大田常用杀虫剂对椰心叶甲及椰心叶甲啮小蜂的选择毒性

为协调椰心叶甲的化学防治与生物防治,在室内测定了丁硫克百威、氯氰菊酯、啶虫脒和椰甲清 4种杀虫剂对椰心叶甲卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫 4 个虫态及其寄生性天敌椰心叶甲啮小蜂卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫 4 个虫态的相对毒力。结果表明,椰甲清、氯氰菊酯、啶虫脒和丁硫克百威 4 种杀虫剂对椰心叶甲和椰心叶甲啮小蜂 成虫的益害毒性比分别为 3.864 6、2.388 4、0.548 5 和 0.083 1。在有效防治椰心叶甲的前提下,对天敌椰心叶甲啮小蜂的安全性依次为椰甲清 > 氯氰菊酯 > 啶虫脒 > 丁硫克百威。椰甲清和氯氰菊酯可在椰心叶甲综合治理中发挥有效的作用。     

取食不同寄主植物椰心叶甲后代对杀虫剂的敏感性差异

测定了不同寄主植物饲养的椰心叶甲种群对3种杀虫剂的敏感性变化情况。结果表明,取食不同食料的椰心叶甲后代对啶虫脒敏感性顺序为:鱼尾葵>酒瓶椰子>大王棕>椰子叶,对高效氯氰菊酯敏感性顺序为:鱼尾葵>酒瓶椰子>椰子叶>大王棕,对阿维菌素敏感性顺序为:酒瓶椰子>椰子叶>大王棕>鱼尾葵;其中对阿维菌素的敏感性差异幅度最大,为14.18倍,对高效氯氰菊酯和啶虫脒的敏感性差异幅度较小,分别为3.47倍和2.54倍。表明取食不同的寄主植物可引起椰心叶甲对杀虫剂的敏感性变化。     

15种杀虫剂对椰心叶甲幼虫及椰甲截脉姬小蜂的毒性

实验室条件下评价了16种杀虫剂（分属有机磷、拟除虫菊酯、氨基甲酸酯、昆虫生长调节剂、杀虫抗生素、沙蚕毒素及植物源农药）对椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima （Gestro）4龄幼虫毒杀效果及对椰心叶甲天敌椰甲截脉姬小蜂Asecodes hispinarum Boucek的影响。供试浓度为田间防治推荐浓度,用浸叶饲养法测定农药对椰心叶甲4龄幼虫的杀虫效果;用指形管药膜法测定农药对椰甲截脉姬小蜂成虫的毒性;用浸渍法测定农药对椰甲截脉姬小蜂蛹的影响。结果表明,农药对椰心叶甲4龄幼虫毒杀效果顺序依次为：顺式氯氰菊酯≌毒死蜱≌丁硫克百威≌三氟氯氰菊酯≌灭多威≌氟虫腈≌杀螟丹〉啶虫脒≌辛硫磷〉吡虫啉〉乙酰甲胺磷〉阿维菌素〉灭幼脲三号≌鱼藤精〉苦参碱。农药对成蜂击倒致死能力顺序依次为：灭多威〉毒死蜱〉灭幼脲〉顺式氯氰菊酯〉杀螟丹〉丁硫克百威〉三氟氯氰菊酯〉辛硫磷〉吡虫啉〉啶虫脒〉氟虫腈〉乙酰甲胺磷〉鱼藤精〉苦参碱〉阿维菌素。灭多威、丁硫克百威、杀螟丹、辛硫磷使该蜂的蛹不能羽化;乙酰甲胺磷、灭幼脲三号、吡虫啉、顺式氯氰菊酯、啶虫脒、阿维菌素、毒死蜱、氟虫腈、三氟氯氰菊酯对该蜂蛹的羽化都有一定影响;苦参碱和鱼藤精对该蜂的羽化及羽化后的存活没有不良影响。     

烯啶虫胺对椰心叶甲的生物活性

为探索椰心叶甲防治的新方法,室内测定了烯啶虫胺对椰心叶甲的胃毒、杀卵和触杀作用。结果表明：烯啶虫胺对椰心叶甲5龄幼虫具有很强的胃毒作用,24和48 h的LC50值分别为1.25和0.52 mg/L;对椰心叶甲也有显著的杀卵作用,在供试浓度为0.5～5 mg/L时,对椰心叶甲卵孵化率和幼虫存活率均在50%以下;烯啶虫胺对椰心叶甲5龄幼虫也有一定的触杀作用,其24和48 h的LC50值分别为0.188和0.178 mg/L。烯啶虫胺具有防治椰心叶甲的潜力。     

