Two pathogenic races of Melampsora larici-populina in north-western Europe

Three collections of Melampsora larici-populina Kleb. originating from Belgium, France and the Netherlands were compared for their pathogenicity on eleven poplar clones. Qualitative type reactions suggest the existence of two pathogenic races designated E1 and E2. E2 is able to infect some clones previously considered to be resistant.     

Parasitism of uredospores of Melampsora larici-populina Kleb. by Cladosporium sp.

Conidia of Cladosporium sp. are frequently present in large numbers in collections of uredospores of Melampsora larici-populina made in the field at Canberra in late autumn. The presence of these conidia considerably reduces the viability of the uredospores and consequently infection of leaves of Populus nigra var. italica under controlled conditions. Lysis of germinated and ungerminated uredospores under experimental conditions by the mycelium of Cladosporium sp. has been demonstrated. The potential for control of leaf rust of poplar by hyperparasitism is discussed.     

松杨栅锈菌担孢子萌发的数学模型研究

由松杨栅锈菌Melampsora larici-populina Kleb.引起的落叶松—青杨叶锈病是一种广泛分布于苗圃和造林地的林木叶部病害,严重影响苗木的成活率。本研究根据线性拟合求出离散点间满足的相互关系,用最小二乘法求一个形如y=a+bx2的经验公式,使它与观测数据拟合,得到担孢子萌发模型:f(x)=a1x2+a2x+a3,为该病的流行病学、预测预报研究提供科学依据。     

不同杨树品种对青杨锈病抗病性调查与分析

2004年泊头市大面积发生青杨锈病,严重影响杨树的生长。为摸清青杨锈病的危害情况,确定本地适生树种进行了此项调查,结果表明不同杨树品种对青杨锈病的抗病力不同,中林46杨、2025杨等青杨派及其杂交种抗病性极差,而黑杨派及其杂交种如107杨、108杨、廊杨等抗病性较强。白杨派则免疫不感病。     

Influence of clonal susceptibility,leaf age and inoculum density on infections by Melampsora larici-populina races E1 and E3

A study was conducted on the influence of clonal susceptibility, leaf age and inoculum density on the incubation and presporulation periods, and on the intensity of attack of Melampsora larici-populina races El and E3, under controlled conditions, on artificially inoculated poplar leaf discs. Both races were more virulent on susceptible clones and on 5- to 15-day-old leaves. On susceptible clones the intensity of attack increased progressively with the increase of inoculum density. Where there was complete coverage of the leaf surface, uredia were smaller in size as a result of the increase in density. The incubation period and, above all, the average presporulation period of susceptible clones proved to be longer with 1- to 3-day-old leaves and, generally, with the oldest. The epidemiological consequences of these results are discussed.     

Germination of Melampsora larici-populina uredospores on poplar leaves1

Using an electron scanning microscope the germination of Melampsora larici-populina ure dospores was observed on the lower leaf surfaces of a susceptible poplar clone Populus trichocarpa and a resistant one P. בSerotina de Poitou’. The observations were made from a few hours to more then a day after placing the uredospores on the leaf surfaces.     

Morphology and ultrastructure of uredospores of Melampsora larici-populina Kleb1

The morphology and infrastructure is compared for uredospores of Melampsora larici-populina Kleb., collected from the leaves of Populus nigra and P. trichocarpa. Though the spores differed in pigmentation it was not possible to show significant differences in their morphology and ultrastructure.     

细胞壁降解酶在落叶松-杨栅锈菌与寄主互作过程中的作用

对落叶松-杨栅锈菌入侵不同抗性寄主过程中的细胞壁降解酶活性进行测定,明确聚甲基半乳糖醛酸酶(PMG)、果胶甲基反式消除酶(PMTE)、羧甲基纤维素酶(CX)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-G)4种降解酶在该菌入侵中的作用.研究发现:抗病和感病组合中PMG均在接种后第2天和第5天出现2个活性高峰,在第5天时达到最大值.PMTE、CX和β-G活性分别第3、2和3天达到活性高峰,其中PMG和PMTE的活性高,而Cx和β-G的活性则相对较低.在感病组合内PMG、PMTE、CX、β-G活性较抗病组合大,表明这4种细胞壁降解酶对该菌入侵起一定的作用.     

