纤维素生物降解的研究现状与进展

纤维素是生物圈中最丰富的和可再生的生物量，它曾被指望用于解决人类的食品、能量和环境问题，但目前这些生物量除了用于燃烧和造纸等以外还很少有其它用途。纤维素的生物降解已经研究了很长的时间，到目前为止，还没有找到一种高效的酶或微生物来充分利用这种生物量。有人已经对来源于真菌、细菌和植物，甚至是一些动物的纤维素酶进行了研究，并且对纤维素酶的生物学功能进行了讨论。针对这些国内外研究的最新进展进行了综述。     

Extending the sub-sea-floor biosphere

Sub-sea-floor sediments may contain two-thirds of Earth's total prokaryotic biomass. However, this has its basis in data extrapolation from ~500-meter to 4-kilometer depths, whereas the deepest documented prokaryotes are from only 842 meters. Here, we provide evidence for low concentrations of living prokaryotic cells in the deepest (1626 meters below the sea floor), oldest (111 million years old), and potentially hottest (~100 degrees C) marine sediments investigated. These Newfoundland margin sediments also have DNA sequences related to thermophilic and/or hyperthermophilic Archaea. These form two unique clusters within Pyrococcus and Thermococcus genera, suggesting unknown, uncultured groups are present in deep, hot, marine sediments (~54 degrees to 100 degrees C). Sequences of anaerobic methane-oxidizing Archaea were also present, suggesting a deep biosphere partly supported by methane. These findings demonstrate that the sub-sea-floor biosphere extends to at least 1600 meters below the sea floor and probably deeper, given an upper temperature limit for prokaryotic life of at least 113 degrees C and increasing thermogenic energy supply with depth.     

Atmospheric carbon dioxide and carbon reservoir changes

The net release of CO(2) from the biosphere to the atmosphere between 1850 and 1950 is estimated to amount to 1.2 x 10(9) tons of carbon per year. During this interval, changes in land use reduced the total terrestrial biomass by 7 percent. There has been a smaller reduction in biomass over the last few decades. In the middle 19th century the air had a CO(2) content of approximately 268 parts per millon, and the total increase in atmospheric CO(2) content since 1850 has been 18 percent. Major sinks for fossil fuel CO(2) are the thermocline regions of large oceanic gyres. About 34 percent of the excess CO(2) generated so far is stored in surface and thermocline gyre waters, and 13 percent has been advected into the deep sea. This leaves an airborne fraction of 53 percent.     

Microbial reefs in the Black Sea fueled by anaerobic oxidation of methane

Massive microbial mats covering up to 4-meter-high carbonate buildups prosper at methane seeps in anoxic waters of the northwestern Black Sea shelf. Strong 13C depletions indicate an incorporation of methane carbon into carbonates, bulk biomass, and specific lipids. The mats mainly consist of densely aggregated archaea (phylogenetic ANME-1 cluster) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (Desulfosarcina/Desulfococcus group). If incubated in vitro, these mats perform anaerobic oxidation of methane coupled to sulfate reduction. Obviously, anaerobic microbial consortia can generate both carbonate precipitation and substantial biomass accumulation, which has implications for our understanding of carbon cycling during earlier periods of Earth's history.     

Osmium-187 enrichment in some plumes: evidence for core-mantle interaction?

Calculations with data for asteroidal cores indicate that Earth's outer core may have a rhenium/osmium ratio at least 20 percent greater than that of the chondritic upper mantle, potentially leading to an outer core with an osmium-187/osmium-188 ratio at least 8 percent greater than that of chondrites. Because of the much greater abundance of osmium in the outer core relative to the mantle, even a small addition of metal to a plume ascending from the D" layer would transfer the enriched isotopic signature to the mixture. Sources of certain plume-derived systems seem to have osmium-187/osmium-l88 ratios 5 to 20 percent greater than that for chondrites, consistent with the ascent of a plume from the core-mantle boundary.     

Abundance and distribution of iron on the moon

The abundance and distribution of iron on the moon is derived from a near-global data set from Clementine. The determined iron content of the lunar highlands crust ( approximately 3 percent iron by weight) supports the hypothesis that much of the lunar crust was derived from a magma ocean. The iron content of lower crustal material exposed by the South Pole-Aitken impact basin on the lunar farside is higher ( approximately 7 to 8 percent by weight) and consistent with a basaltic composition. This composition supports earlier evidence that the lunar crust becomes more mafic with depth. The data also suggest that the bulk composition of the moon differs from that of the Earth's mantle. This difference excludes models for lunar origin that require the Earth and moon to have the same compositions, such as fission and coaccretion, and favors giant impact and capture.     