椰心叶甲啮小蜂对椰叶及寄主挥发物的行为反应

为探讨椰心叶甲啮小蜂(Tetrastichus brontispae Ferriere)主动搜索和识别寄主的机理,采用Y型嗅觉仪测定椰心叶甲啮小蜂[Brontispa longissima(Gestro)]对椰子健康心叶、健康老叶、虫害叶和机械损伤心叶、以及椰心叶甲幼虫、蛹、成虫和四龄幼虫虫粪的行为反应进行了研究.结果表明,椰心叶甲啮小蜂对椰子的健康心叶、老叶、机械损伤心叶、椰心叶甲各龄幼虫、蛹和成虫、1龄幼虫和成虫为害心叶的气味没有趋向反应,而对椰心叶甲4龄幼虫虫粪和2～5龄幼虫为害24 h后的心叶具有明显的趋向反应,选择气味源的虫数显著高于对照,而且对幼虫为害心叶的趋向反应随着为害叶的幼虫数的增多和为害时间的延长而增强.     

软枝黄蝉提取物对椰心叶甲的杀虫活性

室内测定了软枝黄蝉提取物对椰心叶甲的生物活性。结果表明,软枝黄蝉提取物对椰心叶甲5龄幼虫具有很强的毒杀作用,48 h、72 h的LC50值分别为0.466和0.173 mg/mL;在供试浓度为0.75～2 mg/L时,对椰心叶甲也有显著的杀卵作用,其卵孵化率和幼虫存活率均在45%以下;对椰心叶甲5龄幼虫还有明显的抑制生长发育作用,表现为体重和体重增加量显著下降,幼虫龄期和蛹期延长,化蛹率和成虫羽化率显著降低;此外,软枝黄蝉提取物对椰心叶甲5龄幼虫还有一定的触杀作用,48和72 h的LC50分别为5.780和3.754 mg/mL。     

山蒟对椰心叶甲的生物活性研究

研究了山蒟对椰心叶甲不同虫态的杀虫活性,旨在丰富防治椰心叶甲的植物源农药。采用胃毒法测定山蒟石油醚提取物对椰心叶甲5龄幼虫及成虫的生物活性。结果表明,山蒟对椰心叶甲5龄幼虫LC50为3.871 0 mg/mL;对成虫为11.496 5 mg/mL;采用触杀法测定山蒟对椰心叶甲卵的毒杀活性,对卵孵化抑制LC50为4.768 5 mg/mL,山蒟抑制卵发育到1龄末幼虫的LC50为3.766 7 mg/mL。     

杀虫剂对小菜蛾幼虫的毒力研究

采用浸叶法测定10种杀虫剂对海南省海口、三亚、儋州小菜蛾田间种群的毒力。结果表明：10种药剂对海口地区小菜蛾3龄幼虫的毒力LC50大小顺序为：Bt＞氟啶脲＞多杀菌素＞茚虫威＞虫螨腈＞阿维菌素＞丁醚脲＞虫酰肼＞杀螟丹＞高效氯氰菊酯;三亚地区小菜蛾3龄幼虫的毒力LC50大小顺序为：Bt＞多杀菌素＞氟啶脲＞茚虫威＞虫螨腈＞阿维菌素＞虫酰肼＞丁醚脲＞杀螟丹＞高效氯氰菊酯;儋州地区小菜蛾3龄幼虫的毒力LC50大小顺序为：Bt＞多杀菌素＞茚虫威＞氟啶脲＞虫螨腈＞阿维菌素＞丁醚脲＞虫酰肼＞杀螟丹＞高效氯氰菊酯。3个地区     

花梨双线卷裙夜蛾的发生规律与毒力测定

结合室内饲养和田间观察,对双线卷裙夜蛾（Plecoptera bilinealis）的卵、幼虫、蛹及成虫的形态特征进行详细的描述,深入研究了其生活习性、生活史以及田间种群消长规律;采用滤纸药膜法进行了5种杀虫剂对双线卷裙夜蛾幼虫的室内毒力测定。结果表明,双线卷裙夜蛾在海南澄迈地区一年发生3代,无世代重叠,以蛹在3～5 cm松软的土壤中或者泥土包裹的土壳中越冬。双线卷裙夜蛾幼虫共有6龄,幼虫为害期为3～10月,5月中旬、7月中旬及9月上旬为危害盛期。药剂处理48 h后,吡虫啉、阿维菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、高效氯氰菊酯及啶虫脒对幼虫的LC50分别0.767、1.179、1.679、2.174、13.998 mg/L,5种杀虫剂中吡虫啉和阿维菌素对双线卷裙夜蛾的幼虫具有较好的毒力效果。     

