日粮阴阳离子平衡对泌乳中后期热应激奶牛血液生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究日粮阴阳离子平衡对泌乳中后期热应激奶牛血液生化指标的影响,选取试验奶牛32头分为4组,每组8头,日粮DCAB分别为对照组83 mEq/kgDM、试验Ⅰ组172 mEq/kgDM、试验Ⅱ组217 mEq/kgDM、试验Ⅲ组357 mEq/kgDM.研究结果表明:DCAB增加可在一定程度上提高奶牛血液的缓冲能力,缓解奶牛热应激,随DCAB增加,血液的pH值及HCO3-浓度升高,CO2分压下降,差异均不显著(P>0.05);高的DCAB能增加血液Na+、K+浓度,K+显著增加,Cl-显著下降(P<0.05);高水平的DCAB日粮,能使泌乳中后期血液ALP含量增加, CK、ALT含量减少,差异不显著(P>0.05).综合DCAB对血液缓冲能力、血液生化指标等方面考虑,在泌乳中后期DCAB为217 mEq/kgDM时饲喂效果较好.     

日粮阴阳离子平衡对热应激奶牛血液生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究日粮阴阳离子平衡（dietary cation-anion balance,DCAB）对热应激条件下奶牛血液生化指标的影响。采用随机完全试验设计,选取75头健康的泌乳中期（104.8 DIM±12 DIM）中国荷斯坦奶牛,根据胎次、产奶量、体重相近的原则随机分为5组,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组和对照组分别饲喂DCAB值为195.76、186.68、177.77、166.94、239.12 mEq/kg DM的日粮。试验期为67 d,其中预试期7 d,正试期60 d。结果表明,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组的O₂分压与试验Ⅲ、Ⅳ组和对照组相比,均有显著提高（P<0.05）,但DCAB对P_CO2、pH、HCO₃^-、TCO₂、SATO₂影响差异不显著（P>0.05）;DCAB对奶牛血清中肌酸磷酸激酶（CK）产生了显著的影响（P<0.05）,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组与试验Ⅲ、Ⅳ组和对照组相比,均有不同程度的降低,DCAB对奶牛血清中谷丙转氨酶（GPT）的影响差异不显著（P>0.05）,但试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组与试验Ⅲ、Ⅳ组和对照组相比,均有不同程度的升高,分别为13.98%、15.99%、10.77%和4.55%、6.40%、1.61%。奶牛血清中T4、T3、COR的浓度受DCAB的影响差异不显著（P>0.05）,但对奶牛血清中尿素氮的浓度有显著影响（P<0.05）,随着日粮DCAB值的升高,血清中尿素氮的浓度呈上升趋势,试验Ⅰ组最高。综合上述指标,在热应激条件下,泌乳中期奶牛饲喂DCAB值为186.68～195.76 mEq/kg DM的日粮时对改善其健康较为适宜。     

日粮阴阳离子平衡对泌乳中期奶牛血液生理指标和泌乳性能的影响

为了研究日粮阴阳离子平衡(dietary cation-anion balance,DCAB)对泌乳中期奶牛血液生理指标和泌乳性能的影响,本试验选择12头体况相近的泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛,采用随机区组设计分成4组,分别饲喂4种不同DCAB日粮,A组(对照组)DCAB为200 mEq/kg DM,B组DCAB为250 mEq/kg DM,C组DCAB为300mEq/kg DM,D组DCAB为400 mEq/kg DM,试验期为21 d.结果表明:增加DCAB可显著增强奶牛血液的缓冲能力和运氧能力,且奶牛血液pH和实际碳酸氢盐含量随DCAB的升高而增加(P<0.05).B组的动脉血二氧化碳分压与A组之间没有显著差异(P>0.05),而与C、D组之间有显著差异(P<0.05);C组的血液二氧化碳总量和碱贮含量较A组增加,均达到了极显著水平(P<0.01);同时,试验也表明高DCAB水平的日粮能提高奶牛的泌乳性能,但差异不显著(P>0.05).综合考虑奶牛血液生理指标和泌乳性能,在奶牛泌乳中期DCAB为300 mEq/kg DM时效果为佳.     

