The effect of dose and mobility on the strength of selection for DMI fungicide resistance in inoculated field experiments

Plots of spring wheat cv. Baldus were inoculated at GS 13 with four Mycosphaerella graminicola isolates, two relatively susceptible and two relatively resistant to DMI fungicides. Changes in the ratio of relatively susceptible to resistant types following fungicide or water sprays were measured. Three fungicides were compared: flutriafol, which is very mobile within leaves, fluquinconazole, which is less so, and prochloraz, which is almost immobile. All are inhibitors of sterol demethylation. In 1996, fungicide-treated plots were sprayed once with half the recommended dose at GS 39–47. In 1997, three doses were used: one-quarter and one-eighth of the recommended dose and a dual application of two one-eighth recommended doses, a week apart. Isolates were classified using a discriminating dose assay and the ratio of relatively susceptible to relatively resistant isolates in each field plot before and after fungicide application calculated. In both years, the numbers of relatively susceptible and relatively resistant isolates were equal just before fungicide application. All fungicides caused significant selection towards resistance, but the strength of selection varied with fungicide, dose and position in the crop canopy. Fluquinconazole selected most strongly and gave the best control of disease. Interactions between fungicide and dose were not significant. Selection was equally strong all along leaves sprayed with prochloraz, but increased smoothly from base to tip of leaves sprayed with fluquinconazole or flutriafol. Averaged over fungicides, reducing the dose of a single fungicide application from one-quarter to one-eighth slightly reduced selection towards resistance on both leaf layers. The dual one-eighth dose caused twice the change of the single one-eighth dose on the flag leaf, but was similar to a single spray on leaf 2.     

新杀菌剂敌力脱防治小麦根腐病的研究

新杀菌剂敌力脱对小麦根腐病防病保产效果显著,残效期长,用药量低,内吸向上传导性能强,以保护作用为主,且有一定治疗作用。施药后叶片免受为害,叶绿素得以保持,保证了光合效率和小麦产量。春小麦抽穗后,每公顷用敌力脱有效成分100克叶面喷雾,可控制整个成株期的为害,防病效果稳定在80%左右,增产10%以上。     

嘧菌酯在大豆中的沉积、降解规律及最低有效防控剂量研究

嘧菌酯是防治大豆锈病的重要杀菌剂,明确嘧菌酯在大豆上的残留规律是一项亟待开展的课题。本研究采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱 (UPLC-MS/MS) 技术,建立了大豆种植体系中茎、叶、籽粒及土壤中嘧菌酯的残留分析方法,定量限达0.005 mg/kg。在田间试验点基础上,明确了安徽、山东和吉林3个试验点嘧菌酯在大豆上的沉积与降解规律,发现250 g/L嘧菌酯悬浮剂在施用后主要沉积在大豆叶片中,沉积量由北向南呈逐渐降低趋势,嘧菌酯在上部茎叶中降解速率较快,地区间无明显差异;比较了不同剂量嘧菌酯与大豆锈病防效之间的关系,同时给出了残留量,得到了嘧菌酯的最低有效防控剂量为225 g/hm2。本研究成果对指导嘧菌酯在大豆生产中的科学使用以及对大豆上农药减量实践具有重要意义。     

Laboratory studies on formation of bound residues and degradation of propiconazole in soils

Laboratory studies on the formation of bound residues and on the degradation of the triazole fungicide propiconazole were conducted in two different soils. Soils treated with 14C-propiconazole were incubated at 22 degrees C and extracted exhaustively with a solvent at each sampling date until no further propiconazole was extracted. The solvent-extractable residues were used to measure propiconazole remaining in the soil, and the extracted soils were used to investigate bound residues of propiconazole. Mineralization of propiconazole was investigated by measuring [14C]carbon dioxide evolved from the soil samples. Formation of bound residues of propiconazole was higher in silty clay loam soil than in sandy loam soil, giving approximately 38 and 23% of the applied 14C, respectively. In contrast, the rates of degradation and mineralization of propiconazole were lower in silty clay loam soil than in sandy loam soil. Decreased extractability of the 14C residues with incubation time was observed with increased formation of bound residues. When the propiconazole remaining in the solvent-extractable residues was quantitatively measured by high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis, the half-life value in sandy loam soil was about 315 days, while the half-life in silty clay loam soil exceeded the duration of the 1 year experimental period. Increased formation of bound residues was observed as propiconazole degraded with incubation time, suggesting that degradation products are involved in the formation of bound residues. Our study suggests that the formation of bound residues of propiconazole contributes to the persistence of this fungicide in soil.     

