短梗大参的光合特性研究

以引种栽培的短梗大参为研究对象,采用LI-6400便携式光合仪测定了短梗大参叶片的光合参数,探讨了其光合生理特性,为短梗大参引种及在园林上推广应用提供栽培基础。结果表明:短梗大参叶片净光合速率(Pn)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、大气温度(Ta)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)的日变化曲线均呈单峰曲线,不存在"午休"现象。相关性分析表明影响短梗大参叶片净光合速率的主要生态因子为光合有效辐射和大气温度,生理因子为气孔导度和蒸腾速率。短梗大参叶片净光合速率的年周期变化曲线呈单峰曲线,在夏季6~7月维持在较高水平,春季和秋季较低,冬季最低。短梗大参净光合速率的光响应曲线没有强光抑制现象,采用修正的直角双曲线模型拟合,估算出最大净光合速率(Pmax)为6.902μmol·m-2s-1,光饱和点(LSP)为1 013.163μmol·m-2s-1,光补偿点为(LCP)4.794μmol·m-2s-1,暗呼吸速率(Rd)为0.290μmol·m-2s-1,表明短梗大参耐荫性强,具有较强的弱光适应能力,适合在遮阴环境下栽培。     

短梗大参光合作用光响应曲线及模型拟合

为了探讨不同光合作用光响应模型对短梗大参光合特性的适用性,采用LI-6400便携式光合仪分别观测了全光照和荫蔽环境下的5年生短梗大参叶片的光响应曲线;并应用二次多项式模型、分段函数、直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型和修正的直角双曲线模型拟合短梗大参的光响应曲线,根据拟合效果筛选不同光照环境下短梗大参合适的光响应模型。结果表明:1在全光照环境下,短梗大参光合作用的光响应曲线属于饱和趋近型;直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型和修正的直角双曲线模型无法直接求取其最大净光合速率和光饱和点的解析解;二次多项式回归模型拟合的光合参数值与实测值相差很大;分段函数为全光照下短梗大参光响应曲线最适用的分析模型,其拟合的初始量子效率为0.047,最大净光合速率为10.70μmol·m-2s-1,光饱和点为1 333.33μmol·m-2s-1,光补偿点为10.43μmol·m-2s-1,暗呼吸速率为0.48μmol·m-2s-1。2在荫蔽环境下,短梗大参光合作用的光响应曲线为中度抑制型;二次多项式拟合的光合参数值与实测值差异明显;分段函数拟合的光合参数值则比实测值要低;直角双曲线模型和非直角双曲线模型拟合的光饱和点均明显低于实测值;修正的直角双曲线模型为荫蔽环境下短梗大参光响应曲线分析的最适用模型,其拟合的初始量子效率为0.076,最大净光合速率为5.07μmol·m-2s-1,光饱和点为449.60μmol·m-2s-1,光补偿点为2.79μmol·m-2s-1,暗呼吸速率为0.21μmol·m-2s-1。     

蝴蝶兰“火凤凰”光合作用特征分析

在三亚地区通过测量蝴蝶兰"火凤凰"品种的净光合速率(Pn)、有效光合辐射(PAR)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Cond)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、温度(T)和空气相对湿度(RH)等指标,分析其光合特征。结果表明:"火凤凰"的净光合速率为双峰曲线,2个峰值分别为10:00am的2.97mol·m-2·s-1和14:00pm的0.97mol·m-2·s-1,在12:00pm会出现"光合午休"现象,而影响净光合速率的主要因子为气温和胞间CO2浓度,相关系数为-0.500和-0.465,呈负相关。     

