无土栽培营养液循环控制系统

该文介绍了营养液循环控制系统的设计和构成，营养液检测控制过程。采用最小二乘拟合的方法建立离子选择电极的测量模型，从而实现温室无土栽培中营养液的在线检测。采用动态矩阵控制算法控制离子浓度，在一定程度上克服了某些不确定干扰的影响，并解决了超调的问题。     

无土栽培营养液消毒技术研究与应用

为了减少营养液排放对环境造成的污染,世界范围内的无土栽培系统正逐步由开放式向封闭式转变.封闭式无土栽培系统中根系病害的传播危险急剧增加,因此营养液消毒技术的研究和应用发展迅速.该文综述了国内外营养液消毒方法、原理、成本及应用效果,重点介绍了营养液消毒新技术-慢砂过滤.     

无土栽培营养液消毒技术研究与应用

为了减少营养液排放对环境造成的污染，世界范围内的无土栽培系统正逐步由开放式向封闭式转变。封闭式无土栽培系统中根系病害的传播危险急剧增加，因此营养液消毒技术的研究和应用发展迅速。该文综述了国内外营养液消毒方法、原理、成本及应用效果，重点介绍了营养液消毒新技术－慢砂过滤。     

夏季鱼池溶氧量的判定与调控

1养鱼池塘的溶氧量的判定 养鱼池塘的溶氧一般来源于3个方面：一是浮游植物的光合作用，二是来自大气中扩散溶于水中的氧，三是人工机械冲水或施药增氧，三者以光合作用增氧最多。同时，池塘生态溶氧消耗也主要表现在3个方面：一是物理作用向空中逸散消耗，二是水体有些物质的化学反应而消耗，     

不同营养液对无土栽培黄瓜生长发育的影响及其经济效益分析

本试验研究了农用化肥代替化学试剂,做无土栽培营养液肥源的可行性。试验结果表明,利用普通化肥代替化学试剂配制营养液,不仅是可行的,而且能大幅度降低成本,经济效益显著。在春夏季试验中,适当增加营养液中氨态氮化肥的比例,明显地促进黄瓜早熟,提高早期产量。在秋冬季试验中,适当比例的氨态氮肥,能促进黄瓜总产量的提高。春秋两次试验还表明,若含硝态和酰胺态氮的化肥同时作氮源时,可不同程度地促进黄瓜的营养生长及生殖生长。此外本试验还研究了不同营养液对黄瓜叶片中叶绿素的含量,氨基酸的含量及光合作用的影响。     

我国有机生态型无土栽培技术研究

有机生态型无土栽培是２０世纪９０年代由我国首创的１项农业新技术,它把有机农业导入无土栽培,突破了无土栽培必须使用营养液的传统观念,为我国推广应用无土栽培开辟了新途径。１０年间全国推广有机生态型无土栽培面积已超过１６３ｈｍ＾２。阐述了有机生态型无土栽培的发展历史、特点、系统构造、目前的研究进展、推广状况及其应用发展前景。     

我国有机生态型无土栽培技术研究

有机生态型无土栽培是20世纪90年代由我国首创的1项农业新技术,它把有机农业导入无土栽培,突破了无土栽培必须使用营养液的传统观念,为我国推广应用无土栽培开辟了新途径,10年间全国推广有机生态型无土栽培面积已超过163hm2.阐述了有机生态型无土栽培的发展历史、特点、系统构造、目前的研究进展、推广状况及其应用发展前景.     

薄层营养液膜技术(NFT)水培多年生黑麦草对不同富氮废水的净化效果

采用薄层营养液膜技术(NFT)培育多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne L),以草带为植物滤器净化5种不同配置的富氮废水,废水10 d更换一次.试验结果表明在短期内(2d),TAN、NO-2-N和NO-3-N的去除量均在本身高水平而其他成分低水平的试验组达到最高,4组非离子氨UIA的净化率均高于99%.所有废水的pH值在2 d后均被控制在6.5～8.0.以上述3种氮90%的净化率为目标,废水G3(初始浓度为TAN:40 mg·L-1,NO-2-N:40 mg·L,NO-3-N:10 mg·L-1)和CK(仅在26.77 L自来水中加入18.36 g四水硝酸钙)需2d,废水G4(TAN:40 mg·L-1,NO-2-N:4 mg·L-1,NO-3-N:10 mg·L-1)需4 d,废水G1(TAN:140 mg·L-1,NO-2-N:40 mg·L-1,NO-3-N:80 mg·L-1)、废水G2(TAN:140mg·L-1,NO-2-N:40 mg·L-1,NO-3-N:10 mg·L-1)仅TAN和NO-2-N在6 d内完成.试验结束时G3草净增长最高(169.3 mm),并获得最大干草产量0.205 kg·m-2,G4获得最大鲜草产量1.48 kg·m-2.     