Barley net blotch: influence of straw disposal and cultivation methods on inoculum potential, and on incidence and severity of autumn disease

Effects of ploughing or direct drilling with three methods of straw disposal on amounts of inoculum of Pyrenophora teres , and on frequency of infection and severity of net blotch in the autumn, were studied in winter barley. Prior to ploughing, many conidia of P. teres were caught above areas where infected straw from a previous crop of winter barley had been bated and removed leaving culm bases, or where barley straw had been chopped and left in situ , but relatively few were caught above areas where straw had been burnt. Thereafter, where ploughing had buried surface residues, irrespective of the method of straw disposal, conidia were not caught for at least 3 weeks, and subsequently were substantially fewer than in direct-drilled areas where many spores were caught. Production of conidia (measured as numbers per unit length of straw) was greatest on chopped straw, less on culm bases and least on burnt straw residues. Sporulation on volunteer barley plants was much reduced by application of paraquat + diquat, but some still occurred on visually'dead'volunteer barley.
All direct-drilled barley plants were diseased within 27 days of sowing, whereas 42 days elapsed before all plants sown in ploughed areas were diseased. Disease on individual plants was also more severe in direct-drilled areas: 20% of the area of the first leaf to emerge was diseased 19 days after crop emergence in direct-drilled plots, whereas less than 9% was diseased in ploughed areas 50 days after emergence.
There was an additive effect of straw disposal methods and direct-drilling on disease, which in turn affected plant vigour. The adverse effect of direct-drilling on the incidence and severity of net blotch appeared to be far greater than that of the straw disposal methods.     

Predicting epidemics of yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis) on the upper canopy of wheat from disease observations on lower leaves

Data from field experiments were used to test whether disease observations on lower leaves of wheat were good predictors of future epidemic development in the upper canopy. Fungicide treatments to replicated plots in 1994 and 1995 caused variation in levels of initial inoculum of urediniospores of yellow rust ( Puccinia striiformis ). Observations of symptom severity were made on individual leaf layers throughout the season. Sporulating lesions on lower leaves were considered to be a measure of inoculum source strength for transfer to upper culm leaves. Low source strengths were associated with delays in epidemic development on the upper leaves, as quantified by a location parameter, t _m, the time at which severity reached half of the asymptote value in logistic fits to disease progress data on the upper leaves. However, there was much unexplained variation, probably due to extraneous variation in upward transfer efficiency of inoculum and rates of epidemic development. Vanderplank's sanitation ratio theory was used to account for variation in inoculum transfer and epidemic rate. The analysis revealed that if the aim is to predict disease on a newly emerged culm leaf, during the period when it can be treated effectively with fungicide, then observations of disease two leaves further down the culm were of the greatest predictive value ( R ² = 86%). These observations, however, need to be integrated with information about factors affecting upward inoculum transfer and rates of epidemic development if acceptable predictive precision is to be achieved.     