猴欢喜与杉木人工林生物生产力的比较

通过对猴欢喜和杉木人工林生长及生物量测定,进行猴欢喜和杉木人工林生物生产力的比较研究,结果表明:在相同立地条件下,猴欢喜人工林的胸径和树高生长均低于杉木林,28年生猴欢喜人工林蓄积量为262.93 m3.hm-2,比杉木林低33.25%;但猴欢喜林分乔木层生物量是杉木林的1.39倍,乔木层生物量在各器官的分配比例均表现为:干>根>枝>叶,但杉木林干所占比例高于猴欢喜,林分生物量在各层次的分配比例表现为:乔木层>灌木层>草本层。猴欢喜林分年均净生产量是杉木林的1.31倍,说明猴欢喜人工林叶净同化率较高。     

The interface between the biological and inorganic worlds: iron-sulfur metalloclusters

Complex iron-sulfur metalloclusters form the active sites of the enzymes that catalyze redox transformations of N2, CO, and H2, which are likely components of Earth's primordial atmosphere. Although these centers reflect the organizational principles of simpler iron-sulfur clusters, they exhibit extensive elaborations that confer specific ligand-binding and catalytic properties. These changes were probably achieved through evolutionary processes, including the fusion of small clusters, the addition of new metals, and the development of cluster assembly pathways, driven by selective pressures resulting from changes in the chemical composition of the biosphere.     

Life and the evolution of Earth's atmosphere

Harvesting light to produce energy and oxygen (photosynthesis) is the signature of all land plants. This ability was co-opted from a precocious and ancient form of life known as cyanobacteria. Today these bacteria, as well as microscopic algae, supply oxygen to the atmosphere and churn out fixed nitrogen in Earth's vast oceans. Microorganisms may also have played a major role in atmosphere evolution before the rise of oxygen. Under the more dim light of a young sun cooler than today's, certain groups of anaerobic bacteria may have been pumping out large amounts of methane, thereby keeping the early climate warm and inviting. The evolution of Earth's atmosphere is linked tightly to the evolution of its biota.     

不同程度重金属污染土壤对东南景天根际土壤微生物特征的影响

    通过盆栽试验研究不同程度重金属污染土壤对2种生态型东南景天根际土壤微生物特征的影响.研究结果表明,不同污染土壤中,2种生态型东南景天根际细菌、放线菌和真菌的数量及微生物生物量碳都大于非根际.在轻污染土壤中,2种生态型东南景天的根际土壤微生物区系和主要生理类群没有显著差异,而在矿山土壤和重污染土壤中,超积累生态型东南景天根际土壤中的细菌和真菌数量、主要生理类群数量及微生物生物量碳显著高于非超积累生态型.东南景天根际微生物对重金属胁迫的敏感性为放线菌＞细菌＞真菌,硝化细菌＞自生固氮菌＞氨化细菌＞磷细菌＞纤维分解菌.在轻污染土壤中,2种生态型东南景天根际土壤基础呼吸速率和微生物代谢商差异不显著,而在矿山土壤和重污染土壤中,非超积累生态型东南景天的根际土壤基础呼吸速率和微生物代谢商显著高于超积累生态型.     

Size of the permo-triassic bottleneck and its evolutionary implications

Rarefaction analysis of extinctions in the Late Permian indicates that as many as 96 percent of all marine species may have died out, thus forcing the marine biosphere to pass through a small bottleneck. With such severity of extinction, chance elimination of certain biologic groups would have been probable. Some of the changes in biologic composition observed at the Permo-Triassic boundary may be explained as an evolutionary founder effect that followed the bottleneck.     

扎龙湿地土壤养分与土壤微生物特性

以扎龙自然湿地典型的芦苇沼泽生境为研究对象,分析了土壤养分与土壤微生物特性在不同土层(0～15 cm,15～30 cm)中的分布规律.结果表明,随着土层深度的增大,土壤有机质、全N、全P、水解性氮、速效钾、细菌、真菌、放线菌以及微生物量碳和氮质量分数、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶的活性均显著...     

