A Geometrical Analysis of Inclined and Tilted Spherical Plough Discs

An analysis is presented of the effect of disc geometry in relation to its areas of contact with soil at the working depth, treating the disc as a segment of a thin spherical shell. In addition, the effects of the disc angle of tilt, the disc angle of inclination to its direction of motion and the working depth are examined in detail. Shallow and deep disc concavities are considered. A presentation is made of formulae derived for disc critical angle and depth and for bearing and pressure areas of contact with the soil on vertical and horizontal planes. In addition, a study was made of the overlapping of soil working areas when adjacent discs are working in a gang arrangement. The effects of inside and outside sharpening of the circumferential edge of the disc are also examined.For the practical range of tilt angle (15° to 25°) and disc angle (35° to 55°) it is shown that the bearing area of the rear spherical area of discs is zero, so there is no soil contact with the rear surface of the disc. The vertical pressure area is only slightly affected by tilt angle and there is little difference for the two disc concavities. Disc angle and working depth have significant effects on this area. The horizontal presssure area is not affected by disc angle over its practical range. It has larger values for the 81 mm concavity than for the 51 mm concavity and is significantly influenced by tilt angle and working depth. Discs working in a gang, have overlapping of the areas of soil cut for disc angles and spacings (180 to 300 mm) adopted in practice. The area cut by an individual disc is not markedly affected by disc angle. Inside and outside sharpening does not significantly affect the overall findings concerning critical disc parameters. The flat bevelled surface formed by outside sharpening will generally be in contact with soil over the practical range of tilt and disc angles.     

Tillage Tool Design by the Finite Element Method: Part 2. Experimental Validation of the Finite Element Results with Soil Bin Test

Laboratory soil bin tests of subsoiler cutting in a sandy loam soil were carried out in order to validate the results obtained from the finite element calculations reported in Part 1 of this study. Measured results of subsoiler draught force and soil failure dimension taken on the surface were presented for four combinations of the subsoiler shank rake angle and chisel angle. Soil bin tests also measured the variation of draught force with subsoiler displacement. It was observed that the angle of both the subsoiler parts affected the dimensions of the surface soil failure and the magnitude of subsoiler draught force.Finite element method predictions of the subsoiler draught force as well as the extent of surface soil failure agreed well with measurements made in the soil bin. The predicted draught force for all subsoiler types exceeded the measured ones. The overprediction error ranged from 11·76 to 20·04%. The finite element model provided a good approximation to the maximum upward soil movement for the experiments. Better finite element method predictions of the front soil failure was obtained for the two subsoiler designs with a small chisel angle of 15° than for the designs with chisel angles of 23 and 31°. Among the four investigated subsoiler types the best subsoiler design was devised, which required the lowest draught and developed good soil loosening qualities as estimated by soil volume change. This subsoiler had a shank of 75° rake angle and an inclined chisel of 15° angle. Keeping a good soil loosening performance was attributed to the smaller shank rake angle of 75°, which indicated that the shank played an important role for the determination of the quality of soil loosening.     

Force-Time Behaviour of Flat Tines in Dry Sand

Studies conducted in a laboratory soil bin filled with dry sand indicated that the nature of soil reactions on tines of 90° rake angle were cyclic for tine aspect ratios (width/depth) of 0·6 and greater. For tine aspect ratio of four, soil reactions were observed to be cyclic for all the tine rake angles studied (15-140°), These variations were found to be closely related to the observed soil failure patterns. Wave ratio (wave length/tine depth) for tines with a rake angle of 90° increased with increase in tine aspect ratio up to four. The amplitude of cyclic variations in draught increased with tine width for a rake angle of 90°.     

免耕播种机浅旋清茬斜置式防堵装置设计与试验

针对黄淮海地区玉米免耕播种作业时,过量小麦秸秆残茬堵塞开沟器的问题,提出一种以拨离残茬和浅旋根茬形式实现苗床清整的斜置式防堵装置。通过理论分析对防堵装置结构参数进行设计,确定了各参数的范围和相互关系,并根据装置结构对耕刀拨茬入土和脱茬离土的过程进行受力分析,确定了影响工作性能的因素。运用离散元方法模拟防堵装置在田间作业过程,以秸秆清除率、土壤扰动系数和功耗为评价指标,对装置倾角、转速和前进速度进行回归分析和显著性检验,确定了各因素对评价指标的影响及主次顺序。通过对回归模型进行多目标函数优化求解,得到最优参数组合为：转速400r/min、前进速度6km/h、倾角18.5°,此时秸秆清除率为74.5%、土壤扰动系数为34.7%、功耗为1.36kW。以优化得到的参数对装置进行土槽试验,试验结果表明：转速为400r/min、前进速度6km/h、倾角18.5°时,秸秆清除率为92.5%、土壤扰动系数为29.6%、功耗为1.51kW,试验结果与仿真试验优化结果相吻合,满足设计要求。     

