农业废弃物堆肥平面翻堆技术的应用

目前地方政府以及农场对农业废弃物堆肥非常重视,但是由于堆肥过程中通风供氧不易控制的问题,使得堆肥产品质量与经济效益无法达到理想的效果;而通过机械曝气可较为有效地为堆肥过程通风供氧,有利于动态好氧发酵,加速农业废弃物中有机物的转化.为此,通过介绍翻堆机的使用,论述了在我国目前的经济及技术状况下,使用翻堆机来曝气是一个比较现实的选择.     

猪粪好氧堆肥碳排放分析

以生命周期法为指导,应用排放系数法对猪粪秸秆好氧堆肥路径下碳排放量进行计算。本文研究的范围包括：堆肥厂内微生物降解活动产生的直接排放；加工设备电力消耗等上游活动产生的间接排放；有机肥作为化肥替代品减排量、土地施用后的土壤碳结合等下游活动减排量。结果表明：项目日处理420吨原料,可生产20吨有机肥,堆肥生物降解过程产生的直接排放为19.26 tCO₂e,电力消耗间接排放为17.84 tCO₂e,产品作为化肥替代品的减排量为0.87 tCO₂e,土地施用固碳量为113.4 tCO₂e。生命周期范围内,生产及施用有机肥净碳汇量为77.18 tCO₂e,可实现负碳排放,有效提升土壤固碳能力,可为农业减排降碳提供技术模式。     

Pressure Drop through Raw Food Waste Compost containing Synthetic Bulking Agents

The pressure drop of air forced through a column of raw vegetable waste compost was measured for six different synthetic bulking agents and compared to pine bark as a reference. The volume of each bulking agent used per mass of compost material, referred to as the bulking agent ratio, was used to compare these bulking agents. Results indicate that synthetic bulking agents reduce the pressure drop significantly more than pine bark for any given bulking agent ratio and air flow. The pressure drop measurements were regressed to three pressure drop-flow models, and these models were similarly successful in predicting the observed pressure drop behaviour. To quantify the impact of bulking agent ratio on pressure drop, a two-parameter empirical relationship was proposed between the bulking agent ratio and the linear coefficient of Ergun's model (model 3) or the coefficient in Shedd's model (model 1) forced to an exponent of 1·0 or 1·1. One of the parameters in this proposed model is the bulking agent ratio necessary to reduce by 50% the viscous energy losses of air flow through the compost column. Using the empirical model to compare this parameter among bulking agents used, the synthetic bulking agents were demonstrated to be approximately 3–10 times more effective than pine bark. The utility of this model to aid the optimization of the bulking agent ratio is also discussed.     

农村固体废弃物堆肥胡敏酸还原土壤Fe3+矿物研究

堆肥胡敏酸作为农村固体废弃物资源化处置的重要产物,除具有保水保肥的功能外,还具有氧化还原特性。针对农村固体废弃物堆肥胡敏酸结构特性,进行了堆肥全过程胡敏酸结构演变对土壤Fe~(3+)矿物还原特性研究。结果表明,随堆肥进行,堆肥胡敏酸芳香化、腐殖化加剧,氧化还原功能基团、组分含量增加,可有效促进土壤Fe~(3+)矿物还原。醌基团是堆肥胡敏酸重要的氧化还原功能基团,堆肥中后期木质纤维素降解释放醌基团,经缩合作用与堆肥胡敏酸结合加速堆肥腐殖化进程,增强堆肥胡敏酸氧化还原性能,提升Fe~(3+)矿物还原能力。     

