PTEN磷酸酶活性对人乳腺癌ZR-75-1细胞的迁移及粘着斑激酶磷酸化水平的影响

目的:探讨PTEN磷酸酶活性对ZR-75-1人乳腺癌细胞迁移及粘着斑激酶磷酸化水平的影响。方法:用有和无磷酸酶活性的两种PTEN表达质粒(W t和G 129)转染人乳腺癌细胞株ZR-75-1,用人工基底膜侵袭试验检测其转染前后的迁移能力,以W estern-b lot检测未转染的ZR-75-1和两种表达质粒的ZR-75-1磷酸化粘着斑激酶水平。结果:转染后有磷酸酶活性、无磷酸酶活细胞与未转染ZR-75-1细胞间侵袭抑制率、运动抑制率差异有显著性(P<0.01)。各组细胞间总FAK(粘着斑激酶)水平无明显差异,而W T-PTEN与G 129和ZR-75-1组FAK 397位酪氨酸磷化水平有明显差异。结论:PTEN具有抑制乳腺癌细胞ZR-75-1转移的作用,其机制可能与PTEN使FAK去磷酸化有关。     

Living with lethal PIP3 levels: viability of flies lacking PTEN restored by a PH domain mutation in Akt/PKB

The phosphoinositide phosphatase PTEN is mutated in many human cancers. Although the role of PTEN has been studied extensively, the relative contributions of its numerous potential downstream effectors to deregulated growth and tumorigenesis remain uncertain. We provide genetic evidence in Drosophila melanogaster for the paramount importance of the protein kinase Akt [also called protein kinase B (PKB)] in mediating the effects of increased phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) concentrations that are caused by the loss of PTEN function. A mutation in the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of Akt that reduces its affinity for PIP3 sufficed to rescue the lethality of flies devoid of PTEN activity. Thus, Akt appears to be the only critical target activated by increased PIP3 concentrations in Drosophila.     

转染抑癌基因PTEN对人乳腺癌ZR-75-1细胞的细胞周期和增殖能力的影响

目的：观察PTEN（phosphatase and tensin homology deleted on chromosome ten，第10号染色体上磷酸酶和张力蛋白同源缺失的基因）对人乳腺癌细胞ZR-75-1细胞增殖和细胞周期的影响。方法；利用脂质体介导法将携带有野生型和突变型PTEN cDNA的真核表达载体pBP—wt—PTEN和pBP—G129R—PTEN导八人乳腺癌ZR-75-1细胞（质粒转染成功后实验分为C—WT—PTEN组、CG129R—PTEN组和未转染质粒组即对照组）后，以RT—PCR、Western blot分析目的基因的表达，并采用MTT法和流式细胞术检测细胞增殖和细胞周期。结果：C—WT—PTEN组、C—G129R—PTEN组细胞PTEN mRNA及PTEN蛋白出现明显的高表达。C—WT—PTEN组细胞生长的抑制率可高达42．7％，与对照组比较．差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。但C—G129R—PTEN组细胞生长的抑制率与对照组比较，差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。流式细胞术显示C—WT—PTEN组细胞周期从G1期到S期已发生抑制。结论：野生型PTEN可依赖其磷酸酶活性抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖,并最终诱导细胞凋亡。     

FBXW7 targets mTOR for degradation and cooperates with PTEN in tumor suppression

The enzyme mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) is a major target for therapeutic intervention to treat many human diseases, including cancer, but very little is known about the processes that control levels of mTOR protein. Here, we show that mTOR is targeted for ubiquitination and consequent degradation by binding to the tumor suppressor protein FBXW7. Human breast cancer cell lines and primary tumors showed a reciprocal relation between loss of FBXW7 and deletion or mutation of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog), which also activates mTOR. Tumor cell lines harboring deletions or mutations in FBXW7 are particularly sensitive to rapamycin treatment, which suggests that loss of FBXW7 may be a biomarker for human cancers susceptible to treatment with inhibitors of the mTOR pathway.     

Phosphoproteomic analysis identifies Grb10 as an mTORC1 substrate that negatively regulates insulin signaling

The evolutionarily conserved serine-threonine kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a critical role in regulating many pathophysiological processes. Functional characterization of the mTOR signaling pathways, however, has been hampered by the paucity of known substrates. We used large-scale quantitative phosphoproteomics experiments to define the signaling networks downstream of mTORC1 and mTORC2. Characterization of one mTORC1 substrate, the growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 (Grb10), showed that mTORC1-mediated phosphorylation stabilized Grb10, leading to feedback inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and extracellular signal-regulated, mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK-MAPK) pathways. Grb10 expression is frequently down-regulated in various cancers, and loss of Grb10 and loss of the well-established tumor suppressor phosphatase PTEN appear to be mutually exclusive events, suggesting that Grb10 might be a tumor suppressor regulated by mTORC1.     