几种常用杀虫剂对日本食蚧蚜小蜂的毒性

橡副珠蜡蚧(Parasaissetia nigra Nietner)和六点始叶螨(Eotetranychus sexmaculatus Riley)是橡胶树的重要害虫,为协调其药剂防治与天敌(日本食蚧蚜小蜂)利用,在室内采用药膜法和喷雾法测定了6种常用杀虫(杀螨)剂对日本食蚧蚜小蜂的毒力。结果表明:噻嗪酮、三氟氯氰菊酯、阿维菌素等3种药剂喷药后24 h成蜂死亡率均为100%,而螺虫乙酯、氟啶虫酰胺药后24 h成蜂死亡率为2.61%~17.39%;6种药剂处理日本食蚧蚜小蜂的蛹后,其羽化率由高到低的顺序为:氟啶虫酰胺>螺虫乙酯>噻嗪酮>阿维菌素>三氟氯氰菊酯>溴氰菊酯,羽化后成虫寿命最长为螺虫乙酯1 500倍液处理(23.89 d),最短为溴氰菊酯1 500倍液处理(0 d);用6种药剂处理日本食蚧蚜小蜂的高龄幼虫后,其羽化率由高到低的顺序为:螺虫乙酯>氟啶虫酰胺>溴氰菊酯>阿维菌素>三氟氯氰菊酯=噻嗪酮,羽化后成虫寿命以氟啶虫酰胺2 500倍液处理最长,为18.80 d;药剂处理后日本食蚧蚜小蜂的寄生率及产卵量由高到低的顺序为:噻嗪酮>阿维菌素>三氟氯氰菊酯>氟啶虫酰胺>螺虫乙酯>溴氰菊酯。因此,以成蜂死亡率、蛹羽化率、成虫寿命和产卵量等生物参数为评判,推荐使用氟啶虫酰胺螺虫乙酯防治橡副珠蜡蚧。     

Sublethal effect of avermectin and acetamiprid on the mortality of different life stages of Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Hispidae) and its larvae parasitoid Asecodes hispinarum Bouček (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

The beneficial parasitoid Asecodes hispinarum Bouček plays an important role in integrated pest management (IPM) of the coconut leaf beetle, Brontispa longissima (Gestro), in China. A. hispinarum females parasitize 3rd to 4th instars B. longissima larvae. Hatched parasitoid larvae develop within the host, and parasitoid adults emerge through holes that they chew through the cuticle of the host. Although chemicals serve as the main short term control agents, the compatibility of biological and chemical control has never been investigated for this system. This study examined the responses of immature and adult B. longissima and its larval parasitoid A. hispinarum to avermectin and acetamiprid. Avermectin caused complete mortality of 2nd to 4th instar larvae, and of adults of B. longissima at 10, 15 and 2 d after treatment, respectively. However, 26.7% of the 2nd instar larvae, 55.3% of the 4th instar larvae, and 74%, of adult B. longissima were still alive 40 d after acetamiprid application. Following avermectin exposure, 17.5%, 9.2% and 23% of mummified B. longissima larvae contained viable adult parasitoids for the parasitoid egg, larva and pupa treatments, respectively, and the numbers of dead parasitoids per mummy were 3.3, 7.2 and 13.3 for the egg, larva and adult treatments, respectively. However, for acetamiprid treatment, 70–75.9% of mummified B. longissima larvae contained viable adult parasitoids in all three stage treatments, and the number of dead parasitoids per mummy was 2.8, 2 and 3.4 in egg, larva and adult treatments, respectively. This study showed that a sublethal dose of avermectin is more toxic than acetamiprid to B. longissima and A. hispinarum. Therefore, direct contact of the parasitoid with avermectin should be avoided when this insecticide is used to control B. longissima.     

抗啶虫脒椰心叶甲种群对椰甲截脉姬小峰和椰心叶甲啮小蜂抗药性选育的影响

筛选椰心叶甲对啶虫脒的抗药性,并以筛选后的椰心叶甲作为椰甲截脉姬小峰和椰心叶甲啮小蜂的寄主,观察这两种寄生蜂后代种群的抗性水平变化情况.结果表明,经筛选后,椰心叶甲的抗性水平增长了1.33倍,椰甲截脉姬小峰和椰心叶甲啮小蜂的抗性倍数分别增长了2.3倍和2.73倍,且椰心叶甲及其寄生蜂的后代种群抗性个体频率均显著高于初始种群.表明可利用椰心叶甲的抗药性来促进椰甲截脉姬小峰和椰心叶甲啮小蜂的抗性选育.     