水炭运筹下稻田痕量温室气体排放与水氮利用关系研究

为揭示寒地黑土稻田痕量温室气体的排放规律,以及稻田痕量温室气体排放与水分利用效率（WUE）及氮肥吸收利用率（NUE）间的关系,设置干湿交替灌溉和传统淹水灌溉2种水分管理模式,以及4个生物质炭施用量水平(0、2.5、12.5、25t/hm2),以传统淹水灌溉作为对比,应用15N示踪技术,研究水炭运筹下寒地黑土稻田甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的季节变化规律,明确稻作水氮利用与甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的关系,并计算温室气体的全球增温潜势（GWP）和排放强度（GHGI）。结果表明：生物质炭施用量相同时,传统淹水灌溉模式的甲烷排放通量显著高于干湿交替灌溉模式(P<0.05),而氧化亚氮排放通量均低于干湿交替灌溉模式。干湿交替灌溉模式的甲烷总排放量显著低于传统淹水灌溉模式(P<0.05),而氧化亚氮总排放量高于传统淹水灌溉模式,施加生物质炭对稻田甲烷、氧化亚氮减排效果显著;干湿交替灌溉模式下稻田痕量温室气体的GWP、GHGI显著低于传统淹水灌溉模式(P<0.05),施加生物质炭可以降低稻田痕量温室气体的GWP、GHGI。干湿交替灌溉模式的WUE显著高于传统淹水灌溉模式（P<0.05）,适量施入生物质炭可以增加WUE和氮肥整体、基肥、蘖肥、穗肥的NUE。两种灌溉模式稻田痕量温室气体的GWP和GHGI与WUE均呈显著负相关(P<0.05);两种灌溉模式稻田痕量温室气体的GWP、GHGI与氮肥整体、基肥、蘖肥、穗肥的NUE均呈显著或极显著负相关。     

Dynamics of plant and animal production of a subterranean clover pasture grazed by sheep: Part 1—Field measurements for model calibration

A grazing system with Merino sheep and subterranean clover pasture was studied in a 550 mm rainfall, mediterranean climate in Western Australia.Changes over twelve months in seed, the quantities of green and dry herbage, soil moisture, animal intake and liveweight, wool growth and body composition were measured. Six paddocks, representing two soil types, were grazed continuously at 8·75 sheep per hectare. The system was also simulated and the actual results were compared with those from the simulation model.From a seed pool in March of 300 kg ha^?1, 80% of which was soft and non-dormant, 4000 clover seedlings per square metre became established; subsequent drought reduced this to 1450 plants per square metre. From measurements of soil moisture it was shown that this population survived at available moisture levels as low as 0·5 mm in the main root zone in gravelly sandy loam. Pasture growth rate reached a spring peak of 102 kg ha^?1 day^?1 and total growth (estimated from pasture grazed for 26 weeks) was 6700 kg ha^?1 for 500 mm of rainfall between germination and maximum biomass. At maturity, burr and seed made up 57% of the plant residues on offer, with a seed pool of 1160 kg ha^?1. During the summer this biomass decreased at 5 kg ha^?1 day^?1 without grazing and 19 kg ha^?1 day^?1 under grazing.The liveweight losses and gains of the sheep were atypical, no liveweight gain until 1200 kg ha^?1 of gree herbage was available—about treble the expected amount. Measurements of food intake indicate a gross inefficiency in energy utilisation during the winter and a low intake of energy in the spring.Total green and dry plant residues showed general agreement between actual and simulated results for most of the growing season. However, the field data highlighted error in the pasture sub-model which were corrected and are reported elsewhere.     

可组合式堆肥发酵多层温度自适应监测系统设计与试验

堆肥发酵是农业废弃物基质化、肥料化利用的一个重要技术手段。在堆肥发酵过程中,温度影响着发酵堆的发酵速率、发酵质量,因此研究发酵堆内部的温度分布对于发酵堆的精准管控至关重要。但由于不同堆置方式的发酵堆体积、高度不同导致传统固定探针式传感器难以灵活、便捷地进行针对性测量,给农业废弃物发酵过程的精准管控带来极大不便。针对以上问题,设计了一种杆体模块化、可拼接的低功耗组合式多层温度监测系统。实现了基于CAN总线的检测模块自适应识别,基于JSON封装与关系数据库的配置信息同步与自适应匹配,以及系统现场端、服务器端、微信小程序端人机界面自适应生成。经过功能、功耗以及系统实际测试,结果表明,监测系统可以实现连续监测过程中实时数据监测、低功耗运行,具备良好的稳定性,并且实现了系统硬件、服务器端、微信小程序端的同步配置、信息显示等功能,满足废弃物堆肥发酵过程的温度多层长期监测需求。     