奶牛热应激及日粮阴阳离子平衡对其影响

日粮阴阳离子平衡(Dietary Cation Anion Balance,DCAB)已成为奶牛营养学研究的一个新方向,它直接影响到奶牛业的生产和经济效益。文中综述了热应激奶牛生产性能、繁殖性能和免疫机能等方面的变化以及DCAB对热应激奶牛的生产性能、机体酸碱平衡和奶牛健康的影响。     

日粮阴阳离子平衡对热应激奶牛生产性能的影响

试验旨在研究日粮阴阳离子平衡对不同泌乳期热应激奶牛生产性能的影响,选取64头试验奶牛分为8组,每组8头牛,日粮阴阳离子平衡(DCAB)分别为泌乳前期:A1组(DCAB为185 mEq/kg干物质(DM))、B1组(DCAB为243 mEq/kgDM)、C1组(DCAB为317 mEq/kgDM)和D1组(DCAB为442 mEq/kgDM);泌乳中后期:A2组(DCAB为83 mEq/kgDM)、B2组(DCAB为172 mEq/kgDM)、C2组(DCAB为217 mEq/kgDM)和D2组(DCAB为357 mEq/kgDM)。研究结果表明:在一定范围内增加日粮DCAB,能提高泌乳前期奶牛的产奶量,各组间差异不显著,B1组奶牛产奶量较高,乳蛋白和乳密度显著高于其他组;日粮高DCAB水平能显著增加泌乳中后期热应激奶牛的产奶量,乳蛋白含量随DCAB增加呈二次变化,差异显著,乳脂肪随DCAB的增加而增加,D2组显著高于其他试验组,差异显著,综合产奶量和乳成分分析,泌乳前期日粮DCAB为243 mEq/kgDM,泌乳中后期调节日粮DCAB为217 mEq/kgDM时能提高奶牛的产奶性能,利于奶牛机体健康和生产高质量牛奶。     

日粮阴阳离子平衡与奶牛热应激的研究进展

奶牛对热应激的反应极为明显,奶牛的产奶最适宜的温度为5～10℃,当环境温度超过20℃时,奶牛产奶量有所下降,气温升到30℃时产奶量大幅度下降,超过35℃时产奶量急剧下降。特别是近两年全球气温升高,并且奶牛单产有较大幅度增加,使热应激对生产造成的影响更为严重。因此,缓解奶牛的热应激,提高奶牛的生产性能变得尤为重要。近年来通过调节奶牛的日粮改善热应激奶牛的生产性能更成为人们研究的焦点。近30年来,随着动物营养学的深入研究,人们认识到酸碱平衡对动物的重要性,它与动物的生产性能和健康密切相关。影响体内酸碱平衡的因素很多,饲料是…     

日粮阴阳离子平衡对泌乳中后期血气指标的影响

本试验选择泌乳中后期奶牛15头,随机分成3组,每组5头,采用3×3重复拉丁方设计,分别饲喂3种不同日粮阴阳离子平衡(DCAB)水平的日粮。其中对照组A(基础日粮,DCAB为77meq/kgDM),B组(DCAB为175meq/kgDM),C组(DCAB为325meq/kgDM)。结果表明:DCAB对泌乳奶牛的血气指标具有直接的影响。随着DCAB的增加,血液中的pH值、HCO3-浓度、ABE明显升高,二氧化碳分压(Pco2)显著降低。综合分析试验奶牛的血气指标的变化,夏季泌乳中后期奶牛适宜的DCAB值为175meq/kg DM。     

