枸杞岛贻贝养殖海域碳通量及固碳能力研究

为研究枸杞岛贻贝养殖海域不同季节碳通量及固碳能力, 本研究在 2020―2021 年监测和分析了养殖海域温度、盐度、pH、总碱度(TA)及水体中溶解无机碳(DIC)、溶解有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)分布特征, 估算了枸杞岛贻贝养殖海域表层海水二氧化碳分压(pCO₂)及海–气界面二氧化碳交换通量(FCO₂)值, 并分析 pCO₂ 的影响因素, 探讨枸杞岛贻贝养殖海域固碳能力。结果表明, 枸杞岛海域表层海水 4 个季节的温度、盐度、pH、TA、DIC、 DOC、POC 的空间分布在季节上差异极显著(P＜0.01)。枸杞岛海域 pCO₂ 全年的变化范围为 65.19~719.1 μatm, 水团混合和生物活动等是影响海域表层海水 pCO₂ 的重要因素。枸杞岛贻贝养殖海域 FCO₂ 值的变化范围为–63.75~ 99.18 mmol/(m² ·d), 四季变化极显著(P＜0.01), 全年碳分布格局有较大差异, 其中, 春、夏、秋三季均为碳汇, 分别为 (–18.86±12) mmol/(m² ·d), (–11.59±7.95) mmol/(m² ·d), (–3.61±37.22) mmol/(m² ·d), 冬季为碳源[(78.24±5.09) mmol/(m² ·d)]。枸杞岛贻贝养殖区 FCO₂ 值均高于外海非养殖区, 且达到显著水平(P＜0.05), 是弱汇区。本研究区域内贝壳固碳量为 18425.59 t, 贻贝软组织固碳量为 4973.97 t, 单位面积贻贝固碳量达 22.83 t/hm² 。该研究可为贝类养殖碳汇评价提供参考。     

Submersible structures for shellfish culture

Recent developments in aquaculture in Atlantic Canada have demonstrated a need for suitable structures for the growing of mussels and oysters. One of the greatest difficulties encountered has been damage to rafts and other equipment caused by winter ice. In order to avoid this damage and some other difficulties, a growing system based on submersible structures has been proposed. Accordingly, four prototype systems made largely of wood with plastic vessels for floatation have been built and tested over a period of 18 months. The results have demonstrated the feasibility of submersible systems based on the prototypes.     

杭州湾南岸滩涂贝类养殖环境中微生物数量分布及其类群

研究了杭州湾南岸慈溪滩涂贝类养殖区的微生物在水平、垂直及季节变化的分布规律。结果表明:3个采样区的异养细菌的数量变动在1.62×103~6.62×105cfu.g-1之间,平均值为4.28×104cfu.g-1,细菌数量在春季和夏季的数量偏低,10月份异养细菌的数量开始上升,并于11月份达到最高,表层高于底层;其中以革兰氏阳性菌比例最高,为主要的优势种,具有陆源性特点。各站位反硝化细菌、氨化细菌和硫酸还原菌的检出率均为100%,都维持在一个较高的水平,整体上数量具有表层高于底层的特点,3种微生物在数量上的季节演替与异养细菌具有类似的结果,均为10-11月达到最大。     

贝类养殖吊笼水动力特性的实验研究

通过模型实验的方法分别探讨了规则波和均匀流作用下贝类养殖吊笼的水动力特性,并分析了贝类养殖密度对吊笼受力的影响。在波浪作用下,基于莫里森方程,通过最小二乘法计算水动力系数C_d和惯性力系数C_m值;在水流作用下,利用简化莫里森公式反推出C_d值;分析了Kc数、雷诺数Re和养殖密度对C_d和C_m的影响。结果显示:吊笼的运动幅度及受力随着波高、周期及流速的增大而增大;随着贝类养殖密度的增大,吊笼受到的水平力逐渐增大,而吊笼的运动幅度逐渐减小;在波浪效应下,随着Kc数、Re的增大,C_d有略微增大趋势,而C_m则先增大后趋于常数;在水流作用下,C_d值随着雷诺数Re的增大无显著变化;在同一工况下,C_d随着贝类养殖密度的增加而增大,而C_m相应减小。研究表明,本实验得出的吊笼水动力系数可作为计算吊笼波浪力和流阻力时的取值参考。     

