CXJZ11-01菌株分泌中性β-甘露聚糖酶的研究

对现有菌种资源进行提纯复壮和筛选,采用透明圈法和发酵液酶活力比较法,获得高产中性β-甘露聚糖酶菌株CXJZ11-01。进而采用单因子和多因子相结合的统计方法以及DNS法,对该菌株β-甘露聚糖酶活力检测体系及其产酶规律进行系统研究。结果表明:该中性β-甘露聚糖酶最适pH值为6.0,最适温度为65℃;菌株CXJZ11-01在适宜条件下培养9小时,发酵液粗酶活力高达3050U/ml。     

CXJZ11-01菌株分泌中性β-甘露聚糖酶的研究

对现有菌种资源进行提纯复壮和筛选，采用透明圈法和发酵液酶活力比较法，获得高产中性β-甘露聚糖酶菌株CXJZ11-01。进而采用单因子和多因子相结合的统计方法以及DNS法，对该菌株β-甘露聚糖酶活力检测体系及其产酶规律进行系统研究。结果表明：该中性β-甘露聚糖酶最适pH值为6．0，最适温度为65℃；菌株CXJZ11-01在适宜条件下培养9小时，发酵液粗酶活力高达3050U／ml。     

一株产耐热甘露聚糖酶细菌的筛选及其酶学性质初探

为获得耐热甘露聚糖酶,从天然高温泉水中筛选出了一株产甘露聚糖酶的细菌。结合形态学、生理生化和分子生物学等手段,确定所筛选的菌株为地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)。并研究了温度、pH值和金属离子等因素对甘露聚糖酶活力的影响。结果显示,该酶的最适反应温度和pH分别为60℃和5.0。Co~(2+)和Al~(3+)对该酶的活力有抑制作用,Mn~(2+)、K~+和Ca~(2+)对该酶活力有一定的促进作用,其它离子对酶活力没有显著影响。该菌株生产的甘露聚糖酶具有耐热偏酸性的特点。该研究为甘露聚糖酶制剂产业提供了可靠的菌种资源,可用于纺织、食品、饲料等方面,并为将来进一步研究其用途奠定了基础。     

阿特拉津降解菌W24的分离鉴定和土壤修复效果研究

从玉米田土壤中分离出1株阿特拉津降解菌W24,通过生理生化反应和16S rRNA序列分析,鉴定该菌株为类节杆菌(Paenarthrobacter sp.)。菌株W24能利用阿特拉津作为氮源生长,当底物浓度为100 mg/L时,在适宜温度(20℃～35℃)、pH值为6～9,该菌株对阿特拉津的降解率均在40%以上、在最适温度(30℃)、pH值为7条件下培养72 h后,降解率达94.2%;当底物浓度为500 mg/L时,阿特拉津降解率仍达到40.4%。污染土壤的生物修复结果表明,菌株W24在培养35 d时对污染土壤中阿特拉津(50 mg/kg)的降解率为83.5%,菌株W24表现出很好的应用潜力。     

辽宁省玉米穗腐病致病层出镰孢菌生物学特性、致病力与产伏马毒素B1比较

层出镰孢菌Fusarium proliferatum是辽宁省玉米穗腐病致病镰孢菌之一。比较4株层出镰孢菌的生物学特性、致病力、伏马毒素生物合成基因的表达量和产伏马毒素能力。结果表明,供试层出镰孢菌适宜生长温度为25℃～30℃,Fp-2、Fp-3、Fp-6最适温度为25℃,Fp-7最适温度为28℃。适宜pH值为5～8,Fp-2、Fp-7的最适pH值为7;Fp-3耐碱性,最适pH值为8;Fp-6耐酸性,最适pH值为5。12 h光暗交替有利于菌丝生长,适宜生长培养基为PSA、PDA。不同菌株对碳氮源的利用存在差异,适宜碳源为可溶性淀粉和蔗糖,适宜氮源为亚硝酸钠、天冬氨酸和脯氨酸。4株层出镰孢菌均能产生毒素,菌株间产毒能力差异显著,菌株Fp-7产伏马毒素B1能力最强,为77.65 mg/kg。菌株间产毒基因的相对表达量也存在差异,致病力无明显差异。     

一株木薯生淀粉糖化酶菌株的分离及酶学性质研究

从腐烂的木薯中分离得到1株降解生淀粉能力较强的菌株ITBB FC2,经形态学鉴定和18S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定属于黑曲霉（Aspergillus niger）。该菌株用2％生木薯粉培养基摇瓶,37 ℃,200 r/min培养3 d后,发酵液葡萄糖含量为970 mg/L,生淀粉酶活力为495.04 U/mL。采用固体产酶培养基（麸皮 ∶ 水=1 ∶ 1）培养,所得酶活力为6 330 U/g。酶反应最适pH为4.0~5.0。Ca2+对酶活力有一定的促进作用。     

木聚糖酶高产菌株的筛选及其产酶规律研究

本研究采用透明圈比较法,从质粒转化变异菌种资源中纯化出1个木聚糖酶高产菌株。同时,采用单因子和多因子相结合的方法及DNS法,对该菌株的适宜发酵条件和产酶规律及木聚糖酶活检测体系进行了初步研究。结果表明:该菌株在改良培养基中的对数生长期在1～7h之间,产酶高峰期在8h左右,发酵液酶活达到344U/ml;木聚糖酶活力检测采用0.1mol.L-1柠檬酸-柠檬酸钠缓冲液,pH值5.2～5.8,木聚糖浓度0.8%,温度60℃,DNS用量为2.0～2.5m l。     

木聚糖酶高产菌株的筛选及产酶条件

从本实验室保存的46株纤维素分解菌中筛选出1株可高效降解半纤维素的木聚糖酶高产菌株APS35,其酶活力高达31.801IU.g-1,比APS02（对照）高4.91倍。产酶条件优化结果表明,以水稻秸秆为底物,APS35产木聚糖酶的最适条件：培养温度28℃,培养时间3-4d,稻草粉与麸皮比4∶1,接种量10%,氮源为酵母膏（总氮量0.4%）,pH为4.0,吐温80浓度0.4%。在此条件下的木聚糖酶活力为32.024IU.g-1,与优化前无显著差异。     

一株高产谷氨酰胺酶菌株的鉴定和酶活特性的研究

对筛选得到一株高产谷氨酰胺酶菌株进行了初步鉴定并对酶活特性做了研究.通过生理生化实验并结合菌体形态特性,结果发现该菌株可以确定该菌属于柠檬酸细菌属(Citrobacter).通过单因素试验,考察了温度、pH、NaCl和产物谷氨酸对该菌株产生的谷氨酰胺酶的影响.结果发现菌株产生的谷氨酰胺酶的最佳反应pH为6.2,酶最适反应温度为50℃.酶最稳定的pH为6.2,温度低于40℃,酶具有较高的稳定性.高浓度的NaCl对谷氨酰胺酶活性基本无影响.谷氨酸对酶也没有明显的抑制作用.     

壳聚糖酶产生菌Streptomyces clavuligerus sp．P1最适发酵条件研究

[目的]确定菌株P1产酶的最适发酵条件。[方法]在不同发酵条件下测定培养液中的壳聚糖酶活力。[结果]菌株P1的最适发酵条件为发酵时间12h,摇床转数140r／min,装瓶量为50mL/250mL,发酵温度为30℃,接种量为2％,pH为6。[结论]该研究为壳聚糖酶工业化生产提供了理论依据。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).