日粮阴阳离子平衡对泌乳中后期奶牛生产性能的影响

试验选择泌乳中后期奶牛15头,随机分成3组,每组5头,采用3×3重复拉丁方设计,分别饲喂3种不同阴阳离子平衡水平的日粮。其中对照组A(DCAB为DM 77 m eq/kg),B组(DCAB为DM 175 m eq/kg),C组(DCAB为DM 325 m eq/kg)。结果表明,DCAB对热应激奶牛的生产性能具有显著影响,其中B组和C组的产奶量分别比对照组提高6.6%(P>0.05)和0.1%(P>0.05);而4%标准乳产量则分别提高8.3%(P<0.05)和0。DCAB对奶牛的乳脂率和乳蛋白率无显著影响。说明在泌乳中后期当DCAB为175 m eq/kgDM,饲喂效果最佳。     

日粮阴阳离子平衡对高温环境奶牛泌乳性能的影响

根据年龄、产奶量、泌乳阶段和体重相同或相近的原则,选择泌乳中期、健康无病的高产(20k/d以上)荷斯坦奶牛20头,随机分成A、B两组,每组10头,A组日粮阴阳离子差(DCAD)为38.1 Meq/100g DM,B组朝饲1次添加离子盐,调节DCAD为41.6 Meq/100g DM.研究日粮阴阳离子平衡的调节对热应激奶牛泌乳性能的影响.结果表明,试验第7、14、21天,B组比A组平均多产奶0.20、0.70、1.96kg,统计分析差异不显著(P＞0.05);但产奶量下降趋势B组比A组平缓,试验期产奶量降幅A、B组差异显著(P＜0.05),表明提高奶牛白天DCAD的整体水平,有利于抑制高温条件下的产奶量下降.DCAD调节不影响乳质参数.     

日粮阴阳离子平衡对奶牛的影响

本文根据国内外近年来关于奶牛日粮阴阳离子平衡的研究,综述了阴阳离子平衡对奶牛采食、消化、生产性能、生理代谢和健康等方面的影响。     

日粮阴阳离子对反刍动物的最新研究进展

作者就日粮中阴阳离子平衡(dietary cation-anion balance,DCAB)对奶牛的机体健康、生产性能等方面的最新概况作一概述,提出DCAB可作为反刍动物瘤胃缓冲技术重要的研究内容,并指出DCAB现阶段的研究成果和发展方向.     

Role of sulfur and chloride in the dietary cation-anion balance equation for lactating dairy cattle

Ten Holstein cows averaging 120 d in lactation were arranged in replicated 5 x 5 Latin squares with 3-wk periods to evaluate the role of sulfur (S) in the dietary cation-anion balance equation. Diets were based on corn silage in Exp. 1 and sorghum silage in Exp. 2. Supplemental S and chloride (Cl) from the double sulfate of potassium and magnesium and CaCl2 were used to manipulate dietary cation-anion balance from 0 to +30 meq when expressed as meq [(Na + K)-(Cl + S)]/100 g diet DM and from +19 to +49 meq when expressed as meq [(Na + K)-Cl]/100 g diet DM. Blood pH was not affected by cation-anion balance, although both S and Cl supplementation tended to lower pH. Blood HCO3- and urine pH decreased and plasma calcium (Ca) and urinary Ca excretion increased as anion was added to the diet. Milk fat production tended to be increased by the low S supplementation. Dietary Cl and S had similar effects on acid-base status. Therefore, we suggest that S be included with Cl in the dietary cation-anion balance equation for lactating dairy cows as follows: meq [(Na + K)-(Cl + S)]/100 g diet DM. Although response of acid-base status to S and Cl was similar, as more data comparing the acidogenicity of S vs Cl become available, it may be necessary to include a modifying coefficient for S in the equation to adjust for differences between S and Cl in acid-generating potential. This coefficient may be further dependent on the dietary source of S.     