三种槭树光合特性的比较研究

在室外条件下系统地研究了北美引种的红花槭Acer.rubrum'Red sunset'和Acer.rubrum'October Glory'两个品种以及挪威槭A.platanoides'Crimson Sentry'的光合特性。结果表明:(1)红花槭的两个品种的光补偿点相似,为20～50μmol·m-2·s-1,挪威槭'Crimson Sentry'较低为0～20μmol·m-2·s-1。红花槭两个品种的光饱和点相同,为1500μmol·m-2·s-1,挪威槭'Crimson Sentry'的光饱和点900μmol·m-2·s-1。(2)3种槭树净光合速率的日变化曲线是不对称双峰曲线,峰值出现在11:00左右和16:00左右。红花槭'Red sunset'气孔导度的日变化和光合速率的日变化趋势一致;红花槭'October glory'气孔导度的日变化和光合速率的日变化趋势相近,峰值出现时间稍有不同分别是9:00左右和16:00左右;挪威槭'Crimson Sentry'气孔导度的日变化与红花槭'October glory'的表现相似;红花槭'Red sunset'蒸腾速率基本呈现单峰曲线的趋势,峰值出现在12:00左右。(3)三个品种的光合速率与光合有效辐射、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、叶片温度呈正相关,全部达到显著或极显著水平;光合速率与胞间CO2浓度显著负相关。上述结果为槭树的生理机制和引种研究提供依据和途径。     

不同杨树品系光合作用的研究

对13个杨树品系1 a生苗木的净光合速率、蒸腾速率进行测试与分析,结果表明:不同品系的净光合速率差异较大,杂1号、杂2号、A5-13、A5-17的净光合速率较对照大青杨分别高出15.07%、17.15%、5.25%和11.52%。长势较好的6个品系和对照的净光合速率日变化明显,杂1号、杂2号、A5-17、自选1号和对照呈现"双峰"曲线,峰值出现在10:00时和14:00时;A5-13、辉南5号呈现"单峰"曲线,峰值出现在14:00时。6个品系蒸腾速率的日变化基本相同,在11:00~13:00时达到最大值,之后迅速下降;同对照比较,A5-13、A5-17、杂1号、杂2号为高光合、高蒸腾类型,辉南5号为高光合、低蒸腾类型,自选1号为低光合、匀速蒸腾类型。在光合有效辐射为0~800μmol.m-2.s-1范围内,6个品系的净光合速率随着光合有效辐射的增加而增强,基本呈正相关;在光合有效辐射为1 500μmol.m-2.s-1左右时,达到光饱和点。     

‘渤丰1号’杨光合速率日变化及其与生理生态因子的关系

利用Li-6400光合仪测定了1年生‘渤丰1号’杨的光合日变化,研究其与生理生态因子的相关性。结果表明,‘渤丰1号’杨净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度日变化均为"双峰"曲线,峰值出现的时间均是10:00和14:00,在12:00存在明显的"光合午休"现象;全天净光合速率最大值为10:00的20.64μmol·m-2s-1,比第二峰值高出16%。相关性分析表明,净光合速率与蒸腾速率呈极显著正相关(r=0.9290),与气孔导度和光合有效辐射呈显著正相关(r=0.8518、r=0.8226),与大气CO2浓度呈显著负相关(r=-0.8433);在4个生态因子中,影响净光合速率日变化的主要是光合有效辐射和大气CO2浓度。     

环境因子对毛乌素沙地紫穗槐光合、蒸腾速率的影响

用Li-6400便携式光合仪,于2004年6-9月测定了毛乌素沙地紫穗槐的光合速率与蒸腾速率,研究了光合速率和蒸腾速率日变化特征及环境因子对其的影响,结果表明:光合速率日变化在6、7月呈双峰型,峰值分别出现在8:00和18:00时,在8、9月呈单峰型,最大值出现在12:00时;蒸腾速率日变化在6、7月呈双峰型,6月峰值分别出现在10:00和18:00时,7月峰值分别出现在10:00和16:00时,低谷都出现在14:00时,在8、9月呈单峰型,峰值出现在12:00时;8月是光合速率和蒸腾速率最大的月份,分别为15.48 μmol·m-2·s-1、5.87 mmol·m-2·s-1.在土壤含水量和光强适宜的情况下,空气湿度对紫穗槐光合速率和蒸腾速率的影响大于温度;在6-9月,紫穗槐的水分利用效率呈现波动,表明其光合速率、蒸腾速率受环境影响较大.     