Natural infectious behavior of the urediniospores of Melampsora larici-populina on poplar leaves

The uredinial stage in the life cycle of Melampsora larici-populina on poplar leaves is the most important pathogenic phase. We captured partial phases of uredinial infection in the wild, aiming to reconstruct the process of uredinial ontogeny by using scanning and transmission electron microscope. At the initial infection stage, germ tubes germinated from the echinulate urediniospores. Germ tubes were frequently seen to merge with the leaf surface and cuticle breakage was observed, indicating direct hyphal penetration. Stomata penetration occurred commonly, sometimes with more than one germ tube penetrating the same stoma. Melampsora larici-populina did not form appressoria in the infection process,implying that infectious behavior of this pathogen may differ from the other rust pathogens. In general, germ tubes branched randomly, and no distinct evidence indicated that stoma could induce or orient germ tube branches. However, oriented germ tube growth has been occasionally observed in other studies. The urediniospores collapsed and finally wizened when they became nutrient stressed. At the last stage of infection, the uredinia erupted from the leaf epidermis and appeared as orange pustules on the leaf surface.     

31个杂交杨无性系对青杨叶锈病的抗性评价

在大田条件下对从北美新引种的31个杂交杨无性系对青杨叶锈病的抗性进行调查和评价的结果表明:所引进无性系对杨树叶锈病的抗性表现出很大的差异,从高度抗病到高度感病均有,但没有免疫的无性系。HE-2,XMH-10,XMH-9,HE-1,XMH-1,XMH-11,XMH-12,XMH-2,MH-8,XMH-7这10个无性系表现出高度抗病性,MH-9,DMH-3,MH-10,MH-4,MH-1,MH-6,MH-7,MH-2这8个无性系表现为高度感病。DN、NE杂交的大多数无性系有较高的抗病性,而TD、TN杂交的绝大多数无性系为感病或高度感病。同一杂交组合的不同无性系间,其抗性存在很大差异,有高抗,也有高感。     

Role of cell wall degrading enzymes in the interaction of poplar and Melampsora larici-populina Kleb.

The activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes, produced in poplar cultivars infected Melampsora laricipopulina Kleb., was studied. The results show that PMG, PMTE, C_X and β-glucosidase played roles during the infection. After inoculation, the activity of PMG in both susceptible and resistant cultivars had two peak values in 2 dpi and 5 dpi. The activities of PMTE and β-glucosidase had a peak value in 3 dpi, and C_X in 2 dpi. Among these cell wall-degrading enzymes, the activities of PMG and PMTE were higher and the activities of C_X and β-glucosidase were relatively lower. The activities of these cell wall-degrading enzymes were significantly higher in susceptible cultivars than those in resistant cultivars. All these demonstrated that these cell wall-degrading enzymes played certain roles in the infection of M. larici-populina. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2008, 44(5): 79–83 [译自: 林业科学]     

Varietal mixture of poplar clones: Effects on infection by Melampsora larici-populina and on plant growth

The effects of poplar varietal mixture on infection levels caused by Melampsora larici-populina and on plant growth were studied during two consecutive growing seasons. The varietal mixture consisted of an intimate mixture of three poplar clones, Populus x interamericana‘Boelare’, ‘Rap’ and Populus candicans‘NNT’, expressing different race-specific resistances. Infection levels of M. larici-populina were assessed in monoclonal and polyclonal plots. Plant heights were determined at the end of each growing season. Infection levels in the growing season of the first year were not significantly different between monoclonal and polyclonal plots at the end of the epidemic. During the second growing season, a naturally occurring complex pathotype, able to infect clones ‘Boelare’ and ‘Rap’, invaded some plots prematurely and changed the composition of pathogen population. During this season, four infection assessments were conducted. Infection reduction in polyclonal plots compared with monoclonal plots was observed on ‘Boelare’ and P. candicans plants. Nevertheless, no significant difference was observed for growth between monoclonal and polyclonal plots. Biological factors which may be involved in the reduction of infection levels in polyclonal plots are dilution of susceptible individuals, physical barriers caused by resistant plants and cross-protection. A high auto-infection ratio may have partly hidden the positive effects of the clonal mixture.     

Effect of some chemicals employed in the detached leaf culture of Populus on the infection of Melampsora larici-populina

A study was made on the effect of certain chemicals and their combinations on the longevity of the leaf disks cut from Populus × euramericana‘1-488’and P. alba cv. hickeliana. Benzimidazole and gibberellic acid maintained (up to a maximum of 80 days) the leaf disks better than the others, however, the longevity was dependent on the chemical and the concentration employed. In a factorial experiment of 3 chemicals × 2 concentrations × 2 cultivars × 2 races of the fungus, it was found that. all these factors contributed significantly (P<0.05) to the experimental variance. However, differential effects of the chemicals or the concentrations on the cultivar × race interaction were not observed.     