Effect of dietary cation-anion balance on urinary mineral excretion in exercised horses

Four mares and four geldings of Quarter Horse and Thoroughbred breeding were used in two simultaneous 4x4 Latin square experiments to study the effects of dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB), defined as meq ((Na+K)-C1)/kg dry matter, on urinary pH and mineral excretion in exercised horses. Diets consisted of a pelleted concentrate of corn, soybean meal and cottonseed hulls fed with bermudagrass hay. Treatments with DCAB of +5 (Low, L), +107 (Medium Low, ML), +201 (Medium High, MH) and +327 (High, H), meq ((Na+K)-Cl)/kg dry matter were formed by supplementing diet L with calcium chloride and ammonium chloride, diet ML with calcium chloride and diet H with sodium bicarbonate and potassium citrate (Table 1). Diet MH was not supplemented and served as the control treatment. Horses were conditioned aerobically for 6 weeks using long, slow, distance (LSD) workouts. During the experimental periods, horses were subjected to a combined exercise regimen alternating LSD with an interval-training protocol 6 days/week. There was a significant (P<.01) treatment effect on urine pH; least squares means for L, ML, MH and H were 6.73, 7.17, 7.38, and 7.92. Horses consuming diet L excreted more calcium in the urine (P<.05) than those consuming MH or H. Least squares means for daily urine calcium excretion tended to be linear across treatments and ranged from 19.66 g/day for diet L to 9.12 g/day for diet H. Urinary chloride excretion was higher (P<.05) for L than for MH or H. Horses fed diet H excreted more sodium (P<.05) in urine than horses fed the other diets. Lowering DCAB, increases urinary calcium loss; depending on the level of calcium intake, this could lead to negative calcium balance in exercising horses.     

Effect of dietary cation-anion balance in mineral balance in anaerobically exercised and sedentary horses

Eight geldings and four mares were randomly assigned treatments within three 4x4 Latin square design experiments to study the effects of dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB) on mineral balance and dry matter digestibility in sedentary and anaerobically exercised horses. Four diets with an average DCAB (calculated as meq ((Na+K+) - Cl-)/kg of diet dry matter) of +24 (Low, L), +127 (Medium Low, ML), +227 (Medium High, MH) and +352 (High, H) were fed for a 21 day adjustment period followed by a 72 hour collection period. Diets consisted of a pelleted base concentrate of com, soybean meal and cottonseed hulls fed with either native prairie grass or bermuda grass hay in a 60:40 ratio. Diet L was formed by adding calcium chloride and ammonium chloride to the base concentrate, diet ML was formed by adding calcium chloride, and diet H was formed by adding potassium citrate and sodium bicarbonate. Diet MI-I received no supplementation and served as the control. Representative samples of feed, feces and urine were analyzed for mineral content and mineral balances were calculated by difference. Fecal output was greater (p <.05), and thus, dry matter digestibility was lower in exercised homes consuming diet L versus diet H. Sodium balance was greater (p <.05) in sedentary horses consuming diet MH as compared to those consuming diets ML and L Sodium balance was greater (p <.05) in exercised homes consuming diet H as compared to those consuming diets ML and L Potassium balance was greater (p <.05) in sedentary horses consuming diet H as compared to those horses consuming diet ML, however, potassium balance was not affected by DCAB in exercised horses. No significant differences were detected in chloride or magnesium balances in the sedentary horses, although chloride balance was greater (p <.05) and magnesium balance was lower (p <.05) in exercised homes consuming diet L as compared to all other diets. In sedentary homes, phosphorus balance was reflective of intake with differences (p <.05) observed between all treatments. However, in exercised homes, phosphorus balance was lower (p <.05) oniy for those consuming diet L. Calcium balance decreased significantly as DCAB decreased between all treatments in sedentary horses, while calcium balance in exercised homes was greater (p <.05) for homes consuming diet H as compared to those consum- ing diet L.Previous research from our laboratory has shown that both exercised and sedentary horses consuming diets with a low DCAB experience a nutritionally induced metabolic acidosis. The current data indicate that anaerobically exercised and sedentary horses consuming these diets excrete significantly more calcium in the urine resulting in decreased calcium balances. Prolonged consumption of diets with a low DCAB may lead to a significant demineralization of bone and a subsequent weakening of the skeleton.     