啤酒厂污泥与棉籽饼袋式堆肥及效果

为快速高效无害化处理啤酒厂污泥,对啤酒厂的污水污泥进行微好氧堆肥发酵处理工艺进行了研究,重点研究了啤酒厂污水污泥袋式堆肥过程中温度、含水率、pH值、腐殖酸、有机碳、全氮、水溶性有机碳、发芽指数等参数的变化规律。结果表明：采用棉籽饼作为啤酒厂污水污泥的调理剂,将啤酒厂污水污泥与棉籽饼按照质量比4︰1的比例（添加质量分数为0.5%的尿素,调节C/N为30︰1,含水率为60%）进行混合后,每袋50 kg进行打包后封口发酵,21 d后出料松散且无臭味,堆肥产品腐熟,卫生学指标达到了国标要求。该研究为建立快速高效处理啤酒厂污泥新工艺提供了技术依据。     

微生物及C∕N比对果桑枝条堆肥腐熟的影响

以较大质量堆体（500 kg）为对象,探讨微生物及C/N比对果桑枝条堆肥腐熟效果的影响。以桑枝条和鸡粪为原料,调整堆体的C/N比为20∶1、25∶1和30∶1,分别搅拌4%、4%和6%的微生物,研究微生物及C/N比对桑枝条堆肥腐熟效率及肥力的影响。结果显示,微生物接种量为6%,C/N比为30∶1的1号堆腐熟效率最高、效果最好。在堆肥过程中,保持45℃以上的时间15d,可有效降解难降解的有机物。堆肥结束后,C/N比降至11.73∶1,可溶性腐殖质和总养分的增幅及其含量的积累均最高,发芽指数达到133.91%,T值为0.39。通过分析可知,C/N比是影响桑枝条堆肥腐熟效率的重要因素,适宜的C/N比有利于微生物的分解活动和肥力的增加;增加微生物接种量,能够提高其腐熟效率。      

Comparison of Predicted and Measured Air Flow Patterns in a Mechanically Ventilated Livestock Building without Animals

Air flow in a section from a full scale livestock building has been simulated using PHOENICS, a computational fluid dynamics program, to give the mean velocity and turbulence energy distribution under isothermal conditions. The section has sloping ceilings, an air intake at the apex, and side-wall extractor fans. A narrow inlet gap creates the horizontal air jet which is the basis of the ventilation system. A summer ventilation rate of 44 air changes per hour was simulated, with a Jet Momentum Number of 0·0076 and an inlet Reynolds Number of 5x10r4 based on a gap size of 0·1 m and a mean velocity of 6·1 m sr-1. Calculated mean air velocites within the section were in close agreement with values measured by a sonic anemometer. Despite its known shortcomings, use of a standard turbulence model to simulate the turbulence energy generation and dissipation gave good predictions of turbulence energy distribution.     

Energy flow through a village ecosystem with slash and burn agriculture in North-eastern India

This paper deals with the pattern of energy flow through four major sub-systems (jhum, valley, animal and domestic) of a typical Khasi village ecosystem with ‘slash and burn’ agriculture (jhum) at an elevation of 1540 m in the north-eastern hill region of India. The energetic efficiency (output:input ratio) of jhum in 5 ha of land worked out at 7·53 and that of valley cultivation on 2 ha of land at 40·14. The animal husbandry sub-system had swine husbandry as its predominant component. This had an energetic efficiency of 3·04. The village ecosystem as a whole, however, had an efficiency of 1·57. Animal husbandry formed an important link in the detritus food chain by utilising the garbage and vegetable waste of the agricultural system. The forest, apart from providing the basis for agriculture, also meets part of the fuel requirement of the village. The compost pit is a very important component in the functioning of the village ecosystem as it provides feed for secondary production and generates organic manure both of plant and animal origin, which is cycled back into agriculture. The intricate relationship existing between the production and consumption compartments of the village ecosystem has been worked out from both the economic and the energetic points of view and is discussed.     