Study on the Changes of the Amount of Microorganism and Microbial Biomass Carbon in Soil of Greenhouse Cropping

通过对四川省温江、双流两地不同设施种植年限土壤中微生物数量及其生物量碳的研究,结果表明,不同设施种植年限大棚土壤中的微生物数量是露地的1.63-3.50倍,且大棚土壤中好气性微生物总数随种植年限的增加有逐渐降低的趋势,三大微生物数量占微生物总数的比例中,细菌表现为随设施种植年限的增加而增加;放线菌和真菌表现为下降;露地土壤微生物多样性指数分别是设施年限为1a、2a和4a的大棚土壤的1.29倍、2.28倍和3.45倍,前者明显高于后者。随设施年限的增加,土壤微生物生物量碳、有机碳及微生物对有机碳的利用率都表现出下降的特点,且微生物生物量碳下降的速度是有机碳的1.32倍,比有机碳能更快反映出土壤质量的变化。     

不同覆被类型林地土壤微生物区系的差异性

采用磷脂脂肪酸谱图分析法研究针叶林、针阔混交林和阔叶林3种林地土壤不同土层的微生物区系差异性,结果表明:供试的3种覆被类型林地土壤微生物、细菌、真菌和放线菌相对生物量均随土壤深度的增加而极显著或显著减少,以针阔混交林和阔叶林土壤的垂直差异较为显著;土壤各类细菌相对生物量也均随土壤深度的增加而减少.林地土壤微生物区系均以细菌占绝对优势,其次是真菌,分别占土壤微生物总生物量的69.92%-77.08%和20.64%-30.01%;细菌则以假单胞细菌为主,占细菌总生物量的26.80%-38.38%.针阔混交林0-20 cm和20-40 cm土壤微生物和细菌相对生物量均极显著大于阔叶林和针叶林;针阔混交林和针叶林土壤真菌相对生物量均显著大于阔叶林.针阔混交林0-20 cm土壤细菌多样性大于阔叶林和针叶林,而针阔混交林和阔叶林20-40 cm土壤细菌多样性则大于针叶林.     

Restoring Value to the World's Degraded Lands

Roughly 43 percent of Earth's terrestrial vegetated surface has diminished capacity to supply benefits to humanity because of recent, direct impacts of land use. This represents an approximately 10 percent reduction in potential direct instrumental value (PDIV), defined as the potential to yield direct benefits such as agricultural, forestry, industrial, and medicinal products. If present trends continue, the global loss of PDIV could reach approximately 20 percent by 2020. From a biophysical perspective, recovery of approximately 5 percent of PDIV is feasible over the next 25 years. Capitalizing on natural recovery mechanisms is urgently needed to prevent further irreversible degradation and to retain the multiple values of productive land.     

Water in Earth's lower mantle

Secondary ion mass spectrometry measurements show that Earth's representative lower mantle minerals synthesized in a natural peridotitic composition can dissolve considerable amounts of hydrogen. Both MgSiO3-rich perovskite and magnesiowüstite contain about 0.2 weight percent (wt%) H2O, and CaSiO3-rich perovskite contains about 0.4 wt% H2O. The OH absorption bands in Mg-perovskite and magnesiowüstite were also confirmed with the use of infrared microspectroscopic measurements. Earth's lower mantle may store about five times more H2O than the oceans.     

Direct Radiative Forcing by Smoke from Biomass Burning

Airborne measurements in smoke from biomass burning in Brazil have yielded optical parameters that permit an improved assessment of the effects of smoke on Earth's radiation balance. The global-mean direct radiative forcing due to smoke from biomass burning worldwide is estimated to be no more than about -0.3 watt per square meter (cooling), compared with +2.45 watts per square meter (warming) due to anthropogenic greenhouse gases. On regional scales, direct radiative forcing due to smoke can be large and might indirectly affect global climate.     

环境条件对土壤中异噁草酮降解菌生长量的影响

以3株异草酮降解细菌X、Y1、W2为试验材料,研究土壤温度、湿度、异草酮浓度以及土壤类型等环境条件对其生长量的影响。结果表明,土壤温度为25～35℃时均适于3株降解菌的生长;土壤湿度为田间持水量50%时,3株菌均达到最大生长量;3株菌在高浓度异草酮中的适应能力由强到弱的顺序为W2>Y1>X;3株降解菌在4种不同类型的土壤中生长量均有一定的差异。     

杭州木荷次生林生物量的研究

杭州西湖山区北高峰南坡的木荷次生林的生物量、生长量及凋落量的调查结果表明:①林分总生物量为134.113t/hm~2,其中活植物体126.649t/hm~2;②总生物量各个层次分配比例为:乔木层80.16％,更新层5.67％,灌木层3.84％,草本层4.76％,枯落物层5.57％;③在乔木层中,干、枝和叶的生物量分别分53.591,16.996和4.835t/hm~2,占地上部分的70.95％,22.50％和6.40％,根生物量18.474t/hm~2,占该层生物量的29.76％;④全林年生长量18.474t/hm~2,乔木层12.598t/hm~2,占68.19％,更新层1.948t/hm~2,占10.54％;⑤年平均凋落量5.848t/hm~2,叶凋落量占79.49％。2～4月和8～9月分别是凋落的两个高峰季节。