高温胁迫对水稻灌浆结实期叶绿素荧光、抗活性氧活力和稻米品质的影响

选用西农优30和富优1号两个水稻品种, 在灌浆结实期利用人工气候室进行高温处理, 测定叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数、抗活性氧活力的动态及成熟稻米的营养品质。结果表明, 高温胁迫下水稻叶片叶绿素含量降低, 叶绿素荧光参数初始荧光(F_o)明显上升, PS II的潜在活性(F_v/F_o)和PS II的最大光能转化效率(F_v/F_m)均低于对照, 呈下降趋势; 灌浆结实后期F_v/F_o和F_v/F_m的下降速率最快; 灌浆结实后期抗氧化活力低于对照。同时, 高温胁迫下的成熟稻米总淀粉及直链淀粉含量降低, 蛋白质含量升高, 垩白度上升而千粒重下降。高温胁迫下光合作用的原初反应被抑制, 抗活性氧活力降低, 水稻叶片功能期缩短, 可能是稻米品质降低的重要原因。     

盐胁迫下高粱新生叶片结构和光合特性的系统调控

以C₄作物高粱为材料,研究了盐胁迫下新生叶片结构和光合特性的系统调控。结果表明：(1)盐胁迫导致成熟叶和新生叶水势、光合速率、气孔导度明显下降,光抑制程度略有增强;并且新生叶片上下表面气孔密度均增加。(2)非盐胁迫条件下,成熟叶遮荫对其自身和新生叶水势影响不显著,但两者光合速率、气孔导度和叶片可溶性糖含量降低,对强光敏感性增强;同时,降低成熟叶光强还显著降低新生叶的叶片厚度、气孔密度、维管束鞘细胞表面积;(3)盐胁迫下成熟叶遮荫诱导的新生叶结构和光合功能变化与非盐胁迫条件下趋势相似。双因素方差分析显示,盐胁迫下成熟叶遮荫能明显加剧高粱成熟叶和新生叶两者光合速率和气孔导度的下降并增强对强光的敏感性。因此认为,盐胁迫下高粱新生叶片的结构和光合功能均受到系统信号调控;提高成熟叶所处环境光强有助于改善盐胁迫下新生叶发育和碳同化能力,并一定程度上缓解光抑制。这对理解盐胁迫下高粱抗盐性具有重要意义。     

外源ABA对干旱胁迫下玉米叶片光合能力及气孔开度的影响

为探究旱胁迫下外源ABA对玉米品种叶片光合作用以及气孔开度的影响情况,以玉米品种‘郑单988’为研究对象,采用PEG、ABA、ABA+PEG不同处理对不同时间节点下玉米苗期叶片光合作用、气孔张开程度和叶绿素含量变化进行研究。发现不同处理下3 个时间节点光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和叶绿素含量均低于对照,而气孔闭合数目均高于对照;ABA+PEG处理的4 个指标均处于PEG和ABA处理之间。说明干旱胁迫下玉米为了维持自身的生长发育,通过关闭气孔减少水分蒸腾;外施ABA可增加干旱胁迫下气孔的关闭数目和叶绿素含量,减少水分流失的同时提高旱胁迫下植株的光合速率,最终提高植株的抗旱能力。     

Photosynthesis and Assimilate Partitioning in Mungbean in Response to Source-Sink Alteration

The effect of alteration in source-sink ratio by deflowering and defoliation technique on photosynthesis rate was examined in mungbean ( Vigna radiata [L.] Wilczek) var. PS 16. Deflowered plants where sink demand was decreased, maintained a higher rate of photosynthesis in spite of their higher starch content in the leaves. This treatment also increased the partitioning of assimilates to leaves, stem, roots and nodules indicating the existence of alternative sink capacity. The higher rate of photosynthesis of deflowered plants was associated initially with lower stomatal diffusive resistance and subsequently with higher leaf nitrogen content. Increase in sink demand for a particular leaf by excising other source leaves also increased the rate of photosynthesis. These results are discussed in relation to possible regulation through hormones.     

棉花叶片自然衰老和病害胁迫时SOD、POD活性与光合特性的变化

棉花主茎叶片的超氧物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、叶绿素含量及净光合速率等因叶龄不同而变化。主茎下部衰老叶片的SOD、POD活性明显降低、叶绿素含量减少、光合作用功能衰退。同时,棉株受到病害胁迫时,叶片的SOD活性也会明显下降,但是,POD活性则上升。当发病植株恢复正常生长后,棉花叶片的SOD、POD活性仍能恢复正常。     