胶州湾贝类养殖区氮、磷污染现状及动态变化

依据2011年3、5、8、10月和1997～2010年5、8、10月水环境调查资料,对胶州湾贝类养殖区氮、磷污染现状及动态变化进行了分析与评价,并分析了海水富营养化的成因,可为赤潮的预测预警提供基础资料.结果表明,1)2011年胶州湾贝类养殖区氮、磷污染较为严重,除3月其含量符合标准要求外,5、8、10月均存在氮、磷污染,其中无机氮超标率为11.11％～100％,活性磷酸盐超标率为33.33％～66.67％,无机氮超标率均值高于活性磷酸盐.2)氮、磷污染程度具有明显的季节变化,以10月最重,8月次之,3月最轻.无机氮和活性磷酸盐污染指数均值分别为1.35和0.93,氮污染重于磷污染.3)氮、磷营养盐空间分布不均,贝类养殖区西部和东部海域氮、磷含量高于中部海域,空间分异程度为8月＞3月＞5月＞10月.4)海水富营养化程度较为严重,2011年3、5、8、10月富营养化站位所占比例为44.44％～100％,营养指数均值为1.09～6.99,海水富营养化严重程度依次为8月＞10月＞5月＞3月.5)2011年各调查月份养殖区海水中N/P比值为20.96～43.22,除5月部分测站N/P比值小于Redfield比值,其他3个月份N/P比值均大于Redfield比值,活性磷酸盐可能成为浮游植物生长的主要限制因子之一.6)氮、磷污染指数具有明显的年际变化,其中无机氮污染指数2008年最高,1997和2000年最低;活性磷酸盐污染指数1997年最高,2011年最低.7)海水富营养化成因复杂,径流携带大量氮、磷等营养物质入海和贝类养殖自身污染是造成胶州湾贝类养殖区海水富营养化的主因.近年胶州湾贝类养殖区氮、磷污染状况并无明显改善,海水富营养化依然严重,存在发生赤潮的可能性.     

Probiotics in fish and shellfish culture: immunomodulatory and ecophysiological responses

Aquaculture is emerging as one of the most viable and promising enterprises for keeping pace with the surging need for animal protein, providing nutritional and food security to humans, particularly those residing in regions where livestock is relatively scarce. With every step toward intensification of aquaculture practices, there is an increase in the stress level in the animal as well as the environment. Hence, disease outbreak is being increasingly recognized as one of the most important constraints to aquaculture production in many countries, including India. Conventionally, the disease control in aquaculture has relied on the use of chemical compounds and antibiotics. The development of non-antibiotic and environmentally friendly agents is one of the key factors for health management in aquaculture. Consequently, with the emerging need for environmentally friendly aquaculture, the use of alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in fish nutrition is now widely accepted. In recent years, probiotics have taken center stage and are being used as an unconventional approach that has numerous beneficial effects in fish and shellfish culture: improved activity of gastrointestinal microbiota and enhanced immune status, disease resistance, survival, feed utilization and growth performance. As natural products, probiotics have much potential to increase the efficiency and sustainability of aquaculture production. Therefore, comprehensive research to fully characterize the intestinal microbiota of prominent fish species, mechanisms of action of probiotics and their effects on the intestinal ecosystem, immunity, fish health and performance is reasonable. This review highlights the classifications and applications of probiotics in aquaculture. The review also summarizes the advancement and research highlights of the probiotic status and mode of action, which are of great significance from an ecofriendly, sustainable, intensive aquaculture point of view.     