振动式深松机运动特性分析及试验研究

为了深入研究深松机具作业过程中的牵引阻力、能量消耗及作业性能,首先对影响深松作业的结构参数振动幅值、振动频率、振动角度和机具前进速度逐一进行分析;然后从运动特性入手,分别对3种不同振动角度下的运动轨迹进行了研究。结果表明:振动角等于0时,运动轨迹为一段锁扣波形,总功耗增加,深松效果增加不明显;当振动角大于0时,运动轨迹为一段沿运动方向倾斜的正弦波形,将其分为向前上方切削运动和后撤运动两段,前段功率消耗与非振动深松相当,但后撤阶段功率消耗增大使得降耗效果不明显;当振动角度小于0时,运动轨迹为一段沿运动方向相反倾斜的正弦波,将其分为向前下方切削运动和提升运动两段,同时,在提升阶段运动过程中,深松铲工作于已深松过的土壤中,因而功耗大大减小,可以实现减阻降耗目的。同时,在前进速度为0.2~1.78m/s、振幅为10mm、振动角为10.80~-3 2.40和0~50Hz振动频率条件下,对振动式深松机具进行了单因素土槽试验研究,并分析了各因素与功率损耗之间的关系。     

基于Abaqus的缺口圆盘刀开沟作业有限元仿真及分析

为分析免耕播种机破茬开沟部件开沟作业时圆盘刀与土壤之间的相互作用情况,在Abaqus有限元分析软件中建立了圆盘刀——土壤侵彻的三维动态有限元模型,在Explicit动态显示模块下进行仿真试验分析。搭建了基于室内土槽的圆盘刀牵引平台,通过土槽试验对有限元模型的正确性、有效性进行验证,结果表明:该有限元模型能准确模拟圆盘刀在土壤上进行开肥沟作业的过程。选取机组前进速度、圆盘刀入土深度和圆盘刀刀面与前进方向之间偏角等作为试验因素进行基于上述有限元仿真的正交试验,得到各因素及其一阶交互作用对模型中肥沟深度和宽度的影响规律。同时得到:在机组前进速度为1.67 m/s、圆盘刀入土深度为12cm、圆盘刀面偏角为6°时,破茬开沟部件所开肥沟质量最佳。     

免耕播种机侧深分层施肥播种部件设计与试验

为减少追肥机具进地次数、最大限度地提高肥料利用率,针对因秸秆残茬分布不均、侧深施肥导致播种带两侧土壤紧实度不一致而引起免耕播种机横向稳定性差、掉垄的问题,设计了一种可以底肥侧位深施、口肥垂直分施的免耕播种机侧深分层施肥播种部件。以直斜错位双圆盘肥种沟开沟器的圆盘直径、圆盘夹角和圆盘倾角为试验因素,以前进阻力、侧向合力及开沟深度稳定性系数为试验指标,对影响机具横向稳定性和作业质量的参数进行分析和试验。结果表明,当圆盘直径为352 mm、圆盘夹角为14°、圆盘倾角为7.5°时,肥种沟开沟器前进阻力为585.96 N、侧向合力为181.95 N、开沟深度稳定性系数为91.46%。样机性能试验表明,种肥垂直距离合格率为91.7%,种肥侧向距离合格率为92.4%,播种深度变异系数为10.7%,播种横向变异系数为28.4%,满足侧深施肥播种质量要求。     

甘蔗收割机单圆盘切割器运动学分析

通过单圆盘切割器运动方程，结合甘蔗收割要求，建立单圆盘切割器不漏割以及刀盘与甘蔗不接触的一般条件式，并对不漏割最大速比与切割器结构参数和运动参数，不接触最大速比与甘蔗相对刀盘位置和甘蔗几何参数之间的关系进行分析，为甘蔗收割机切割器结构参数和运动参数设计提供依据。     