Determination of Minimum Ventilation Rate in Pig Houses with Natural Ventilation based on Carbon Dioxide Balance

The measurement of ventilation rate is necessary for good climatic control in pig houses with natural ventilation and heating. A model based on a carbon dioxide balance is developed for pig houses. Included are diurnal variation patterns in carbon dioxide production. The model can estimate the ventilation rate in a pig house when carbon dioxide concentration in the pig house is measured. Measurements were made of the rates of decay in concentrations of a tracer gas in an occupied pig house with natural ventilation. The results of the tracer gas experiments and carbon dioxide model calculations showed a mean discrepancy of 13% for a natural ventilated pig building over ventilation rates between 0·1 and 0·3 kg/s. This indicates that estimation of ventilation rates by using carbon dioxide measurements and applying the carbon dioxide model can be a convenient technique in climatic control of pig houses with natural ventilation.     

The Resistance to Air Flow of Farm Building Ventilation Components

The static air pressure change (pressure drop) across a variety of ventilation components used in agricultural buildings was measured. Twenty-one ventilated wall claddings and ten roof ventilation arrangements were tested. The pressure drops across these items were measured at air approach speeds between 0·05 and 1·7 m/s. Despite the low Reynolds number of the air flow involved, pressure drops varied with the square of air velocity. This allows the pressure drop characteristics of the items measured to be described by a pressure loss coefficient, k. The values of k for the various items tested are given. The use of k, which simplifies the calculation of pressure losses in complex ventilation paths, is described.     

畜禽粪便堆肥大气污染物排放及其控制研究进展

针对畜禽粪便好氧堆肥过程中大气污染物的排放特性及其控制开展了国内外文献调研。畜禽粪便好氧堆肥过程中会产生CH₄、N₂O、CO₂等温室气体及NH₃、H₂S、VOCs等恶臭气体，其中CH₄、N₂O、NH₃是堆肥过程排放的主要大气污染物。堆肥过程中大气污染物的排放主要受原料、堆肥方式、氧含量等影响。源头控制技术和末端控制技术可实现堆肥过程中大气污染物的有效减排。源头控制技术主要通过优化堆肥工艺、外加添加剂等实现污染物的源头减量；末端控制技术主要采用生物法、化学洗涤法、吸附法等去除废气污染物。在文献调研基础上，提出了“源头控制+末端治理”的堆肥大气污染物全过程控制技术路线。      

Effect of Additives on Grass Silage Fermentation and Effluent Production,and on Intake and Liveweight Change of Young Cattle

Data from 11 experiments, conducted mainly at ADAS Liscombe Research Centre during 1989–1992, were used to compare silages made with additives which included formic acid, an acid–salt-type additive, sulphuric acid, liquid inoculant and a cultured inoculant with a non-additive-treated control. The silages were made from herbage with dry matter (DM) 170 g/kg and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) 21 g/kg.Compared with the non-additive-treated silage, formic-acid treatment significantly reduced silage pH, ammonia–N, acetic acid, butyric acid, total short-chain fatty acid and total acid content and significantly increased the proportion of lactic acid expressed as a proportion of the total acids. The acid–salt-type additive significantly decreased pH, lactic acid, acetic acid, total short-chain fatty acids and total acid content and significantly increased WSC. Sulphuric acid significantly reduced pH and ammonia-N. The liquid inoculant had no significant effect upon any silage fermentation parameters, and the cultured inoculant significantly reduced pH and acetic acid and significantly increased the proportion of lactic acid expressed as a proportion of total acids.Effluent production was higher with acid treament, but the effect was not significant. The effluent from the acid–salt-type additive-treated silage had a significantly higher DM and WSC than the other treatments.The silage DM intakes of the formic acid (5·36 kg/d), sulphuric acid (5·29 kg/d) and the acid–salt-type additive (5·20 kg/d) were significantly higher than those of the untreated silage (4·76 kg/d), and the daily live-weight gains given by the acid–salt-type additive (0·71 kg/d) and formic acid (0·68 kg/d) treated silages were significantly higher than those of the untreated silage (0·58 kg/d).It is suggested that the improvements in silage preservation obtained from additive use at ensilage were closely reflected in terms of animal performance. The acid– salt-type additive and formic-acid treatments were most effective, the liquid inoculant and sulphuric acid inter mediate between the acid–salt-type additive or formic acid and untreated silage, whilst the cultured inoculant was similar to untreated silage.     