Management of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Monosporascus</Emphasis> sudden wilt of melon by soil application of fungicides

Sudden wilt (vine decline) of melon caused by Monosporascus cannonballus is a problem in arid and semiarid regions worldwide. Preplanting soil disinfestation with methyl bromide, a common treatment for disease management, has been banned in many countries, raising the need for alternative disease-control measures. Soil fungicide application during the growing season is one possible treatment. Twelve fungicides were evaluated in vitro for M. cannonballus suppression, seven of those were evaluated under field conditions. The fungicides azoxistrobin, prochloraz and pyraclostrobin + boscalid exhibited high and similar efficacies in controlling sudden wilt disease under field conditions. Fludioxonil applied at high rates was also effective but was phytotoxic. Fluazinam, the first fungicide found capable of suppressing sudden wilt and one which has been used in Israel since 2000, was less effective. The results indicate that two applications of a fungicide during the short fall season should be sufficient for effective control of the disease. In the long spring season, at least three applications are needed to protect the melon crop. Melon fruits were examined for fungicide residues and only boscalid residues were found. This fungicide was therefore limited to the first application before fruit set.     

Effects of leaf susceptibility and fungicide seed treatment on leaf spot of Pima cotton caused by Altenaria macrospora

Effects of leaf susceptibility and seed treatment with the systemic fungicides tebuconazole (Raxil) or difenoconazole (Dragon) on Altenaria macrospora in Pima cotton were examined under glasshouse conditions and in the field. In the absence of fungicide, the susceptibility of cotyledons to Alternaria- induced shedding increased with seedling age. Effects of seed treatment with fungicide were evident even on the third true leaves, and persisted up to 39 days after planting. Disease suppression was determined both by the fungicide and also by the susceptibility of the host tissue: seed treatment suppressed Alternaria-induced shedding of cotyledons for 18 days, but not 29 days after planting In a field trial, disease progress was delayed by 20-24 days in plots planted with treated seeds. The effect persisted for up to 86 days after planting. Alternaria-induced defoliation at later stages of the season was not affected by the seed treatment. No significant differences in disease control were detected between the two fungicides.     

两种施药器械对水稻中吡蚜酮残留量影响研究

本文建立了水稻样品中吡蚜酮的LC-MS/MS检测方法,同时2019年进行了背负式喷雾器和植保无人机施用吡蚜酮农药试验,对两种器械施药方式下吡蚜酮在水稻样品中的残留量进行了比较。结果表明,吡蚜酮在稻谷和植株空白样品添加的平均回收率在72%~104%之间,相对标准偏差在4%~11%之间,稻谷和植株中的定量限分别为0.01和0.02mg/kg。在同一用量下,在施药后2h和14d,稻谷和植株中吡蚜酮残留量表现为:植保无人机>人工背负式喷雾器。因此在采用植保无人机施药防治病虫害时,需关注农产品中残留量的变化。     

Effect of Fungicides on Septoria nodorum and Wheat Green Leaf Area1

Fungicides applied at different growth stages were compared for the control of wheat glume blotch, caused by Septoria nodorum (Berk.) Berk. In glasshouse and small-scale field tests, 11 commercially used fungicides, when applied to fully emerged wheat ears, cv. Hobbit, gave only partial control of ear infection by spores applied immediately after spraying. They gave better control of infection of leaves by a similar inoculum. Larger field trials, moreover, indicated better foliar and ear disease control from fungicide applications made before ear emergence, compared with those applied later. In another field trial, nine fungicides were applied to replicated plots of winter wheat, cultivars Atou and Hobbit at GS 31, GS 39, GS 55 or GS 71. On five occasions from anthesis (25 June) until 30 July disease was assessed and green leaf area measured. The trial was harvested on 22 August 1980. Significantly greater yields and grain weights were obtained from plots sprayed with fungicide at GS 39 than from those sprayed at any other time or left unsprayed. Treatments made before symptoms of infection by S. nodorum developed (i.e. before GS 55) prolonged the duration of green leaf areas during the post-anthesis period. Grain weight and yield increases were related closely to the duration of green leaf area above 75 96, but not to the amount of green leaf area at any single assessment nor to the subsequent degree of disease development. The data on which this abstract is based form part of a continuing research programme, the results of which will be published in full at a later date. Full details on the 1980 results referred to above appear in the Annual Report of Long Ashton Research Station (1980).     