山地拖拉机坡地等高线旋耕土壤侵蚀规律研究

针对黄土高原丘陵山区坡地等高线旋耕作业时土壤耕作侵蚀(土壤由坡高侧向坡低侧迁移)严重及其机理不明等问题,通过理论分析、仿真试验、土槽及实地试验相结合的方法,深入开展山地拖拉机坡地旋耕侵蚀规律研究。首先,构建了H245标准型常用旋耕刀在坡地工况下的扰土体积参数方程,完成了旋耕刀坡地扰土过程的经典力学分析,确定了导致坡地旋耕土壤侵蚀的主要影响因素：坡地角、耕作深度、刀轴转速以及旋耕作业速度;然后,基于EDEM离散元仿真软件研究了单把旋耕刀和旋耕机整机的坡地扰土规律,得出土壤颗粒在旋耕刀侧切刃的动态滑切作用下有水平向后运动的行为,浅层土壤颗粒位移最大,深层土壤颗粒位移最小,并且深层靠近旋耕刀回转中心的土壤颗粒位移最大;土壤的侧向位移方向受旋耕刀正切刃朝向的影响;随着旋耕刀的入土,土壤颗粒在垂直方向的位置呈先变深后变浅的趋势。最后,选取旋耕刀轴转速、旋耕作业速度和坡地角作为试验因素,进行了实地旋耕单因素和正交试验,单因素试验得到土壤水平、侧向位移随着上述3个因素变化的规律;正交试验方差分析得到影响土壤侧向位移的主次因素为坡地角、旋耕刀轴转速、旋耕作业速度,影响土壤水平位移的主次因素为旋耕作业速...     

Some performance characteristics of disc gangs

The effect of number of discs in a gang on soil reaction forces was evaluated for gangs containing one to five discs. The performance of two different disc shapes was investigated, each at two operating angles. The angles and shapes were chosen to represent a wide range of operating parameters. Interaction was found to occur between discs; however, the interaction was not a function of the number of discs. The magnitude of the interaction was such that large errors would occur if gang draught force was calculated from single disc data only.     

Tillage Tool Design by the Finite Element Method: Part 1. Finite Element Modelling of Soil Plastic Behaviour

The finite element method calculations of draught and vertical forces, soil deformation and normal pressure distribution on subsoiler face were reported for four subsoiler types. A non-linear, three-dimensional, finite element analysis of the soil cutting process by a standard medium-deep subsoiler based upon the Drucker–Prager elastic-perfectly plastic material model was used. The mathematical construction of the Drucker–Prager model was presented. The material non-linearity of soil was dealt with using an incremental technique. Inside each step, the Newton–Raphson iteration method was utilized. The geometrical non-linearity was solved by using the small strain assumption. A comparison of subsoiler forces for calculations made with the small strain assumption and the updated Lagrange formulation of large displacement was reported for subsoiler cutting in a sandy soil. It was shown that the small strain assumption was more convenient for solving the geometrical non-linearity of a soil tilled down to relatively deep horizons.The theoretical results showed that a well coordinated angle combination of the two parts of the subsoiler made a large reduction in the draught and vertical forces of the subsoiler with a shank angle of 75° and a chisel angle of 15°. On the soil surface in front of the shank, the soil was deformed to produce a wedge-shaped soil upheaval. A maximum upward surface movement of 23·7 cm was calculated when soil tilling was performed with this design of subsoiler. For all the geometrical types of subsoiler studied, concentrations of normal pressure at the outer linking edges between the two parts of the subsoiler, as well as on the bottom corners of the chisel, indicated that during manufacturing these parts should be better supported against wear and deformation. The smallest chisel angle of 15° reduced considerably the pressure values at these two parts, whereas changing the shank rake angle from 90 to 75° only assisted in reducing the pressure values at the outer linking edges.     

盘刷式矮密栽培落地红枣集条装置研制

针对新疆落地红枣人工集条劳动强度大、机械化程度低的问题,研制一种与落地红枣捡拾机配套的红枣集条装置。重点设计避障系统和仿形机构等关键部件,确定盘刷、液压缸行程和仿形机构的工作参数,结合避障工况需求,设计扫盘避障液压系统并对液压元件进行计算选型。以盘刷转速、盘刷前倾角和前进速度为影响因素,集条率和破损率为评价指标,开展三因素三水平正交组合试验,结果表明：各因素对集条率影响显著性顺序为盘刷前倾角、前进速度、盘刷转速,各因素对破损率影响显著性顺序为盘刷转速、前进速度、盘刷前倾角;采用多元统计分析方法得出最优水平组合为前进速度08 m/s、盘刷转速200 r/min、盘刷前倾角15°,此时集条率为97.54%、破损率为1.11%;在最佳参数组合下进行田间验证试验,集条率为96.64%,破损率为1.13%,试验值与理论预测值相对误差分别为0.93%、1.77%,各项指标符合设计要求。     