福建围头湾贝类的养殖容量

通过对围头湾的叶绿素a含量、初级生产力、潮下带、潮间带和吊养区非养殖滤食性动物现存量、养殖贝类有机碳含量及其含壳重与鲜组织重的比值等模型参数的调查测定和检测分析,并参照邻近大嶝岛海域的浮游植物有机碳含量、养殖贝类的滤水率和参照附近深沪湾的生态效率,采用营养动态模型和沿岸海域能流分析模型估算了该海域贝类生态容量,进而扣除野生滤食性动物现存量,估算贝类养殖容量；同时应用方建光模型估算贝类的养殖容量；还采用统计分析法估算贝类及其各养殖品种的适养面积,目的在于控制该海域贝类的养殖量和对各种贝类养殖量进行优化配置。3种模型估算的贝类养殖容量分别为111 720 t,508 246×10~4 ind；112 072 t,509 849×10~4 ind和114 504 t,520 789×10~4 ind,平均112 765 t,512 991 ind；适养面积为3 905 hm~2,其中牡蛎2 956 hm~2,缢蛏359 hm~2,菲律宾蛤仔489 hm~2,翡翠贻贝11 hm~2,凸壳肌蛤90 hm~2。1999年贝类养殖总面积1 894 hm~2,尚有2 011 hm~2可再扩大养殖的潜力。     

福建诏安湾贝类养殖容量的研究

通过现场对诏安湾叶绿素a含量、初级生产力、生态效率、浮游植物有机碳含量、养殖贝类有机碳含量及其含壳重与鲜组织重比值、养殖贝类和野生滤食性动物滤水率、潮间带和潮下带及吊养区附着滤食性动物现存量等的调查获得模型参数,应用营养动态模型、沿岸能流模型估算贝类生态容量,进而扣除野生滤食性动物现存量形成贝类的养殖容量,同时采用贝类能量收支模型估算贝类养殖容量。3种模式估算的贝类养殖容量分别为58469t,288260×104ind;60275t,297167×104ind;61532t,30336×104ind;平均60092t,296263×104ind。并且采用统计分析法估算贝类及其各品种的适养面积。贝类适养总面积为2755hm2,其中缢蛏25hm2,牡蛎1560hm2,翡翠贻贝215hm2,菲律宾蛤仔120hm2,泥蚶30hm2,凸壳肌蛤95hm2,波纹巴非蛤710hm2。     

流沙湾贝类养殖海域环境质量评价

根据2008年5月至2009年2月对流沙湾贝类养殖海域渔业环境综合调查的数据,对海水环境质量的现状进行了分析讨论,综合评价了海水有机污染和营养水平,并对沉积物重金属的累积程度和潜在生态危害进行了评价。结果表明,调查海域盐度、溶解氧（DO）、化学耗氧量（COD）、无机氮（DIN）和活性磷酸盐（PO4^3-）呈季节性变化,其中盐度和DIN的季节变化与该海域季节性降水有关,而DO、COD和PO4^3-的变化与浮游植物和贝类养殖有关。评价结果显示,流沙湾海域水质清洁,海水氮（N）营养盐过剩而磷（P）贫乏,属于P限制型中等富营养化海域;调查海域沉积物中砷（As）和铅（Pb）处于无污染状态,汞（Hg）和镉（Cd）处于轻度污染,铜（cu）在部分区域处于中度污染状态;Ca、Pb、As、锌（Zn）和铬（Cr）的潜在生态危害属于轻微,Hg和Cd的潜在生态危害处于中等强度。     

南黄海滩涂9种底栖贝类中硒含量的调查

为调查南黄海滩涂9种底栖贝类中硒的含量,采用氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)对海洋贝类中硒含量进行测定和分析.结果:南黄海滩涂9种底栖贝类中角螺软体的硒含量最高,达到1.776 mg/kg,其次为缢蛏,硒含量为1.464 mg/kg.泥螺和文蛤中硒含量相对较低,为0.388 mg/kg和0.316 mg/kg.南黄海滩涂底栖贝类中硒含量较高,但是不同海洋贝类软体中硒含量存在显著差异.     

Impact of shellfish farming eutrophication on benthic macrophyte communities in the Thau lagoon, France

In a large marine lagoon (Thau lagoon, southern France) with a shellfish farming dominant eutrophication, the macrophyte communities were sampled by six transects of three depths (1.5, 2.5 and 5 m) and their characteristics (species composition, diversity and biomass) were described in relation to environmental and sediment parameters. With increasing eutrophication (total inorganic nitrogen, 0.140-0.295 mg l-1; dissolved reactive phosphorus, 0.045-0.110 mg l-1; and N/P atomic ratio, 3-22), silt fraction and shell fragments in sediments increased (12-93 and 0-65% dry wt respectively). Different types of macrophytic communities could be defined in the shallow zone (1.5-2.5 m) corresponding to four main and successive stages of degradation. A pure eelgrass stand (Zostera marina and Z. noltii) and an eelgrass community colonized by macroalgae were observed in SW sites and could be distinguished by their sedimentary features. In sites (NE) more affected by eutrophication (fine-textured sediment), available incident light determined two main seaweed communities: an Ulva rigida community, outside the shellfish tables, and a Gracilaria bursa-pastoris community in the shellfish tables (lower incident light).     

