苜蓿耐盐基因分子标记的筛选及鉴定

以耐盐苜蓿×敏盐苜蓿组合的F2群体为试验材料,利用改良BSA法筛选与苜蓿耐盐基因紧密连锁的分子标记。在对26组520条RAPD随机引物筛选中,共有66条引物为DNA多态性引物,选出一个与苜蓿耐盐基因相连锁的分子遗传标记。通过F2代群体的遗传分析,观测到分子标记与耐盐性等位基因之间发生重组,但重组值较小,在A8×D2杂交组合     

苹果砧木耐盐性基因SRAP标记的鉴定及序列分析

筛选苹果砧木耐盐相关的分子标记,为耐盐品种选育的辅助选择提供理论依据。以西府海棠×S19杂交组合的F1为试材,采用BSA法,筛选与耐盐基因连锁的SRAP标记,通过144棵F1单株对标记进行分析验证,并对标记进行测序及序列分析。获得了4条与耐盐基因连锁的SRAP标记,验证分析表明,4条标记的分子鉴定结果与水培筛选结果的吻合率为81.94%~92.36%。序列分析表明,4条标记的序列全长为139~233 bp,Ⅰ序列与红叶石楠中编码ATP合酶β亚基有较高相似性,相似度为98%,其他序列分别可能与梨类受体蛋白激酶、苹果肌球蛋白及苹果UDP-糖基转移酶存在部分相似性。4条SRAP标记可用于苹果砧木耐盐性分子鉴定和耐盐基因克隆的研究。     

小麦抗病种质贵农775中抗白粉病基因的RAPD标记

运用RAPD技术,采用分离群体分组分析法（BSA）进行了小麦种质贵农775抗白粉病基因连锁的分子标记研究,其中有一个引物S2018在抗病亲本贵农775和抗病材料中扩增出了特异的DNA片段,而在感病材料和感病亲本丰产3号中没有扩增出同样的DNA片段。此片段长度约为880 bp。用F2分离群体（106株植株）进行遗传连锁性分析,引物S20188     

对贵农21×Neepawa回交F1代的分子标记辅助选择研究

利用RAPD技术,对白粉病免疫的贵农21号与加拿大小麦Neepawa的BC1F1代100个抗感单株进行了分子标记辅助选择。利用随机引物S 2018进行RAPD分析结果表明,在抗病亲本贵农21号和回交F1代抗病单株中均扩增出特异的DNA片段,感病对照不能扩增出此带,该特异片段的分子长度约900 bp,且重复性好,稳定性好,说明该标记与贵农21的抗白粉病基因相连锁,平均选择符合率达91.86%,在其杂交后代中进行早代选择是有效的,为选育抗病小麦种质提供了有效的手段。     

一个与亚洲百合无花粉性状紧密连锁的SRAP标记

为了探讨亚洲百合无花粉性状的分子遗传机制,筛选与该性状紧密连锁的分子标记,实现分子辅助选择。本研究以无花粉与有花粉亚洲百合杂交创制的F1单株为试验材料,采用BSA法,对亚洲百合无花粉性状进行SRAP标记分析。在无花粉基因池和有花粉基因池之间共筛选了108对SRAP引物组合,获得了1对在两基因池间扩增存在显著差异的引物组合EM2/ME3,并成功对两基因池间扩增出的差异片段进行回收、克隆和测序,得到了该片段375 bp的碱基序列,并将该特异标记命名为E2M3-375。     

苹果砧木SRAP-PCR反应体系的优化及耐盐性标记的筛选

本研究以苹果砧木SH38为材料,利用正交试验设计对影响SRAP-PCR反应的4因素(Taq DNA聚合酶、模板DNA,d NTPs,引物)4水平进行优化,并构建苹果砧木SH38的SRAP-PCR的最佳反应体系。结果显示:15μL的总反应体系中,d NTPs浓度为0.3 mmol/L,Taq DNA聚合酶用量为0.75 U,上、下游引物为50 ng,DNA模板用量为60 ng。运用该反应体系并结合BSA法,从128对引物组合中筛选出4对引物,该4对引物扩增出的特异性片段与苹果砧木的耐盐基因存在连锁。研究结果可为苹果砧木利用SRAP分子标记进行耐盐性的分子标记辅助育种提供基础。     

用微卫星标记定位小麦耐盐突变体的耐盐相关基因

以小麦耐盐突变体RH8706-49×敏盐突变体H8706-34（两者为“一粒传”后代）的F2群体作为基因定位群体,结合BSA法（Bulked segregant analysis,群分法）,对小麦耐盐突变体的耐盐相关基因进行了微卫星分子标记定位,在246对微卫星引物中,微卫星标记Xgwm299与耐盐相关基因连锁,遗传距离为5.8 cM,定位于3B染色体的长臂。     

辣椒抗黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)基因的ISSR标记

辣椒(Copicum annuum L.)抗黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)一直是辣椒育种的主攻目标之一.本研究以辣椒抗CMV品种VC16a和感CMV品种SS69杂交的F2群体60个单株材料,通过人工接种鉴定,采用高抗单株和高感单株分别构建抗、感基因池,利用BSA法筛选了40条ISSR引物,其中引物I-34在抗感病池中扩增出450 bp多态性片段,通过F2单株验证后证明I-34450与抗CMV基因紧密连锁,其遗传距离为27.3 cM,为辣椒抗CMV分子标记辅助育种奠定了基础.     

瓠瓜耐湿涝相关根系性状遗传规律及分子标记筛选

以耐湿涝瓠瓜材料JZS和不耐湿涝材料T2002及其杂交F2群体为材料,选择湿涝条件下不定根数目作为耐湿涝鉴定指标,分析瓠瓜耐湿涝特性遗传规律,并采用集团混合分离分析法筛选相关分子标记。结果表明,瓠瓜亲本JZS的耐湿涝特性由1对显性单基因控制,F1的不定根数目比耐湿涝亲本JZS增多,表现出超亲优势。在600个RAPD和100对瓠瓜SSR引物中,共有18个引物(14个RAPD和4对SSR)在双亲中显示多态性。最终筛选到瓠瓜SSR引物S87/88,在双亲及基因池间稳定扩增出片段大小为230 bp的差异条带。通过F2153个单株验证,确定表型调查耐湿涝结果与分子标记S87/88鉴定结果相关性极显著(相关系数0.78),利用Mapmaker 3.0软件对分子标记与表型结果进行连锁分析,S87/88与瓠瓜耐湿涝相关的不定根数目基因的连锁距离为8.8 cM,为进一步利用分子辅助育种加速耐湿涝瓠瓜新品种的选育提供有效标记。     

棉花耐盐性的SSR鉴定研究

土壤盐碱化现已成为危害农业发展和生态环境的全球性问题,培育和鉴选棉花耐盐品种是合理开发利用盐碱地的有效途径。本研究选用25份耐盐(包括耐和抗)和23份盐敏感棉花种质为实验材料,采用SSR技术,展开了棉花耐盐性鉴定技术的有关研究。从DNA快速提取到PCR扩增和产物检测以及多标记组合鉴定等环节进行分析探讨,初步制定了一套适于棉花耐盐性分子鉴定的方法,即多标记组合鉴定法。并用11份材料对该方法进行了验证,结果表明和0.4%盐量胁迫法的鉴定结果的相符率达90.91%。初步研究结果表明多标记组合鉴定法可用于棉花耐盐分子标记辅助鉴定。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.