发达国家无土栽培的现状与发展动向

中国无土栽培考察团一行六人,于1991年1月29日至3月5日到芬兰、丹麦、荷兰、瑞典和美国进行科学考察。此时正是北半球最冷的季节,日照条件最差,但在北欧的温室里,仍然是瓜果满园,鲜花盛开。这与现代科学技术的进展有密切的关系。下面简要介绍一下这些国家无土栽培技术的新进展。     

液培条件下氮素形态和化控技术对蔬菜硝酸盐累积的影响

以生菜和青菜作为供试材料,在液培条件下,研究了不同形态N素对蔬菜硝酸盐累积的影响,同时观测了叶面喷施两种低硝酸化剂的化控技术对降低蔬菜硝酸盐积累的效果.研究结果表明:N素形态对生菜的生长和硝酸盐的积累影响显著,而对青菜的影响不显著;相同形态N素供应时,青菜叶片中硝酸盐含量显著高于生菜中的含量,硝酸盐的积累取决于不同蔬菜品种的遗传特性.青菜和生菜叶面喷施两种低硝酸化剂对降低蔬菜中硝酸盐含量的作用不显著.     

Effect of Cadmium and Iron on Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Plant in Chelator-Buffered Nutrient Solution

ABSTRACT

To better understand the mechanisms responsible for differences in uptake and distribution of cadmium (Cd), nutrient-solution experiments were conducted with different varieties of rice (Oryza sativa), ‘Khitish’ and ‘CNRH3’. The plants were grown in a complete nutrient solution with different levels of pCd (-log free Cd⁺² activity) and pFe [-log free iron (Fe⁺²) activity]. The required concentrations of chelating agent and metals were determined using a computerized chemical equilibrium model such as Geochem-PC. Experimental treatments included a combination of four pCd activity levels (0, 7.9, 8.2, and 8.5) applied as Cd (NO₃)₂ 4H₂O, and two pFe activity levels (17.0 and 17.8) applied as FeCl₃. The application of both Cd and Fe in solution culture significantly affected plant growth, yield, and Cd accumulation in plant tissue. In general, yield of rice was decreased by an increase in amount of solution Cd; however, yield response varied among the cultivars. At the 7.9 pCd level, yields of rice cultivars ‘Khitish’ and ‘CNRH3’ were reduced to 69% and 65%, respectively, compared with control plants. Root Cd concentrations ranged from 2.6 mg kg^?1 (control plants) to 505.7 mg kg^?1 and were directly related to solution Cd concentrations. In rice plants, Cd toxicity symptoms resembled Fe chlorosis. Differential tolerance of varieties to phytotoxicity was not readily visible, but a significant interaction of substrate Cd and variety was obtained from dry-matter yields. Significant interactions indicated that response of tissue Cd concentration, plant Cd uptake, and translocation of Cd to the aerial parts were dependent on variety as well as substrate Cd. Uptake of Cd by roots was significantly higher than by shoots. Higher Cd uptake by rice plants decreased the uptake of other beneficial metals.

The effect of Cd and Fe on the rate of phytometallophore release was also studied in the nutrient solution. Among the rice genotypes, ‘Khitish’ was the most sensitive to Cd toxicity. In both genotypes, with the onset of visual Cd-toxicity symptoms, the release of phytometallophore (PM) was enhanced. Among the rice varieties, ‘Khitish’ had the highest rate of PM release. Treatments with the metal ions studied produced a decrease in chlorophyll and enzyme activity. A decrease in concentrations of chlorophyll pigments in the third leaf was observed due to the highest activity level of Cd (pCd 7.9). Activities of enzymes such as peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) are altered by toxic amounts of Cd. Changes in enzyme activities occurred at the lowest activity of Cd (pCd 8.5) in solution. Peroxidase activity increased in the third leaf. Results showed that in contrast with growth parameters, the measurements of enzyme activities may be included as early biomarkers in a plant bioassay to assess the phytotoxicity of Cd-contaminated solution on rice plants. Evidence that Cd uptake and translocation are genetically controlled warrants the selection of varieties that assimilate the least Cd and that translocate the least metal to the plant part to be used for human and animal consumption.     

