成不同生境群落物种组成和多样性差异的主要原因是水热条件和物种竞争力。     

Studies on Composition and Diversity of Species Based on Different Habitats along the Delingha-Hala Lake北大核心CSCD

To explore the diversity and spatial distribution pattern of community species in the Qaidam Basin, we calculated the species composition and diversity index of plant communities in five different habitats, and analyzed the relationship between species diversity and altitude in different habitats. The results showed that 79 species of plants were recorded in the area along Delingha-Hala Lake, and the main dominant families included Compositae, Gramineae, Leguminosae, and Cruciferae. The species diversity of different habitat types had similarities, but also differences. According to the results of the community similarity in species composition, the species composition similarity between the alpine cushion vegetation and the alpine Potentilla fruticosa shrub meadow was the highest, while that of the alpine Kobresia myosuroides and the weedy meadow was the lowest. The species richness and diversity of the community showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing with the altitude increasing, but the uniformity remained stable. In addition, the community species diversity in the middle-altitude area was the highest, and the community species diversity in the low-altitude area was slightly higher than that in the high-altitude area. The main reasons for the difference in species composition and diversity in different habitats were the hydrothermal conditions and species competitiveness. © 2019 Authors. All rights reserved.     

广东树木公园鸟类多样性及群落结构变化特征

2019年7月—2020年12月对广东树木公园的鸟类多样性进行调查,对公园内鸟类物种群落结构的动态变化进行了分析。结果表明:公园内分布有繁殖鸟类13目37科81种,其中国家二级重点保护鸟类6种,广东省重点保护鸟类8种;调查的81种鸟类中,优势种3种,常见种15种,稀有种29种,罕见种34种;东洋界鸟类和留鸟占优势;树木公园鸟类多样性存在季节性差异:种类和数量、多样性指数9—12月逐渐上升。树木公园内鸟类群落结构反映了城市森林公园在维持鸟类多样性,以及充当迁徙鸟类的"踏脚石"发挥了重要的作用。