Mutational analysis of the tyrosine phosphatome in colorectal cancers

Tyrosine phosphorylation, regulated by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) and kinases (PTKs), is important in signaling pathways underlying tumorigenesis. A mutational analysis of the tyrosine phosphatase gene superfamily in human cancers identified 83 somatic mutations in six PTPs (PTPRF, PTPRG, PTPRT, PTPN3, PTPN13, PTPN14), affecting 26% of colorectal cancers and a smaller fraction of lung, breast, and gastric cancers. Fifteen mutations were nonsense, frameshift, or splice-site alterations predicted to result in truncated proteins lacking phosphatase activity. Five missense mutations in the most commonly altered PTP (PTPRT) were biochemically examined and found to reduce phosphatase activity. Expression of wild-type but not a mutant PTPRT in human cancer cells inhibited cell growth. These observations suggest that the mutated tyrosine phosphatases are tumor suppressor genes, regulating cellular pathways that may be amenable to therapeutic intervention.     

拟南芥DNA_J结构域蛋白的生物信息学分析及其亚细胞定位验证

对拟南芥RSS1蛋白进行了一系列生物信息学分析,结果表明:该蛋白是一C端含有DNA_J结构域的辅助蛋白,其N端含有受体蛋白复合物AP-2结合区DPF/W和FxDxF区,中间区域含有可信度较低的丝氨酸富集区和谷氨酸富集区.该蛋白可能具有ATP结合活性、丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶活性和磷酸酶活性,可调控细胞循环和蛋白的磷酸化和去磷酸化作用.利用洋葱表皮瞬时表达系统验证了RSS1-GFP融合蛋白定位于细胞核中,为进一步研究该蛋白的分子和生物学功能奠定了良好基础.     

过表达沙门氏菌效应蛋白SopB对HeLa细胞骨架的影响

[目的]研究沙门氏菌感染宿州细胞过程中,沙门氏菌Ⅲ型分泌系统的效应蛋白SopB对宿主细胞细胞骨架的影响,同时寻找SopB蛋白调控细胞骨架变化的相关结构域。[方法]利用基因克隆的方法分别构建含鼠伤寒沙门氏菌LT2效应蛋白SopB的全长基因、SopBN末端基因片段及SopB肌醇磷脂酶活性中心氨基酸C460突变体的重组质粒,使其均在HeLa细胞中过量表达,对表达结果进行检测。[结果]SopB重组质粒在HeLa细胞中均能正常表达,其中SopB蛋白的过表达能显著改变HeLa细胞的细胞骨架,使细胞由正常的细胞形态转变为圆形。[结论]通过比较SopB各基因片段对细胞形态的影响,发现SopB过表达在改变HeLa细胞骨架方面与其N末端第46～112位氨基酸残基间的肽断直接相关,而与其肌醇磷脂酶活性关系不大。     

Regulation of cell polarity and protrusion formation by targeting RhoA for degradation

The Rho family of small guanosine triphosphatases regulates actin cytoskeleton dynamics that underlie cellular functions such as cell shape changes, migration, and polarity. We found that Smurf1, a HECT domain E3 ubiquitin ligase, regulated cell polarity and protrusive activity and was required to maintain the transformed morphology and motility of a tumor cell. Atypical protein kinase C zeta (PKCzeta), an effector of the Cdc42/Rac1-PAR6 polarity complex, recruited Smurf1 to cellular protrusions, where it controlled the local level of RhoA. Smurf1 thus links the polarity complex to degradation of RhoA in lamellipodia and filopodia to prevent RhoA signaling during dynamic membrane movements.     

Phosphorylation and regulation of Akt/PKB by the rictor-mTOR complex

Deregulation of Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) is implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer and diabetes. Akt/PKB activation requires the phosphorylation of Thr308 in the activation loop by the phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) and Ser473 within the carboxyl-terminal hydrophobic motif by an unknown kinase. We show that in Drosophila and human cells the target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase and its associated protein rictor are necessary for Ser473 phosphorylation and that a reduction in rictor or mammalian TOR (mTOR) expression inhibited an Akt/PKB effector. The rictor-mTOR complex directly phosphorylated Akt/PKB on Ser473 in vitro and facilitated Thr308 phosphorylation by PDK1. Rictor-mTOR may serve as a drug target in tumors that have lost the expression of PTEN, a tumor suppressor that opposes Akt/PKB activation.     