渤海海域唐山贝类养殖区腹泻性和麻痹性贝类毒素的监测与风险评估

为监测渤海海域唐山贝类养殖区贝类毒素的污染情况,防止食用贝类中毒事件发生,于2019年10月—2020年9月间,每月持续在渤海海域唐山贝类养殖区采集四角蛤(Mactra veneriformis)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)、脉红螺(Rapana venosa)、牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)、青蛤(Cyclina sinensis)、文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)和硬壳蛤(Mercenaria mercenaria) 7种经济贝类样品,采用高效液相色谱–串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)法测试了5种腹泻性贝类毒素(diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, DSP)和14种麻痹性贝类毒素(paralytic shellfish poisoning, PSP)。结果显示,在7种经济贝类样品中均未检出DSP。检出的PSP成分包括石房蛤毒素(Saxitoxin, STX)、膝沟藻毒素1 (Gonyautoxin 1, GTX 1)、膝沟藻毒素2 (Gonyautoxin 2, GTX 2)和脱氨甲酰基膝沟藻毒素3 (Ddecarbamoy l gonyautoxin 3, dcGTX 3),其中,GTX 1含量最高且最高值为537.95 μg/kg。不同季节贝类毒素蓄积含量有一定差异,PSP主要集中在4月检出。菲律宾蛤仔、牡蛎、文蛤和硬壳蛤中PSP的检出率分别为11.76%、47.06%、5.90%和8.82%,其他贝类均未检出。PSP总量均低于欧盟及中国的食用安全限量标准800 μg STXeq/kg。应用风险熵值法和点评估法进行食用安全风险评估,显示风险熵值和暴露风险指数均在安全范围内,结果表明,渤海海域唐山贝类养殖区7种经济贝类不存在食用安全风险。     

链状亚历山大藻暴露下紫贻贝体内麻痹性贝毒蓄积转化规律

本研究将紫贻贝(Mytilus galloprovincialis)暴露于一株麻痹性贝类毒素(paralytic shellfish toxins, PSTs)优势产毒藻——链状亚历山大藻(Alexandrium catenella, GY-H25株),模拟现场赤潮藻密度,探究了紫贻贝内脏团和可食组织中蓄积代谢及生物转化过程,并通过蓄积代谢动力学,重点比较了不同细胞密度GY-H25对紫贻贝体内毒素蓄积代谢和转化情况的影响。结果显示,GY-H25生长及产毒稳定,PSTs组分主要为N-磺酰胺甲酰基类毒素(C1和C2),单细胞最高产毒能力为2.96 pg STXeq/cell。暴露实验中,紫贻贝对PSTs有较强的蓄积作用,2种暴露浓度下PSTs含量变化趋势一致,实验结束时,2种暴露组紫贻贝内脏团中PSTs均超过欧盟国际限量标准(800 μg STXeq/kg),但可食组织则均低于限量标准;比较发现,高浓度组紫贻贝内脏团最高蓄积浓度达到6 815.36 μg STXeq/kg,且高浓度组暴露期间平均蓄积速率为17.89%,显著高于低浓度组13.06%的蓄积速率。另外,紫贻贝对PSTs表现出较强的生物转化能力,在对C1、C2和GTX5三者的转化研究中发现,快速代谢时期和平稳期C2→GTX5的转化为GTX5生成的主要途径,同时期C1的相关转化中C1→GTX5途径超过C2→C1,致使C1整体占比减少。综合评估紫贻贝中PSTs转化产物和毒性当量因子(toxic equivalency factor, TEF),发现紫贻贝对PSTs代谢转化进一步促使高毒性GTX5的生成和占比提升,总体终端毒性升高,这也可能是秦皇岛紫贻贝中PSTs风险严峻的主要原因之一。因此,本研究有助于科学评估紫贻贝中PSTs风险,为建立区域性风险监测技术提供科学基础。     