Empirical Models of Macronutrient Uptake in Melon Plants Grown in Recirculating Nutrient Solution Culture

Abstract

The article presents a number of empirical models for predicting the macronutrient uptake of melon plants grown in nutrient film technique under environmental conditions of plastic greenhouse in the Mediterranean region. Models were developed according to two statistical procedures: stepwise multiple regression (MR) and canonical correlation (CC). Independent variables considered by the modeling were global radiation and air temperature in the greenhouse, crop age (expressed as number of weeks from planting, growing degree days and photo-thermal units), and the uptake of water as well as of a guide-ion that could be routinely measured manually by means of easy-to-use test-kits or automatically with chemo-sensors. The best models, as selected on the basis of determination coefficient and the correlation coefficient for the relationship between residuals and observations, explained only 36–72% of the variance in the mineral uptake, depending on the considered nutrient. Moreover, the models were conservative, as predicted values tended to be less extreme with respect to the observed values and the residuals were positively correlated to the observations. The results of MR and CC were similar, although the validation of the models derived from CC produced better results compared to MR. The models provided evidence for the close relationship between ion and water uptake and indicated the possibility to predict the crop mineral requirements on the basis of the consumption of a guide-ion (i.e., nitrogen).     

Comparison of the Vegetative Growth,Eco-Physiological Characteristics and Mineral Nutrient Content of Basil Plants in Different Irrigation Ratios of Hydroponic:Aquaponic Solutions

Aquaponics is the combined culture of fish and plants in recirculating systems. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the production of basil out of the aquaponic system by irrigation of the plants with different ratios of hydroponic and aquaponic solutions. Basil seedlings were irrigated three times day^?1 with 200 mL aquaponic-aquaponic-aquaponic (AAA), aquaponic-hydroponic-aquaponic (AHA), hydroponic-aquaponic-hydroponic (HAH), and hydroponic-hydroponic-hydroponic (HHH) solutions, respectively. Fresh and dry mass of shoots and roots of basil decreased at AAA treatment significantly. The plants were slightly less green at AHA treatments, and a visible chlorosis appeared in the leaves of AAA-treated plants. This chlorosis resulted lower net carbon dioxide (CO₂) assimilation rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance in AAA treatment. Iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and potassium (K) concentrations in leaves decreased and zinc (Zn) concentration increased in higher ratios of aquaponic:hydroponic solution. Lower Fe, Mn, and K concentrations in aquaponic solution may be a main part of the reason for growth reduction.     

Interaction between Plant Nutrients: II. Effect of Chloride on Activities of Cations in Soil Solution and on Nutrient Uptake by Plants

Abstract

In soil solutions the sum of cations is equivalent to that of anions. Anions are soluble or precipitated as less soluble salts. Therefore, the sum of soluble anions are responsible for the sum of cations in the soil solution. Soluble nitrate anions are unstable as they immobilize in biological materials. Hydrogen carbonate is excreted from plant roots and decomposes into carbon dioxide and carbonate. Carbonate reacts with hydrogen ions and forms complexes and ion pairs with calcium ions. Sulphate and chloride are more stable in the soil solution as anions.

Chloride ions were found to increase the activity of cations in the soil solution and to increase uptake of cations through the entire growth period. Increased absorption of cations increased yield. In temperate climate regions the surplus of chloride leaches from the root zone during winter.     