杨树与松杨栅锈菌互作中寄主活性氧及抗性相关酶变化

对杨树与落叶松-杨栅锈菌互作中活性氧(ROS)产生、抗性相关酶活性动态变化与寄主抗病性的关系进行研究.结果表明,不同杨树种或品种与该锈菌不同小种菌系的互作进程中寄主叶片ROS代谢和抗性相关酶活性变化存在明显差异.免疫、抗病组合寄主超氧阴离子(O2-)产生速率和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量分别于接种后0.5,1天时迅速爆发且升幅最大,此后继续出现1～2个高峰,整个进程中明显高于感病组合;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性与杨树品种抗病性呈负相关;免疫、高抗组合杨树在接种2天时苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性快速升高且强度大,而感病组合无明显变化;几丁质酶活性与寄主抗病性呈正相关.     

Effect of Cladosporium aecidiicola Thum. on the viability of urediniospores of Melampsora medusae Thum. in storage

The viability of urediniospores of Melampsora medusae decreased markedly when stored in mixture with the conidia of Cladosporium aecidiicola. The rate of decrease was more rapid in samples stored at 16°C with high concentration of Cladosporium (ratio of urediniospores to conidia 10:1 by weight) than at ?12°C and low concentration (20:1 by weight).     

Rust resistance in Salix induced by inoculations with avirulent and virulent isolates of Melampsora larici‐epitea

Six Salix clones and four Melampsora larici‐epitea isolates were used in two leaf‐disc inoculation experiments to determine whether disease severity was affected by the presence of both virulent and avirulent rust genotypes. In the first experiment, an equal amount of urediniospores of a virulent isolate and an avirulent isolate was applied simultaneously using four levels of spore suspension. In the second, the willows were inoculated with one isolate first and then, after 3 days, with another using two spore concentrations. In the first experiment, overall rust spore production was reduced by 48.6% in inoculations with mixed inocula compared with that in the inoculations with single virulent isolates. In the second experiment, 20 of the 36 combinations involving pre‐inoculations with avirulent isolates showed significant reduction in spore production. The suppressive effects on rust sporulation were more obvious at the higher inoculum densities and on the clones S. × calodendron and S. × mollissima‘Q83’.     

Temperature-light sensitivity of infection types expressed by cultivars of Populus deltoides Marsh. to races of Melampsora medusae Thüm.

Infection types were assessed when four cultivars of Populus deltoides Marsh. were inoculated with six races of Melampsora medusae Thüm. and incubated in combinations of light intensity (100, 500 and 1000 μEm^-2s^-1) and temperature (15 and 25°C). Resistance in the cultivars was always at a maximum when the race/cultivar complexes were incubated in the light intensity (1000 μ^-2s^-1)/high temperature (25°C) regime. Inereasing light intensity was generally associated with reduced infection type in the cultivars; the reduction was more pronounced in an incubation temperature of 25 than 15°C. The potential epidemiological significance of the results is discussed.     

Genetics of field resistance to Melampsora in Salix viminalis

The inheritance of resistance to Melampsora. spp. on Salix viminalis, the variation in resistance over space and time, and rust infection rate in relation to the geographic origin of the host was studied. The analysis showed that there was considerable additive genetic variation for rust resistance, that the results did not have high repeatability over space and time, and that the material from southernmost Sweden was most sensitive to the rusts occurring in south Sweden.     

环境因子对青杨锈病发生的影响

为摸清不同环境因子对青杨锈病发生的影响及中林46杨的感病情况,进行了此项调查。结果表明:青杨锈病的发生除受降雨的影响外,其发生程度与发生范围与2km内有无转主寄主的存在及栽植密度有直接关系。距离转主寄主越近,发病越重;栽植密度越大,发病越重。因此成片栽植密度应在840株/hm2以下,而且要尽量远离转主寄主。     

Infection of Populus alba var. hickeliana by Melampsora medusae Thüm.

The first record of infection of Populus alba var. hickeliana by the American rust, Melampsora medusae Thum. is reported. The morphology of uredospores of rust on P. alba is compared with that of other Melampsora spp. infecting white poplars. The implications of these observations for the widespread establishment in the future of white × black hybrid poplars are discussed.