Goods and services of extensive aquaculture: shellfish culture and nutrient trading

Bivalve shellfish play an important role in top-down control of primary symptoms of eutrophication. This short-circuits the process of organic decomposition and promotes an enhancement of underwater light climate, improved oxygenation of bottom water, and restoration of submerged aquatic vegetation. This review analyses this ecosystem service as a potential actor in watershed-level nutrient credit trading programmes and explores the possibilities of implementation of such programmes in Europe. We examine the different components of the issue, including the eutrophication status of European coastal waters, legal and management instruments, and the use of mathematical models at both the ecosystem and farm scales to evaluate the potential removal of nitrogen by cultivated shellfish such as oysters, mussels, and clams. The annual European bivalve shellfish production of over 700,000 metric tons is estimated to generate a nitrogen removal of 46,800 t year^?1, equivalent to 14 × 10⁶ population equivalent, and a minimum value of 507 × 10⁶ €. We discuss future directions for this topic in Europe, drawing from ongoing research in the USA and elsewhere, in the light of the twin challenges of European aquaculture expansion and implementation of EU directives.     

桑沟湾贝类筏式养殖与环境相互作用研究

2003年6~10月和2004年3月利用YSI6600多参数水质监测仪和SD6000全自动海流计以及石膏块对桑沟湾扇贝筏式养殖区养殖设施内外、扇贝养殖笼内外部分环境参数(pH、DO、叶绿素a、海流)的动态变化进行了系统研究。实验结果表明:(1)扇贝筏式养殖区内外流速及叶绿素a浓度衰减显著:经过20排筏架(约105m)后,养殖区内的海水平均流速由区外的7·50±5·29降到5·28±3·23cm·s~(-1),降低了29·6%,区内外海流的主流向没有显著改变;进入养殖系统的叶绿素a浓度由2·48降低到了1·19μg·L~(-1),减少了52%;养殖区内的pH和溶解氧与区外相比变化不大;(2)扇贝养殖笼内外环境因子发生显著的变化:2003年7月1日养殖笼内外水交换率可达80·5%,1个月后下降到只有23·6%;2004年10月份养殖笼内叶绿素a浓度降低到仅有1·57μg·L~(-1),较之笼外的4·20μg·L~(-1)来说,减少了62·6%;养殖笼外pH基本保持在8·0左右,笼内的pH却一直趋于下降趋势,到9月份降到了最低值7·46;在附着生物附着盛期的8、9月份,笼内溶解氧最低值降低到了5·13mg·L~(-1),比起笼外的7·04mg·L~(-1)来说,减少了27·1%。     

Accumulation of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in bivalves and an ascidian fed on Alexandrium tamarense cells

SUMMARY: Cultured cells of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense were fed to four species of bivalves and an ascidian to examine the interspecific differences in the ability to accumulate paralytic shellfish toxins. The specimens of each species were reared in the same tank. All the species ingested almost all the cells fed and became toxic. Marked individual differences in toxin accumulation was observed in all the species. However, the average amounts of accumulated toxins increased during feeding. When the animals were fed on the same amount of cells, they accumulated almost the same amounts of toxins, indicating that interspecific differences in toxin accumulation observed in nature is due to the difference in ingestion behavior of the animals under natural conditions.     

Rock crab predation of juvenile sea scallops: the functional response and its implications for bottom culture