低浓度NaCl对水培韭菜生长、产量及品质的影响

NaCl一直以来被认为是一个胁迫因子,且是造成植物盐害的主要因素,而低浓度NaCl对植物生长不仅没有危害,反而具有促进植物生长,提高品质的作用。韭菜营养液水培作为一种新型的栽培方式,很好的解决了韭蛆等病虫的为害。为了探究低浓度NaCl添加到营养液中对韭菜生长、品质和产量的影响,试验设定了0 mmol·L-1(对照)、5 mmol·L-1、10 mmol·L-1、20 mmol·L-1、30 mmol·L-1 5个NaCl浓度,研究不同浓度NaCl处理下韭菜生长、生理和产量的变化。研究结果表明,韭菜的株高、假茎粗和叶长均以20 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理下最高,各处理的叶片数均多于对照,叶片宽度随着NaCl浓度的增加呈现下降趋势。低浓度NaCl增加了韭菜的光合色素含量,10 mmol·L-1处理下叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素和叶绿素a+b含量最高。NaCl处理能有效降低韭菜中硝酸盐的积累,各NaCl处理硝酸盐含量分别比对照下降12.42%、13.17%、15.16%和26.76%。Vc含量随添加NaCl浓度的增加表现出先上升后下降的趋势,其中各NaCl处理含量分别比对照高12.2%、12.8%、5.1%、-15.4%,可溶性糖与粗纤维均在10 mmol·L-1时达到最大值。产量以10 mmol·L-1处理最高,3茬产量及总产量分别比对照处理增加6.7%、6.6%、6.9%、6.7%。综合分析认为,韭菜营养液中添加10 mmol·L-1的NaCl,在促进韭菜生长,降低硝酸盐,改善品质和提高产量上综合表现最佳。     

黄瓜温室栽培管理专家系统的研究

黄瓜是设施蔬菜栽培的主要作物之一。但实际生产中专家的不足制约着黄瓜产量与品质的提高。该研究应用人工智能专家系统原理和面向对象的设计方法，采用Visual Basic语言研究开发出了黄瓜温室栽培管理专家系统。该系统是一个针对温室黄瓜栽培管理、病虫害识别与防治的计算机辅助决策系统，可缓解生产中专家供不应求的矛盾。     

Improved Mass Screening of Tolerance to Iron Toxicity in Rice by Lowering Temperature of Culture Solution

Breeding for tolerance to iron (Fe) toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is hindered by lack of a suitable screening technique. In the culture solution methods used to date, a major difficulty has been maintaining an excess level of iron concentration in order to reveal toxicity symptoms. Experimental results showed that this problem was solved by lowering the solution temperature to around 20°C, at which leaf discoloration in susceptible cultivars became more pronounced. At 20°C Fe uptake was increased from a threshhold content of 300 mg/kg of dry weight of shoot for toxic symptom to more than 1000mg/kg in susceptible and in tolerant cultivars. Concentrations of other related minerals in the plant tissue, i.e., potassium (K) and phosphorus (P), were not affected by the low solution temperature itself but by Fe content, which can be inferred on the basis of their response curves to the excess Fe treatment. Using the proposed screening method makes it possible to obtain reproducible results in screening a large number of plants or breeding lines.     

不同林草复合经营模式矿质营养元素相互关系的研究

林草复合经营模式在目前的退耕还林工程中起着越来越重要的作用,研究林草复合模式的林与草之间的营养元素关系,对矿质养分相互关系的研究为合理搭配林草提供重要依据,以期为退耕还林各模式建立理论基础和科学依据。研究结果显示,3种退耕还林林草模式林、草、土壤养分间存在一定的显著相关关系。     

Influence of Aluminum on the Growth and Organic Acid Exudation in Alfalfa Cultivars Grown in Nutrient Solution

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of aluminum (Al) in nutrient solutions on the dry weight (DW) yield, Al and phosphorus (P) contents, and organic acid exudation in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Four alfalfa cultivars (‘Robust’, ‘Sceptre’, ‘Aquarius’, and ‘California-55’) were grown in nutrient solution at pH 4.5 and 6.0, with (50 and 100 μM) and without Al. The results revealed that Al caused a significant reduction in DW, especially in pH 4.5 treatment. Organic acid exudation was affected by pH and Al treatments. Citrate and succinate exudation increased with the high Al treatment at pH 4.5. However, no relationship between pH and carboxylate exudation was observed at pH 6.0. Accumulation of P and Al in roots suggests the existence of an exclusion mechanism for Al in alfalfa. Selection of cultivars with enhanced organic exudation capacity in response to Al might be useful for alfalfa production in moderately acidic soils.