3个扁桃品种的光合特性

在盆栽条件下对3个引种扁桃品种3#、4#和7#的光合作用、荧光参数生理生态特点进行研究.结果表明: 1)扁桃叶片的净光合速率(Pn)日变化均呈双峰曲线型,峰值在10:00,次峰值在16:00,10:00-15:00有"午休"现象;在10:00-15:00时4#和7#叶片的Pn显著高于3#,15:00差值最大.2)扁桃不同品种的光合生理生态参数有显著差异: 4# 的光饱和点和补偿点都比3#和7#高,分别为1 206 μmol·m-2s-1和25.82 μmol·m-2 s-1,说明4#品种能适应较高的光照强度;4#和7# 的CO2补偿点和饱和点都比3#高,扁桃在CO2饱和点以下,Pn随CO2浓度的增加呈线性增长,说明增大CO2浓度可大大提高光合生产力.3)叶绿素荧光参数的日变化显示: 4#和7#的Fv/Fm、光化学猝灭系数(qP)均高,且正午过后Fv/Fm恢复较快,不仅能较强地吸收光能,同时还具有较高的PSⅡ活性和光能转化效率,从而将所吸收的光能有效地转化为化学能,提高光合电子传递速率,形成更多的ATP和NADPH,为光合碳同化提供充分的能量和还原能力.     

‘欧美杨177’幼苗光合指标日变化分析

文章利用Li-6400XT测定了欧美杨177幼苗净光合速率,研究其日变化与环境因子的关系。结果表明:欧美杨177净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度日变化均呈现"双峰"曲线,表现出明显的光合"午休"现象,中午净光合速率降低主要受气孔限制因素限制;净光合速率峰值出现在10:00时和14:00时,分别为27.55μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)和24.85μmol·m-2·s-1。14:00～18:00时段,胞间CO2浓度升高,气孔限制值减小,净光合速率下降主要受非气孔因素限制;欧美杨177净光合速率与气孔导度、光合有效辐射呈极显著正相关(r=0.973**、r=0.976**),与胞间CO2浓度呈极显著负相关(r=-0.918**),对蒸腾速率影响最大的是空气CO_2浓度。     

美洲黑杨无性系苗期光合生理特性研究

研究了9个美洲黑杨无性系的光合生理特性,为优良新无性系的选育提供参考。采用LI-6400便携式光合作用测定系统测定美洲黑杨的光合作用日变化及其光响应曲线,利用非直角双曲线Farquhar模型、二次曲线及直线方式拟合光响应曲线,分析比较光响应特征参数及影响净光合速率因子。结果表明:各无性系的净光合速率均具有明显的日变化规律,tn01-78、tn01-38、tn04-n52呈双峰曲线现象,2个峰值出现的时间在11:00和14:00左右,其余呈单峰曲线,净光合速率最大值出现在12:00左右;不同无性系最大净光合速率、暗呼吸速率、表观量子效率、光饱和点和光补偿点的大小范围分别为20.50~31.42μmol·m-2s-1、1.67~3.19μmol·m-2s-1、0.055~0.279μmol·μmol-1、950.83~1 360.83μmol·m-2s-1和29.03~55.20μmol·m-2s-1;净光合速率(Pn)变化与气孔导度Gs、水压亏缺Vpdl、空气温度Tair和光合有效辐射VPAR呈正相关,与胞间CO2浓度Ci和大气相对湿度(HR)呈负相关;净光合速率与影响因子的相关程度依次为气孔导度>光合有效辐射>胞间CO2浓度>大气相对湿度>空气温度>水压亏缺。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.