Substantial reductions in winter wheat diseases caused by addition of straw but not manure to soil

Over a period of 3 years, five agronomically distinct crops of winter wheat were grown in plots in which straw (1 kg m⁻²), manure (4 kg m⁻²) or nothing were incorporated into the soil. Plant establishment and height, but not leaf area per tiller, were lower in straw-treated plots. Fertilizer regimes differed between years. Soil and leaf nitrogen were recorded; there was no obvious link between N and any disease or soil amendment. The numbers of leaf layers scorable for disease were similar in all treatments. At the end of the season, plants from straw-treated plots had consistently reduced septoria tritici blotch (caused by Mycosphaerella graminicola ), powdery mildew [caused by Erysiphe ( Blumeria ) graminis ], brown rust (caused by Puccinia recondita ) and foot rot (caused by Fusarium spp.). Early on, M. graminicola was worse in straw-treated plots. In manure-treated plots, P. recondita was reduced but effects on other diseases were inconsistent and slight. A fungicide, chlorothalonil, was applied in one crop; its effects did not interact with those of other treatments. Mycosphaerella graminicola was not suppressed by straw in outdoor pot experiments. Late in the season, straw-treated plants had significantly higher leaf silica ( P  < 0·01). In a glasshouse experiment, plants supplied with silicon had less E. graminis infection ( P  < 0·001) and higher leaf silica, but effects on M. graminicola were inconsistent. A prior inoculation of M. graminicola primed plant defences against a subsequent attack of E. graminis , but only in the presence of adequate Si. It is postulated that straw acts in the field by increasing Si availability.     

噁唑酰草胺及其代谢物在水稻上的残留

为探明噁唑酰草胺及其3个代谢物(N-(2-氟苯基)-2-(4-羟基苯氧基)-N-甲基丙酰胺(HPFMPA)、N-(2-氟苯基)-2-羟基-N-甲基丙酰胺(HFMPA)和6-氯-苯并噁唑酮(6-CBO))在水稻上的最终残留量,在我国10个主要水稻产区开展了噁唑酰草胺的田间残留试验.建立了糙米、稻壳和稻秆中噁唑酰草胺及其代...     

Red leaf blotch (Dactuliochaeta glycines) of soybeans (Glycine max) and its relationship to yield

Red leaf blotch of soybeans, caused by Dactuliochaeta glycines, was evaluated on soybean plants in field plots located in Zambia. Two experiments were conducted in each of two seasons. Experiment 1 had four cultivars that were either fungicide-sprayed or not sprayed. Disease severity was greatest on leaves at the lowest nodes from early vegetative through the reproductive growth stages. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) values and percentage of nodes defoliated at growth stage R5 were significantly ( P  = 0.05) greater in unsprayed plots for all cultivars in both seasons. Yield losses ranged from 8 to 37% while reduced seed size ranged from 21 to 29% for the four cultivars. Number of pods per plant in fungicide-sprayed plots did not differ from those in unsprayed plots. However, the number of seeds per plant and seeds per pod were significantly ( P  = 0.05) greater in sprayed than unsprayed plots for some cultivars. In experiment 2, cultivar Tunia was either fungicide-sprayed at different times or not sprayed. The lowest attached leaf had the most variation in the amount of disease while ratings of the most median leaf in the canopy were generally less variable. The AUDPC values calculated from the lowest attached leaf, the mean of all attached leaves, and the median attached leaf differed significantly ( P  = 0.05) the number of times plants were sprayed with fungicide. Defoliation and vertical incidence of red leaf blotch from lower to higher nodes were significantly ( P  = 0.05) reduced in fungicide-sprayed plots in one season, but not the other. One thousand-seed weight and yield differed significantly ( P  = 0.05) with treatment as one application of triphenyltin acetate increased yields by 18% over unsprayed plots in season 1. One thousand-seed weight and yield, regressed on the AUDPC for the median leaf in the canopy, explained 92 and 72% of the variation, respectively.     