红花采收机双动对切式末端执行器设计与试验

针对红花采收机械存在的花丝破碎率高,采收效果差的问题,基于低速对切与分段切割的设计思想,研究设计了一种红花采收机双动对切式末端执行器,利用双动刀和多工作段凸轮实现低速夹持切割与分段作业。构建刀具-花丝切割力学模型,对切割过程进行理论分析,确定影响末端执行器性能的关键因素为：切刀进给速度、刃口倾斜角和切刀刃面倾角;并以凸轮转速（切刀进给速度）、刃口倾斜角和切刀刃面倾角为试验因素,以花丝采净率与花丝破碎率为评价指标,进行了三因素五水平二次正交旋转组合试验,得到试验因素与评价指标间的数学模型,对回归模型进行多目标优化,确定最佳参数组合为：凸轮转速27.9r/min、刃口倾斜角16.1°、切刀刃面倾角19.7°,对应花丝采净率为91.78%,花丝破碎率为5.32%。在最佳参数组合下进行田间验证试验,结果表明,花丝采净率为91.25%,破碎率为5.57%,与优化结果误差不超过5%,表明所设计末端执行器能实现花丝的低破碎率采收。     

Sprinkler performance as affected by nozzle inner contraction angle

The discharge-pressure relationship for the orifice nozzle is essential for developing new sprinkler prototypes and designing sprinkler irrigation systems. In this work, the sprinkler nozzle inner contraction angle was varied from 20° to 90° to establish the relationship between discharge and pressure. The sprinkler nozzle discharge increases exponentially with increasing pressure. The discharge exponent is essentially independent of the nozzle contraction angle and can be taken as 0.5, while the discharge coefficient decreases significantly with increasing contraction angle. Sprinkler rotation speeds measured for different contraction angle nozzles decreased as the angle increased. Water distributions were tested indoors for various contraction angles. Sprinkler nozzles with contraction angles ranging from 20° to 60° produced approximately equal pattern radii and similar water application profiles, but the pattern radius was significantly reduced for contraction angles above 60°. The optimum inner contraction angle is about 30°. Received: 11 July 1997     

An experimental investigation into factors influencing the soil injection of sewage sludge

Injection techniques for applying sewage sludge to grassland were investigated. The results have shown injection to be a viable technique for the application of sewage sludge under UK conditions. The technique is also suitable for the application of agricultural slurry, since the physical characteristics of both sewage sludge and slurry are similar.Research has shown an acceptably uniform grass response can be obtained from 280 mm wide winged times operating at a depth of 150 mm and spacing of 650 mm, when the soil is in the moist friable to plastic consistency state. Immediate rolling of the injected zone improved the crop response in the vicinity of the injector path, provided surface contamination was avoided.Injection on sloping land should be conducted downslope, rather than across, to ensure adequate machine stability, providing that maximum application rates are not exceeded. Sludges with dry solids contents in excess of 6% can be injected at application rates of 140 m³/ha into slopes of 12°, without down-slope seepage occurring. Rates should, however, be reduced for sludges with lower dry solids content, depending upon field slope.Increasing the injector leg rake angle reduced surface disturbance, with little effect on the resulting draught and vertical forces, until rake angles in excess of 100° were reached. Vibration of the injector tine using a rotating eccentric mass reduced the draught force under dry, brittle soil conditions, but not under more plastic field conditions.     

斥水性砂土水-气形态及其对斥水-亲水转化的影响分析

处于地球表面的土壤,尤其是耕作层土壤,受外界因素影响其接触角可能会发生改变。通过试验对不同接触角的壤质砂土中的孔隙水-气形态分布状况进行研究,试验结果表明:砂土颗粒与孔隙水间的接触角增大会使表层土壤中水封闭土层厚度减小,但接触角增大到一定值后,水封闭层的厚度不再发生变化。随着接触角的增大,气封闭层的厚度不断减小。与连续固体表面不同,砂土颗粒的接触角小于90°甚至降低至36°也会出现明显的斥水现象,但随着砂土中饱和度的增大,斥水现象会消失,砂土斥水与亲水转化时对应的饱和度与水封闭向双开敞转化时对应的饱和度基本一致,因此,砂土亲水与斥水转化时对应的临界含水率与孔隙水气分布形态密切相关,通过理想模型对两种不同水-气形态下土壤的基质吸力变化分析可以发现,产生这种现象是因为当土壤由水封闭变为双开敞时,水-气交界面在液体侧的曲率中心消失(接触角小于90°),气-液界面引起的基质吸力恒为"正"。     