奶牛低血钙症与阴阳离子平衡

低血钙症是经产奶牛围产期非常容易发生的代谢性疾病.据报道,美国7.2%的高产奶牛患有产后瘫痪(Jordan和Fouldraine,1993),芬兰9%的奶牛患有产后瘫痪(Forger,1999);60%的经产奶牛产犊后患有亚急性低血钙(Breed等,1992),患有产后瘫痪的奶牛,产奶量会降低14%(Block,1984)[1].同时患有低血钙症的奶牛还常常伴有其他产后疾病,如酮病、代偿性碱中毒、胎衣滞留、乳房炎和真胃移位等疾病.     

Effects of dietary cation-anion balance on acid-base status in horses

Four mature, sedentary geldings were used in a 4x4 Latin square design experiment to study the effects of dietary cationanion balance (DCAB), defined as meq ((Na + K) - C1)/kg of dietary dry matter, on urine pH, blood pH and blood gasses. Four diets with actual DCAB levels of +21 (Low, L), +125 (Medium Low, ML), +231 (Medium High, MH) and +350 (High, H) were fed for a 21-day adjustment period and a 72 hour collection period. Total urine output was collected every 4 hours post feeding for 72 hours, and like times across days were combined for analyses. Arterial and venous blood samples were drawn, via indwelling catheters, hourly for 12 hours beginning at feeding. All samples were analyzed immediately after collection for pH, blood gasses and blood acid-base measures. Urine pH was lower (p<.05) at all measured intervals when geldings consumed diet L than when they consumed diets MI, MH and H. Least squares means for urine pH ranges from 5.40 to 5.86 on diet L, 6.79 to 7.30 on diet ML, 7.35 to 7.63 on diet MH and 7.52 to 8.14 on diet H. Blood pH, pCO₂ and HCO₃ values were also significantly lower in both arterial and venous samples when geldings consumed diet L than when fed diets MH and H. Results of this trial indicate that horses consuming highly anionic diets may experience a nutritionally-induced metabolic acidosis.     

ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Effects of calcium propionate supplementation on lactation performance,energy balance and blood metabolites in early lactation dairy cows

To evaluate the effects of calcium propionate (CaP) supplementation on feed intake, milk yield and milk composition, energy balance, blood metabolites and urine ketones in early lactation Holstein dairy cows from 1 to 63 days in milk (DIM), 32 multiparous Holstein dairy cows, blocked by lactation number, previous 305‐day milk production, and expected calving date, were arranged into four groups in a randomized block design. Treatments were control, LCaP, MCaP and HCaP with 0, 100, 200 and 300 g calcium propionate per cow per day respectively. The supplement of food grade CaP (99.8% of CaP) was hand‐mixed into the top one‐third of the daily ration. Cows were fed ad libitum a total mixed ration consisting of equal proportion of forage and concentrate. Feed intake, milk yield and components were not affected by CaP supplementation. The energy balance, expressed as the difference between energy input and output, tended to be higher (p = 0.08) for CaP‐supplemented cows during the 63‐DIM period, especially during the first 21‐DIM lactation. Calcium propionate‐supplemented cows showed a trend (p = 0.09) towards less loss of body weight (BW) during the 63‐DIM period. Concentrations of glucose in plasma and insulin in serum were higher for cows fed CaP relative to control and linearly (p < 0.01) increased with increasing CaP supplementation. Concentrations of non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta‐hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and urine ketones were lower for CaP‐supplemented cows at 7, 14 and 21 DIM of lactation and linearly (p < 0.01) decreased with increasing CaP supplementation. These results indicated that nutrient digestibilities and energy status may have been improved.     

日粮阴阳离子差在泌乳奶牛日粮中的应用

日粮阴阳离子差（DCAD）可调控家畜体内的酸碱平衡。近年来,由于其对泌乳奶牛生产性能的影响而越来越受到研究者的重视。文章就阴阳离子差的计算,阴阳离子差对泌乳奶牛干物质采食量、泌乳量和乳成分、瘤胃参数的影响,及对DCAD在我国泌乳奶牛日粮中的应用的展望作了综合阐述。