Relationship between leaf emergence and optimum spray timing for leaf blotch (Rhynchosporium secalis) control on winter barley

For wheat, the optimum time to apply fungicide to control disease on a given leaf layer is usually at, or shortly after, full leaf emergence. Data from field experiments on barley were used to investigate whether the same relationship was applicable to control of leaf blotch on barley. Replicated plots of winter barley were sown in the autumns of 1991, 1992 and 1993 at sites in southwest England with high risk of Rhynchosporium secalis infection. Single fungicide treatments at four doses (0·25, 0·5, 0·75 or 1·0 times the label rate) were applied at one of eight different spray times, starting in mid-March in each year, with intervals of 10–11 days between spray timings. Disease was assessed every 10–11 days and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) values were used to construct fungicide dose by spray time response surfaces for each of the upper four leaves, for each year. Spray timings shortly before leaf emergence were found to minimize the AUDPC for each year and leaf layer, and also the effective dose (the dose required to achieve a specified level of control), similar to wheat. Fungicide treatments on barley were effective for a longer period before leaf emergence than afterwards, probably because treatments before emergence of the target leaf reduced inoculum production on leaves below. This partly explains why fungicides tend to be applied earlier in the growth of barley compared with wheat.     

Variability in initial spray deposit in apple trees in space and time

Variation in pesticide residues in space and time has not been investigated systematically in spite of the large variability found at single scales (e.g. between trees or orchards). Information on variability at different scales will support the development of sampling methods and more reliable prediction of residues. Experiments were conducted to quantify the spatiotemporal variability in initial spray deposit on apple leaves and fruit using a substitute tracer (zinc EDTA chelate). Five hierarchical spatial scales were defined as (1) between orchards, (2) between plots within an orchard, (3) between trees within a plot, (4) between zones within a tree and (5) between leaves/fruit within a zone. Similarly, two temporal scales were defined as (1) between applications within a single year and (2) between years. The initial zinc concentration was approximately log-normally distributed; the variability in initial deposit concentration was greater on leaves than on fruit. The average initial zinc deposition was significantly greater in the top and outside zones than in the middle zones within individual trees. The most important scale for driving residue variability is the within-zone unit-to-unit variation, contributing to 71 and 49% of the observed variability for leaf and fruit samples respectively. Variability at other scales was related to the variation in the tree architecture. The results indicated that stratified sampling on the basis of within-tree zone structures, with the effort focused on within-zone sampling, should be used for the determination of pesticide residues.     

The temporal pattern of captan residues on apple leaves and fruit under field conditions in relation to weather and canopy structure

BACKGROUND: Captan is an important fungicide for controlling diseases in horticultural crops. Understanding its dissipation is important for estimating dietary risks and optimising pesticide application. Field experiments were conducted on apple leaves and fruit to investigate (1) the temporal variability of captan residues, (2) the contribution of several factors to the variability in residues and (3) the relationship between residues and climatic conditions. RESULTS: Initial captan deposits and subsequent residues on fruit and leaves were closer to a lognormal than to a normal distribution. The unit-to-unit variation contributed most to the observed variability in the initial deposit and subsequent residues. Variability due to orchards or trees or tree-zone interactions was also frequently important, but there was no discernable trend in the effects. The variability in residues did not appear to decrease over time. Canopy structure affected greatly the initial deposition but had little direct effect on subsequent captan loss. Fruit and leaves on the outside of the tree canopy received more deposit than those on the inside, but these differences gradually decreased over time. Captan loss resulted mainly from the first rainfall after an application. CONCLUSIONS: Captan loss is mainly due to rain, and the loss is negligible under dry conditions.     