基于离散元法的旋耕过程土壤运动行为分析

土壤与耕作部件间的相互作用规律是设计和选用土壤耕作部件的基础。研究土壤和耕作部件间的相互作用规律就是要研究耕作部件对土壤产生的作用和它们之间的作用力,首先必须探讨耕作部件工作时土壤运动规律和施加于土壤的作用力。为此本文建立基于离散元方法的旋耕工作模型;对比分析实验与仿真的土壤位移:在土槽实验中采用示踪块方法测量土壤位移,仿真中通过追踪表层土壤颗粒的运动获得仿真位移;利用实验和仿真数据对土壤位移和运动机理进行分析。结果表明:土壤水平和侧向位移都随着转速增加呈现增加的趋势;土壤的水平运动位移总是大于同转速下的侧向位移。浅层土壤颗粒的运动位移最大,中层土壤次之,深层土壤最小。较深位置的土壤,距离旋转中心越近的土壤颗粒水平位移和侧向位移越大。在旋耕刀切土范围内的土壤,有向相反方向运动趋势的浅、中、深层颗粒比例分别为26.2%、72.1%、48.4%。在水平力作用下,大部分土壤颗粒随着旋耕刀切土有向后运动的行为;土壤在开始时刻的侧向受力和侧向运动方向,由颗粒的侧向位置是否偏离侧切刃轴线决定,位于侧切刃轴线左侧的颗粒,则其侧向力向左,反之亦然;土壤在垂直方向先随着刀具入土向下运动,然后滑出刀刃边界被抛起。本文建立的仿真模型得到的土壤水平位移和侧向位移与相应实验值的误差为24.9%和15.3%。本文运用离散元法进行旋耕过程中土壤宏观和细观运动行为的分析,有助于理解旋耕刀与土壤的相互作用机理,为旋耕机械的设计与优化提供理论依据。     

基于多角度成像数据的大豆冠层叶绿素密度反演

利用多角度观测系统采集田间不同生育期大豆冠层的图谱数据,通过提取影像中土壤背景、大豆植株、光照叶片等不同目标地物的反射光谱,对比分析不同观测角度下成像光谱数据反演大豆冠层叶绿素密度的效果,探讨土壤、阴影叶片及角度变化对群体叶绿素密度反演的影响.结果表明:(0°,20°,40°,60°)的天顶角组合有最高的预测模型决定系数(R2为0.834)和最小的均方根误差(RMSE为6.13);(20°,40°,60°)天顶角组合的决定系数值高于(0°,20°,40°)的组合,且在混合植被、纯植被、光照植被3类数据中有一致的趋势.40°天顶角是反演叶绿素密度的最优角度.0°方位角(太阳主平面的后向观测)是反演叶绿素密度的最优角度.天顶角变化是影响大豆冠层叶绿素密度反演的主要因素.     

垄作免耕播种机被动式防缠绕破茬清垄装置设计与试验

为了解决东北玉米垄作免耕播种机作业时缠绕堵塞工作部件，减小对土壤扰动，提高破茬开沟质量等问题，优化设计了防缠绕破茬清垄装置，主要包括阿基米德螺线锯齿型缺口圆盘破茬刀和星型清垄轮。通过理论分析确定了影响破茬清垄装置作业性能的主要参数为机具前进速度V_m、破茬刀入土深度h以及清垄轮安装偏置角α。利用离散元软件EDEM进行二次回归正交旋转组合仿真试验，确定了该装置的最优工作参数组合为：机具前进速度V_m为7 km/h、破茬刀入土深度h为75 mm、清垄轮安装偏置角α为30°。通过田间验证试验，得出破茬清垄装置在最优工作参数组合下的破茬率为92.21%,清秸率为93.49%,验证了仿真理论研究结果，机具通过性显著提高，达到了东北玉米垄作免耕播种农艺和农机的技术要求。     

烟草栽苗直立度的设计研究——基于HT46R24单片机控制

论述了一种鸭嘴式烟草移栽机栽苗直立度的测量方法.该方法利用单片机HT46R24控制和力学原理,将荷重元的输出电压转换成角度,并显示在LCD板上,很快地测出烟苗的倾斜的角度.量测的角度范围可以到达180°,以数字输出的方式显示,提高了角度测量精度,并缩短测量时间,利用电子信号输出来控制移栽机的行进速度和鸭嘴驱动盘的回转速度,以达到自动化调控的功能.