5%高氯·啶虫脒热雾剂对烟粉虱的杀虫活性

于室内和田间测定了5%高氯·啶虫脒热雾剂对烟粉虱的杀虫活性。结果表明：5%高氯·啶虫脒热雾剂对烟粉虱成虫具有很强的毒杀作用,其毒力回归方程为4.007 8＋1.457 7x,LC50值为4.79 mg/L,说明氯氰菊酯对啶虫脒具有显著的增效作用,其共毒系数(CTC)为186;田间防治试验显示,5%高氯·啶虫脒热雾剂对烟粉虱具有明显的控制作用,在处理剂量为37.5～112.5 g/hm2时,药后7 d的防治效果可达75%以上。5%高氯·啶虫脒热雾剂可作为防治烟粉虱的专用药剂。     

非洲楝提取物对斜纹夜蛾的杀虫活性研究

室内测定了非洲楝提取物对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的杀虫活性。结果显示,非洲楝提取物对斜纹夜蛾幼虫具有很强的毒杀作用,10和14 d的LC50值分别为0.466和0.173 mg/mL;此外,非洲楝提取物对斜纹夜蛾幼虫还表现出较强的抑制生长发育作用,与对照相比,幼虫龄期和蛹期延长,蛹重减小,化蛹率和成虫羽化率显著降低。非洲楝具有防治斜纹夜蛾的潜力。     

Functional dominance of different aged larvae of Bt-resistant Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on transgenic maize expressing Vip3Aa20 protein

Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is the main target pest of transgenic maize expressing insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) in Brazil. To optimize resistance management strategies, we evaluated the functional dominance of different aged larvae of Bt-resistant FAW on Vip3Aa20 maize. We measured the survival and development of Vip3Aa20-resistant, -heterozygote, and -susceptible strains on MIR162 (expressing Vip3Aa20) and Bt11 × MIR162 × GA21 (expressing Vip3Aa20 and Cry1Ab) maize. The resistant strain, from neonate to sixth instar, showed more than 72% survival on Vip3Aa20 maize. From surviving larvae, more than 64 and 54% developed to pupae and adults, respectively. In contrast, heterozygote and susceptible strains showed no larval survival up to fourth instar, and less than 25% larval survival in the fifth and sixth instar on Vip3Aa20 maize. These larvae produced less than 21% of pupae and adults. The development time of FAW strains from neonate-to-adult exposed to Vip3Aa20 maize was similar; however, the resistant strain showed an increase of ∼ 2 d when compared to those fed only non-Bt maize. In summary, the resistance of S. frugiperda to Vip3Aa20 maize is functionally recessive from neonate up to fourth instar larvae. However, high larval survival of resistant strain and some survival of heterozygote larvae in advanced instars on Vip3Aa20 maize were observed. These results will be important for designing insect resistance management to Bt maize plants expressing Vip3Aa20 protein in Brazil.     

寄生蜂与寄主的不同配比对椰心叶甲啮小蜂子代的影响

椰心叶甲啮小蜂(Tetrastichus brontispae Ferrière)是一种重要的椰心叶甲蛹寄生蜂。为了探讨繁育椰心叶甲啮小蜂的最佳寄主密度,研究1对椰心叶甲啮小蜂与椰心叶甲1日蛹的不同配比对椰心叶甲啮小蜂寄生与繁殖的影响。结果表明,雌蜂与椰心叶甲1日龄蛹的不同配比对椰心叶甲啮小蜂寄生率、每寄主出蜂量和后代性比有显著影响,当雌蜂与椰心叶甲1日龄蛹配比为1∶1时,椰心叶甲啮小蜂的寄生率和出蜂量最高,其寄生率为100%,每蛹平均出蜂量为27.67头,显著高于其它配比,但雌蜂与椰心叶甲1日龄蛹配比为1∶6时,椰心叶甲啮小蜂后代性比(雌蜂的百分比)最高为88.04%,显著高于其它配比。平均每雌怀卵量、出蜂率、羽化率在椰心叶甲啮小蜂与椰心叶甲蛹的不同配比之间无显著差异。