椰子中糖类化合物的研究进展

椰子水中主要为蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖;椰花序汁中为蔗糖;椰肉中主要含有半乳甘露聚糖和膳食纤维。目前,可溶性糖的应用范围较广,如食品加工、微生物发酵等,而不溶性糖主要作为饲料使用。但是,椰子水中的糖和椰肉中的膳食纤维也为加工带来了困扰。本文综述椰子水、椰花序汁、椰肉中糖的种类、组成、变化规律及其功能与应用前景,为提高椰子副产物加工利用率提供理论依据。     

热处理对椰子水过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活力及色泽变化的影响

研究热处理对新鲜椰子水过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,简称POD)和多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol oxidase,简称PPO)相对酶活力和色泽变化影响,探讨椰子水酶活力与其色泽的相关性。结果表明,随着热处理温度升高或时间的延长,椰子水的POD和PPO相对酶活力均随之降低,其中90℃和95℃热处理4 min后,可分别使POD和PPO的活力降低90%以上。随着热处理温度的升高,椰子水的色泽随之加深;椰子水的PPO和POD相对酶活力与色泽加深程度呈负相关关系,且具有一定的显著性。该结果可为后续研究椰子水色变控制技术提供一定的理论基础。     

椰子水的自然预发酵条件对细菌纤维素合成的促进性影响

细菌纤维素(Bacterial Cellulose,BC)生产中原料椰子水通常经自然预发酵后再使用,对提高BC产量有重要作用。本研究从椰子水产地、预发酵时间、自然预发酵环境3个方面探究了预发酵过程对促进BC合成的必要性和确切性。以预发酵后的椰子水为BC发酵的培养基原料,接种椰冻驹形氏杆菌(Komagataeibacter nataicola)Y19进行BC发酵。结果表明:不同产地的椰子水、经不同预发酵环境、不同预发酵时间后均能显著促进BC合成,对BC产量的增加均有较大影响。在实验室环境预发酵1~3 d时,不同产地椰子水的促进作用均显著,其中产自越南的椰子水在预发酵第2天时BC产量增幅最高,达到对照(新鲜椰子水)的10.8倍;在椰子加工厂区环境进行预发酵时,只需1 d,其BC产量即达最大14.48 g/L,为对照的25.0倍。说明预发酵环境对BC产量增幅影响最大。本文首次阐明椰子水预发酵过程对促进BC合成的必要性和确定性,为进一步揭示椰子水预发酵的本质变化及其对BC发酵调控的影响机制奠定了前期理论基础。      

椰子水贮藏保鲜和加工技术研究进展

椰子水是一种古老的热带饮料,以其天然、纯净、营养和健康的特性受到越来越多的消费者喜爱,并引起了 众多饮料生产商们的注意。由于椰子一旦被打开裸露接触到空气中时,椰子水的化学成分和风味会发生很大变化,造 成了收集、贮藏和加工困难。因此,多年来限制了其向商业化应用。研究表明,对采后椰子水进行适当处理,可以有 效改善成品椰子水的货架期。目前,对于椰子水加工,热处理联合化学添加技术已经成熟并应用在工业生产上,但一 些新技术如膜过滤技术、超高压技术和高密度二氧化碳技术等还没有被大规模应用。无论哪一种加工技术,都不可避 免的改变椰子水的口感、风味和色泽,寻找和掌握一种既能保持天然的口感、风味和色泽,又能有较为理想货架期的 椰子水工业化生产技术是当务之急。然而,全球对椰子水方面的研究仍然比较少,主要集中在对整个椰子鲜果的保鲜 和椰子水的加工研究上。本文将主要综述至今文献报道相关椰子水贮藏保鲜和加工技术方面的研究情况。     

椰子水饮料的制备工艺

研究椰子水饮料的制备工艺,并分析其矿质元素含量.研究结果表明,椰子水饮料的最佳制备工艺条件为:椰子水与水的用量比为2:1(w:w),复合胶的添加量为0.01%,乳酸钙的添加量为0.017%.折光糖度为7.0°Brix.pH为4.70,SO2添加量为30 mg/kg,在85～90℃罐装,100℃下杀菌45 min,可制备风味俱佳、稳定性好的椰子水饮料.     