Control of Gaseous Emissions from Livestock Buildings and Manure Stores

Agricultural animal production is increasingly regarded as a source of gases which are both aggravating and ecologically harmful. An overview of the origin, number and quantity of trace gases emitted from animal housing and from manure stores is presented and possible means of preventing or reducing them are discussed.Of the 136 trace gases in the air of animal houses, ammonia and methane present the greatest risk to the environment. Quantitative information on concentrations found in air is available for only 23 of these gases. The gases are emitted principally from freshly deposited and stored excreta, from animal feed and from the animals themselves. Future work should determine sources and quantities of the gases emitted from animal housing more precisely and should aim to investigate the potential of these gases to cause damage to man, animals and environment.Total ammonia emissions from animal production in the former West Germany are estimated as approximately 300 000 to 700 000 t/a. It is calculated that between 10 and 23 kg/ha of nitrogen a year enters the soil via the air from these sources, the average of which is higher than the average "critical loads" for most natural habitats. However, there is still a shortage of satisfactory information on the extent of emissions, in particular on those from naturally ventilated animal houses. Ammonia has a direct effect on the trees in the area surrounding animal houses and is also transported long distances through the air causing eutrophication and acidification of water and soil. This frequently results in changes in plant ecology, hence reducing plant diversity.Reduction measures must begin with the housing and manure removal systems and with feeding and management. Factors such as the protein content of feeds, the pH value of slurry and feed additives, air temperature, air exchange rate and litter affect the extent of ammonia emissions from animal housing. Sustained reduction of emissions from outdoor stores is possible by using various coverings. The greatest research need is perceived to be in the area of feed practices which reduce nitrogen and the development of low emission housing and manure removal systems as well as in a detailed compilation of emission factors.As regards the environment, probably the most important carbon-containing gas is methane, which contributes to the "greenhouse effect". Emissions from animal husbandry in Germany are estimated at about 2Mt/a. This corresponds to 0·15% of the assumed global emission from all sources. There is still little knowledge about the quantities of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N₂0) released from agricultural animals. It is estimated that agriculture in Germany emits between 5 and 23 kt/a.It will take some time for reduction measures to be put into practice and the possibility of reducing livestock numbers should also be included in the discussion. Ammonia emissions from animal production represent a considerable loss in valuable fertilizer nitrogen. A reduction in emissions is therefore necessary not only for environmental protection but also to minimize economic loss.     

飞灰添加量对沼渣、牛粪共堆肥的影响

为改善沼渣、牛粪共堆肥低磷和低钾等问题，向共堆肥肥堆中添加生物质飞灰，对堆肥过程中堆体理化特性进行分析。选取飞灰添加量为8%、12%、20%和25%，按四分法每10天取样记录含水率、电导率、总碳、总氮、总磷和总钾等变化，分析研究飞灰添加量对沼渣、牛粪共堆肥的影响。结果表明：当飞灰的添加量由8%增加到25%，堆体的含水率增加，但是当添加量超过12%时，对含水率影响不大，最终维持在58%左右；飞灰中的碱金属等物质的存在，中和好氧发酵过程产生的酸，提高堆体的pH值，同时还提高堆体的电导率，改善堆体的发酵环境；飞灰中的生物炭和钾等成分提高堆体的总碳和总钾含量，60天腐熟后，堆体的总碳含量由37.37%增加到47.81%，总钾含量最大值为35.74 g/kg，但是对总氮和总磷含量的影响不明显。然而过高的飞灰添加量会抑制微生物的生长，从而降低发酵速率和产品质量。     