不同钾钠水平对甜菜幼苗生理特性的影响

旨在为钾钠元素在甜菜生产中的合理施用提供理论依据。以甜菜品种‘ST13092’为材料，在水培条件下设置3个K+水平（0.03、1.5和3 mmol/L）和3个Na+水平（0、1.5和3 mmol/L），同时K+和Na+相互作用，共9个处理。培养3周后测定不同钾钠水平对甜菜幼苗叶片干重、叶面积、水势、相对含水量、叶绿素含量、光合特性、Na+和K+含量、N、P、有机酸含量的影响。增加K+供应水平和Na+供应水平，甜菜幼苗叶片的干重、叶面积、水势、相对含水量、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、净光合速率、胞间CO2浓度均显著增加，而叶绿素a、叶绿素b、N、P及有机酸含量降低；在K+和Na+均为3 mmol/L时，甜菜幼苗叶片的水势、相对含水量、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、净光合速率、胞间CO2浓度以及Na+和K+含量达到最大，叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量以及N、P含量达到最小。钾、钠及其交互作用不仅直接增加叶片的叶片水势和叶面积、促进光合作用，还可以增加钾钠离子的渗透调节作用，减少了有机渗透调节的作用，进而间接提高光合产物的利用率，促进幼苗生长，调节植株N、P含量。     

Impact of water supply on photosynthesis,water use and carbon isotope discrimination of sugar beet genotypes

Improvements in drought tolerance of crop plants require research focused on physiological processes. In 2002 and 2003 pot experiments with sugar beet were conducted in a greenhouse. Two (2002) or three (2003) different genotypes were subjected to three watering regimes (100, 50 and 20% of water holding capacity). Gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and water-use efficiency (WUE) as parameters of possible relevance for drought stress tolerance in sugar beet were investigated. It was studied whether ¹³C discrimination (Δ) is suitable as an indirect measure for WUE of sugar beet.DM yield, photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance decreased with increasing severity of drought stress. In contrast, internal CO₂ partial pressure remained relatively stable and effective quantum yield of photosynthesis was reduced only under severe drought, which points at non-stomatal inhibition of photosynthesis. Different sugar beet genotypes showed significant differences in DM yield, but interactions between genotype and water supply did not occur, indicating that genotypic differences in drought tolerance did not exist. In accordance with that, drought-sensitivity of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence was the same in different genotypes. Δ was higher in the leaves than in the taproot. Reductions in Δ in drought-stressed plants corresponded to about 24% higher WUE. Differentiating between plant organs, only leaf Δ was negatively correlated with WUE_L whereas taproot Δ and WUE_T were unrelated. Δ was therefore proven to be a sensitive indicator for water availability during the growing period. However, similar as other parameters relevant for drought stress tolerance it requires investigations in broader genetic material of sugar beet to detect genotypic differences.     

Seasonal variation in resistance of chrysanthemum cultivars to Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Seasonal variation in the level of host plant resistance can have important consequences for the repeatability of tests to measure host plant resistance to insect pests. In the present study, the levels of resistance to Frankliniella occidentalis of a susceptible and a partially resistant cultivar of chrysanthemum, Dendranthema grandiflora, were determined throughout the year. Thrips damage, reproduction and adult female survival were determined on excised leaves in Petri dishes under uniform conditions. Strong seasonal fluctuations were observed in these three characteristics. On leaves from plants grown in winter, damage, reproduction, and survival were higher than on leaves from plants grown in summer. Clear differences in resistance were observed between the susceptible and the partially resistant cultivar on leaves from plants grown in winter, while differences disappeared in summer. Damage on both cultivars and survival on the susceptible cultivar were negatively correlated with mean daily solar radiation during plant growth, suggesting that the level of resistance depends on light intensity during plant growth. This was confirmed in an experiment carried out in summertime with shaded and unshaded plants. Leaves from control plants, grown under high light intensity had a higher level of resistance than leaves from shaded plants grown under reduced light intensity. There were clear differences in resistance between the cultivars under shaded conditions (low light intensity), but not under unshaded control conditions (high light intensity). This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

土壤干旱对小麦叶片渗透调节和光合作用的影响

本文研究了土壤干旱对小麦叶片渗透调节和光合作用的影响.小麦叶片水势、相对含水量、饱和渗透势、光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度随土壤干旱程度加剧呈现出先缓降后陡降的趋势,其变化的土壤相对含水量阈值相同.小麦旗叶的渗透调节能力约为0.5MPa,不同叶位叶片渗透调节能力不同,其强弱顺序为旗叶>倒二叶>倒三叶.干旱使叶片膨压丧失时的渗透势从正常水分处理的-1.61MPa降到-2.33MPa,弹性模量从5.74MPa增加到6.35MPa.干旱条件下的光合速率、气孔导度、气孔限制值和叶片光合放氧能力都下降,而细胞间隙CO_2含量增加,说明光合速率的降低是非气孔因素即叶肉细胞光合活性限制的结果.     