寡雄腐霉与烯酰吗啉互作防治葡萄霜霉病和替代部分化学药剂减量用药应用

 利用室内与室外传统生物测定方法,结合诱导抗病性生理测定方法进行试验。明确寡雄腐霉用药时期;研发生化互作组合,明确增效作用机制;制定生化互作减量用药防控技术规程。结果表明寡雄腐霉预防葡萄霜霉病最佳时期为发病前1个月,连续喷雾用药3~4次,间隔期10~15 d。明确寡雄腐霉对叶片β-1,3葡聚糖酶产生具有诱导作用;研发出协同增效的生防菌剂与化学杀菌剂组合烯酰吗啉+寡雄腐霉(或者再加上100%硅氧烷化合物,此时同样防效下喷雾使用药液量仅为组合的40%)。寡雄腐霉与化学杀菌剂烯酰吗啉互作后,植株诱导抗病作用增强。制定以生防菌替代和高效合理化学用药为关键技术的减量用药防控葡萄霜霉病的综合体系,确定用药规程中药剂的使用类别、次序、排列和组合。     

协调应用蝗虫微孢子虫与卡死克防治东亚飞蝗

在天津市大港区东亚飞蝗发生区,采用条带交替式超低量喷雾,施用蝗虫微孢子虫与卡死克防治东亚飞蝗,３个处理的卡死克（５％水剂）使用量均为１５０ｍｌ／ｈｍ２,微孢子虫使用量分别为１５×１０９、２２．５×１０９和３０×１０９孢子／ｈｍ２。处理时东亚飞蝗为３龄末盛期,虫口密度分别为２６．３８、１１．６３和２９．８８头／ｍ２。防治后第７天虫口减退率分别为８９．６５％、７５．９１％和８９．７６％,存活蝗虫的感病率分别为３７．５％、５５．０％和５２．５％。     

Residualwirkung von Chlortriazin-Herbiziden im Boden an drei rumänischen Standorten. I. Prognose der Persistenz von Simazin und Atrazin im Boden

Residual effects of chlorotriazine herbicides in soil at three Rumanian sites. I. Prediction of the persistence of simazine and atrazine Persistence of simazine and atrazine in the top 10 cm soil was measured at three sites in Rumania with variations in climate and soil conditions. Both herbicides were applied at 1 and 3 kg ai ha^?1 to uncropped plots and to plots cropped with maize (Zea mays L.). Rates of residue decline were independent of application rate and crop cover but varied between sites. The time for 50% loss of atrazine varied from 36 to 68 days and that of simazine from 48 to 70 days. Laboratory studies were made with atrazine to characterize degradation rates under standard conditions and to measure adsorption and leaching behaviour in the different soils. Weather records for the periods of the field experiments were used in conjunction with appropriate constants derived from the laboratory results, or from data in the literature, in a computer program to simulate persistence in the field. Results from the model were in reasonable agreement with the observed soil residues although there was a tendency to overestimate rates of loss on some occasions. The results suggest that the model of persistence was sufficiently accurate for practical purposes, and that its use could preclude the need for extensive analytical measurements of residues.     

Influence of site factors on yield response of winter wheat to fungicide programmes in England and Wales, 1979–1987

Results of 460 field experiments between 1979 and 1987 incorporating one, two and three fungicide sprays, with a range of active ingredients, were analysed according to site factors including previous crop, sowing date and geographical area. The average untreated yield was 7–48 t/ha, although this fluctuated widely from 6 15 t/ha in 1985 to 9 411 ha in 1984. A single spray at flag-leaf emergence gave an average yield increment of 0 59 t/ha over plots receiving no fungicide. The addition of a second spray at the first-node growth stage gave an extra benefit of 0.22 t/ha, while an additional third spray at ear emergence gave a further 0.28t/ha. The effects on yield of different spray timings were modified by other factors, of which sowing date and previous crop were most important to the first-node spray, and cultivar and geographical area to the ear emergence spray. The data suggest that all crops would benefit economically from a broad-spectrum fungicide applied at flag-leaf emergence. Additionally, crops sown in September, those following winter wheat and those in regions bordering the North Sea respond well at the first-node stage to a fungicide active against eyespot.