肝癌组织中PTEN和TIMP-3的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨抑癌基因PTEN和TIMP-3在肝细胞性肝癌（HCC）组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法收集30例HCC、癌旁组织和10例正常肝组织,用qRT-PCR、Western blot、免疫组化SP法检测PTEN、TIMP-3mRNA和蛋白表达,分析PTEN和TIMP-3表达与HCC临床病理特征的关系。结果癌组织中PTEN和TIMP-3mRNA和蛋白表达均明显低于癌旁组织、正常肝组织（P〈0.01）,且在癌旁组织中的表达亦明显低于正常肝组织（P〈0.01）。PTEN和TIMP-3蛋白表达在肝外转移、分化差、血清AFP≥400μg/L和Ⅲ～Ⅳ期肝癌组织中的表达明显低于无肝外转移、分化好、血清AFP〈400μg/L和Ⅰ～Ⅱ期肝癌（P〈0.01或0.05）者;两者在是否伴有肝硬化和不同肿瘤大小肝癌组织中的表达均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论 HCC癌组织中PTEN和TIMP-3表达下调,表达水平有助于判断HCC侵袭转移能力、临床分期和肝外转移。     

OSBP is a cholesterol-regulated scaffolding protein in control of ERK 1/2 activation

Oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) is the founding member of a family of sterol-binding proteins implicated in vesicle transport, lipid metabolism, and signal transduction. Here, OSBP was found to function as a cholesterol-binding scaffolding protein coordinating the activity of two phosphatases to control the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. Cytosolic OSBP formed a approximately 440-kilodalton oligomer with a member of the PTPPBS family of tyrosine phosphatases, the serine/threonine phosphatase PP2A, and cholesterol. This oligomer had dual specific phosphatase activity for phosphorylated ERK (pERK). When cell cholesterol was lowered, the oligomer disassembled and the level of pERK rose. The oligomer also disassembled when exposed to oxysterols. Increasing the amount of OSBP oligomer rendered cells resistant to the effects of cholesterol depletion and decreased the basal level of pERK. Thus, cholesterol functions through its interaction with OSBP outside of membranes to regulate the assembly of an oligomeric phosphatase that controls a key signaling pathway in the cell.     

ATM engages autodegradation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase COP1 after DNA damage

The ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase is a critical component of a DNA-damage response network configured to maintain genomic integrity. The abundance of an essential downstream effecter of this pathway, the tumor suppressor protein p53, is tightly regulated by controlled degradation through COP1 and other E3 ubiquitin ligases, such as MDM2 and Pirh2; however, the signal transduction pathway that regulates the COP1-p53 axis following DNA damage remains enigmatic. We observed that in response to DNA damage, ATM phosphorylated COP1 on Ser(387) and stimulated a rapid autodegradation mechanism. Ionizing radiation triggered an ATM-dependent movement of COP1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and ATM-dependent phosphorylation of COP1 on Ser(387) was both necessary and sufficient to disrupt the COP1-p53 complex and subsequently to abrogate the ubiquitination and degradation of p53. Furthermore, phosphorylation of COP1 on Ser(387) was required to permit p53 to become stabilized and to exert its tumor suppressor properties in response to DNA damage.     

Phosphatase mutants in Aspergillus nidulans

Three mutants at three different phosphatase loci produce inactive enzymes at 35 degrees C but partially or fully active enzynmes at 25 degrees C. Furthermore, a suppressor mutant (su5palA1) which restores alkaline phosphatase activity in the palA1 mtutant is an allele of palcC4, a mzutant with a simultaneous reduction in alkaline and acid phosphatase activity. These data suggest that the phosphataseproteins may be made up of two or more different polypeptide chains, and that some of the polypeptide chains are common to two or more of these enzymes.     

A genetic approach to analyzing membrane protein topology

Fusions of the secreted protein alkaline phosphatase to an integral cytoplasmic membrane protein of Escherichia coli showed different activities depending on where in the membrane protein the alkaline phosphatase was fused. Fusions to positions in or near the periplasmic domain led to high alkaline phosphatase activity, whereas those to positions in the cytoplasmic domain gave low activity. Analysis of alkaline phosphatase fusions to membrane proteins of unknown structure may thus be generally useful in determining their membrane topologies.     

Asef, a link between the tumor suppressor APC and G-protein signaling

The adenomatous polyposis coli gene (APC) is mutated in familial adenomatous polyposis and in sporadic colorectal tumors. Here the APC gene product is shown to bind through its armadillo repeat domain to a Rac-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), termed Asef. Endogenous APC colocalized with Asef in mouse colon epithelial cells and neuronal cells. Furthermore, APC enhanced the GEF activity of Asef and stimulated Asef-mediated cell flattening, membrane ruffling, and lamellipodia formation in MDCK cells. These results suggest that the APC-Asef complex may regulate the actin cytoskeletal network, cell morphology and migration, and neuronal function.