The functional response describes how consumption rate of individual predators changes as prey density changes, and can have important implications for the bottom culture of scallops. We examined (i) the functional response of rock crabs (Cancer irroratus) preying on juvenile sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus); (ii) the effect of substrate type and scallop size on the functional response; and (iii) the underlying behavioural mechanisms of observed functional responses. Specifically, we quantified predation rate and behaviours, such as the proportion of time spent searching for prey, encounter rate between predators and prey and the outcomes of encounters, when individual rock crabs were offered a range of scallop density (2–50 or 11–111 scallops m⁻²) and two size classes of scallops (∼ ∼25 and ∼ ∼35 mm shell height) on two different substrate types (“glass-bottom” and “granule”). We found that crab predation rate on small juvenile scallops increased at a decelerating rate with prey density to a plateau at high prey density on both substrates, indicating a hyperbolic (type II) functional response. Crab predation rate on large juvenile scallops was independent of prey density (i.e., no functional response evident), suggesting that crabs were at their satiation level. Prey density did not influence any behaviour except encounter rate on small juvenile scallops, which increased as prey density increased. Substrate type influenced crab predation: maximum predation rate of crabs on small juvenile scallops and encounter rate with either size of juvenile scallops was lower on granule than on glass-bottom. Our results in the laboratory suggest that crabs could potentially be swamped if scallops are seeded at a high density in the field. However, many factors in the field may influence the functional response. For example, the presence of multiple prey types may lead to sigmoid functional responses, while the presence of many crab individuals may lead to aggregation of crabs in areas of high prey density.     

刺参池塘底栖真核生物DGGE指纹结构与环境理化因子的相关性分析

采用基于18S rDNA PCR-DGGE技术对刺参池塘养殖系统底栖真核生物群落结构与环境理化因子进行分析.结果表明,刺参养殖池塘系统中附着基真核生物DNA指纹图谱均呈现出了丰富的多样性,成参养殖池塘分别获得26、25、25条扩增条带,幼参养殖池塘分别获得20、22条扩增条带;刺参养殖池塘中叶绿素、总磷、总氮、溶氧分别为2.037～5.383 μg/L、0.016～0.039 mg/L、1.863～3.562 mg/L、4.06～6.18mg/L,成参养殖池塘的各项理化指标值均高于幼参养殖池塘.通过指纹图谱和理化因子的聚类分析可以看出,附着基底栖真核生物DGGE指纹图谱与环境中理化因子聚类分析图相吻合,说明不同刺参养殖池塘底栖真核生物群落DNA指纹与养殖环境的理化因子密切相关.本研究通过DGGE技术分析刺参池塘附着基底栖真核生物指纹图谱,进而分析与环境中理化因子的关系,为建立底栖真核生物群落DNA指纹结构与水体理化指标之间的关系提供科学依据.     

淡水养殖水体氨氮积累危害及生物控制的研究现状

随着淡水养殖集约化规模的扩大,水体氨态氮及亚硝态氮的控制成为水质控制的关键。本文由水体的氮循环过程浅析了养殖水体氨氮积累的成因及危害,综述了淡水养殖中利用生物方法降低水体氨氮的研究及应用现状。     

桑沟湾贝类养殖水域沉积物再悬浮的动力机制及其对水体中营养盐的影响

基于海流、波浪、水环境和沉积环境指标的实测资料,探讨了桑沟湾贝类养殖水域沉积物再悬浮的动力机制,并估算了一次大的动力过程作用下桑沟湾沉积物中氮、磷营养盐的释放量。结果表明,(1)在小风速(≤5.0m/s)条件下,波浪在海水-沉积物界面产生的切应力量值与底流切应力大致相当;在较大风速(5.0～11.8m/s)条件下,波浪切应力比底流切应力高出一个量级;(2)当风浪较小(风速≤3.6m/s)时,随底层流速的周期性变化,底层水体浊度变化并未呈现出明显的规律性,二者相关系数值仅为0.22,这说明底流作用只会引起沉积物的水平输运,对沉积物再悬浮的贡献相对较小,沉积物再悬浮的动力主要来自波浪扰动;(3)据估计,桑沟湾贝类养殖水域沉积物再悬浮的临界波浪切应力在0.04N/m2左右,对应的风速约为8m/s;(4)据估算,一次大的动力过程作用下桑沟湾沉积物中无机氮和活性磷酸盐的最大释放量,春季分别为10.24t和1.71t,这相当于全湾水体中无机氮平均含量增加9.54μg/L,活性磷酸盐平均含量增加1.59μg/L;夏季分别为11.04t和0.95t,相当于全湾水体中无机氮平均含量增加10.28μg/L,活性磷酸盐平均含量增加0.88μg/L;(5)贝类养殖使桑沟湾生物沉积作用加强,而沉积物再悬浮造成的内源释放,又对桑沟湾的水产养殖产生反馈作用。