椰子水营养成分的分析

分析了海南省儋州和文昌地区不同成熟度、不同新鲜度椰子水的酸度、糖、蛋白质、氨基酸、维生素和矿物质。结果表明：文昌地区椰子水中的绝大部分营养物质含量均比儋州地区的椰子水高；成熟期为6－7个月的椰子，其椰子水的还原糖、总氨基酸和维生素C的含量比成熟期为12－13个月的椰子水的含量高；椰子水中的糖由于椰子水新鲜度的下降，其含量显著降低。     

不同贮藏条件下成熟椰子水品质变化规律研究

以成熟椰子水为试验材料,以吸光度、pH、白利糖度和电导率为指标,结合感官评价对 4 个贮藏温度下的椰子水品质变化特点进行分析。结果表明,各处理随贮藏时间延长,吸光值均逐渐增大,pH 值均逐渐减小,电导率呈增大趋势;温度越低,吸光值增大越缓慢和 pH 维持稳定的时间段越长,说明低温更有利于椰子水的贮藏;相同贮藏温度,密封和非密封保存时间无差别,37℃ 可保存 5 h,24℃ 可保存 8 h,14℃ 可保存 22 h,4℃ 可保存 7 d。椰子水的吸光值和 pH 值剧变时间点与椰子水变质时间节点最接近,其中吸光值变化最为显著,吸光值和 pH 变化可作为反映椰子水变质的主要指标;椰子水收集后迅速降至 4℃ 可满足工业生产要求。     

不同培养基的酵母发酵液对细菌纤维素产量的影响

为了提高细菌纤维素(BC)产量,研究4种酵母菌在NCW、PDB、YPD和BS等4种不同培养基中的发酵液对Gluconacetobacter europaeus Y9 BC产量的影响,并与新鲜椰子水和自然发酵椰子水发酵生产BC的产量进行对比。结果表明:在YPD培养基制成的4种酵母菌发酵液中BC产量都是最高的,其中活性干酵母贝酵母、面包酵母和自行分离筛选的野生酵母威克克鲁维酵母、热带假丝酵母生产的BC产量分别为6.91、5.53、6.15、4.67 g/L,都显著高于以新鲜椰子水发酵合成的BC产量,贝酵母和威克克鲁维酵母在不同培养基中对BC产量影响不同,可能高于或者是接近自然发酵椰子水中的BC产量。推测酵母菌发酵液促进BC合成的原因不仅由于产生了合适浓度的乙醇,应该还与酵母菌产生了其他代谢产物,并且提供了良好的缓冲能力等有关。另一方面,筛自自然发酵椰子水的、野生的威克克鲁维酵母在任何培养基中培养后BC产量都较高,推测该菌株可能是新鲜椰子水经自然发酵后能使BC产量大幅度提高的重要贡献菌种之一。     

椰子水化学组成及其影响因素

椰子水是一种古老的热带饮料，以其天然、纯净、营养和功能特性受到越来越多的消费者的喜爱，并引起了众多饮料生产商的关注。椰子水主要是指来源于未成熟的椰子果腔内部的水状液体，汁清如水、入口清甜、晶莹透亮、清凉解渴。椰子水中的固形物含量比较低（2%~5%湿基），主要成分是糖和矿物元素，还有少量的蛋白质、氨基酸及其他微量成分，是一种营养丰富的天然运动和功能性饮料。椰子水的比例、总固形物含量、总糖、还原糖与总糖之比等指标是衡量椰子水质量的重要标准，可作为选育适合饮用椰子的指标。矮种椰子一般适合作为饮料用椰子品种。此外，椰子水还可作为植物组织培养和微生物发酵用基质。椰子水之所以用途广泛主要取决于其独一无二的化学组成，包括糖、维生素、矿物质和氨基酸等。本文主要综述至今文献报道相关椰子水化学组成及其影响因素方面的研究情况。     

存储时间与频率对芒果介电特性影响的研究

为了探索存储时间与频率对芒果介电特性影响，构建了基于介电特性的芒果无损检测系统，测量了在不同存储时间和不同频率下的芒果的相对介电常数，探讨了频率及存储时间对芒果的介电特性的影响。研究得出结论：在室温为25 ℃，湿度为80 %的条件下，随着频率的增加，芒果的相对介电常数减小，而芒果的损耗因子也随着频率的增加而减小；随存储时间延长，芒果的相对介电常数及损耗因子呈现先降低后增加的变化趋势。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.