通风方式对牛粪堆肥氨气排放与氮素转化的影响

为揭示通风方式对好氧堆肥过程中氮素转化及损失的影响,设置连续通风T1（通风速率0.2L/（min·kg））和间歇通风T2（平均通风速率0.2L/（min·kg）,通风10min,间歇10min）2个处理,以牛粪和玉米秸秆为原料在反应器中进行好氧堆肥试验。结果表明,堆肥结束后T1和T2处理总氮（TN）损失分别占初始 TN 23.25%和21.12%, TN的损失以NH3挥发为主,分别占 TN损失的74.76%和61.84%,而以N2O排放损失的氮仅占 TN损失的1.12%和1.37%。NH3挥发主要集中在堆肥初期,主要是因为较高的温度和pH值所致,至堆肥结束时T2处理NH3累积排放量比T1处理少24.37%。不同通风方式对堆肥过程中NH+4N和NO-3N的含量变化也产生显著影响,到堆肥结束时,T2处理相比T1处理,其NH+4N含量低11%,而NO-3N含量高6.7%,T2处理酸解总有机氮含量比T1处理高12.4%,说明间歇通风有利于硝化作用和氨同化作用的进行。结构方程模型（SEM）显示,T2处理不同有机氮对NH+4N含量的总影响从大到小顺序为：酰胺态氮(1.006)、氨基糖态氮(0.485)、酸解未知态氮(0.034)、氨基酸态氮(-0.852),说明NH+4N来源于酰胺态氮、氨基糖态氮和酸解未知态氮,同时NH+4N可以通过氨同化作用生成氨基酸态氮,间歇通风能促进NH+4N向氨基酸态氮的转化。间歇通风方式通过抑制有机氮向NH+4N的转化,降低堆肥过程中由NH3排放造成的氮素损失。     

粉煤灰和猪粪好氧混合堆肥过程中养分转化研究

以猪粪为堆肥原材料,以玉米秸秆粉为调理剂,并添加干质量分数为0、2.5％、5.0％、7.5％和10％的粉煤灰进行90 d好氧堆肥,研究不同用量粉煤灰对猪粪堆肥过程中养分转化的影响。结果表明：添加粉煤灰能提高堆体的pH值,但在后期对电导率（EC）的增加有一定的抑制;碳氮比随着堆肥时间的延长而降低,而总氮（TN）则相反;当粉煤灰质量分数达10%时,在60d后堆体TN明显降低;添加粉煤灰对NH+4-N无明显影响,而所有添加粉煤灰均会抑制堆肥中NO3-N 的生成,且与粉煤灰用量呈正相关;添加粉煤灰对总磷（TP）和总钾（TK）的影响不大,但会抑制雪里蕻根部的生长。结合发芽率试验结果可以认为,90 d的试验中所添加的粉煤灰对猪粪堆肥的腐熟没有影响。     

宁夏黄土高原区滴灌青贮玉米灌溉参数试验研究

针对宁夏黄土高原区青贮玉米灌溉土地生产效率低、灌溉方式粗放、对产量影响不明确等技术问题,通过田间试验,分析不同土壤水分下限对滴灌青贮玉米株高、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分生产效率及产量的影响。结果表明:1青贮玉米株高增加量,处理F7最大,F8次之,F4最低;2日平均净光合速率,处理F7最高,为20.08μmol/(m~2·s),处理F1最低,为8.01μmol/(m~2·s);日平均蒸腾速率,处理F8最高,为3.57 mmol/(m\+2·s),处理F1最小,为1.71 mmol/(m~2·s);3处理F7产量最高,为89 724 kg/hm~2,处理F1最低,为57 136.5 kg/hm~2,同时,处理F7水分生产效率也达到最大值,为20.67 kg/m3;综合考虑作物产量和水分生产效率,滴灌青贮玉米土壤水分下限以处理F7为宜。