Photosynthesis,transpiration, resistance to CO2 transfer,and water efficiency of flag leaf of bread wheat,durum wheat and triticale

Summary Net photosynthesis, transpiration, and resistances to CO₂ and water vapour transfer of two cultivars of each of four types (Triticum durum, Triticum aestivum. hexaploid Triticale, octaploid Triticale) were analysed. Hexaploid triticales have the highest net photosynthesis and the best water efficiency. Water efficiency was defined by the CER/transpiration ratio measured under saturating irradiance corresponding to full stomatal opening. Cultivated bread and durum wheat cultivars (Capitole, Champlein, Bidi 17) are characterised by a low CER associated with a large flag leaf area and a high mesophyll resistance. There is a close correlation between CER., flag leaf area, mesophyll resistance and total chlorophyll content.     

高温条件下‘巨玫瑰’葡萄品种叶片表型、可溶性糖和叶绿素荧光特性的研究

通过观察‘巨玫瑰’葡萄(Vitis vinifera L.×V. labrusca L.)在高温条件下的反应,为葡萄设施栽培管理提供预警和应对措施。试验材料为1 年生的‘巨玫瑰’葡萄品种盆栽植株,在人工气候室进行不同的温度处理(27、32、37、42℃),观察叶片表型和组织结构变化,对可溶性糖含量和叶绿素荧光进行测定。结果表明,‘巨玫瑰’在37℃条件叶脉附近出现失水现象,在42℃条件下叶脉附近出现失水干枯,而且幼叶展不开,最后枯死。27、37℃条件下叶片叶肉组织基本没有变化,栅栏组织排列整齐,但42℃条件下叶肉组织表现出失水萎缩。而且在42℃处理下叶片的可溶性糖较27℃处理显著增高,光合作用的原初反应OJIP 曲线上的O-I 阶段值和ABS/RC、ETo/RC、TRo/RC、DTo/RC值一直保持相对较高水平。因此,‘巨玫瑰’葡萄的叶片表型、可溶性糖含量和叶绿素荧光等指标与高温条件的处理程度与时间相关,并且在42℃处理22天后,‘巨玫瑰’表现出显著性伤害。     

水稻低叶绿素含量突变对光合作用及产量的影响

突变体水稻叶绿素含量仅是其野生型水稻的51%,但是其饱和光合值在低氮、中氮、高氮处理下,却比对照野生型水稻分别高3.7%、20.4%与39.1%。为了探究其生理学机制,分别在大田与盆栽试验中,不同氮肥水平研究了突变体材料与野生型材料的叶片Rubisco酶含量、气孔导度、水通道蛋白表达水平、叶绿素荧光、叶片解剖结构和叶绿体超微结构。叶绿体超微结构表明突变体材料虽然叶绿素含量降低,叶绿体的发育并未受到影响;叶绿素荧光试验结果表明,高光强下,低叶绿素含量突变体并未受到光抑制,光反应电子传递未受影响。气孔导度数据、叶片显微结构观察与水通道蛋白基因表达数据表明叶黄突变体具有较高的气孔与叶肉导度;同时低叶绿素含量突变体内较高的Rubisco酶含量也是其在高光照条件下具有较高光合速率的重要原因。产量数据表明,叶黄突变体虽然生育期短,但其产量水平与对照无显著差别,这可能与其高光强条件下有较高的光合速率有关。上述试验结果表明高叶绿素含量并不是叶片高光合速率的必需条件。在今后的高光效育种中,挑选叶绿素含量适宜的品种更有利于叶片内氮素在其他光合器官中的分配,提高光合效率,最终获得高光效品种。在本研究中使用的叶绿素含量降低突变体在高光效育种中有潜在的研究价值。     

不同时期三个小麦主栽品种叶片光合作用的研究

不同时期三个小麦主栽品种不同层次叶片的最大光合速率均出现在盛花期以前。在灌浆期间,当前高产良种鲁麦14的光合速率下降速度较慢,比早期品种碧蚂1号和济南2号有一个较长的高光合持续期,这种差异在下部叶片表现得更为明显一些,尤其是倒3叶。从不同叶位叶片看,挑旗期参试品种均以倒2叶光合速率最高;盛花期以后,旗叶则逐渐占明显的优势。本文用叶片光合速率与叶面积的乘积,即全叶同化速率为指标,可较全面地反映不同品种叶片同化能力的大小。鲁麦14在灌装期间全叶同化速率占一定优势。叶片比叶重是鉴定筛选高光合速率个体的简单可靠的间接指标。叶片气孔阻力对光合速率有一定负效应,而叶片蒸腾对光合速率则有一定正效应。盛花期以前,叶片光合主要受气孔因素制约,而在生育后期,非气孔因素亦有很重要的作用。对小麦高产育种,尤其是光合特性的改良问题进行了讨论。     

水分胁迫对白羊草光合生理特性的影响

测定了白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum)在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区大田干旱条件下叶片光合速率、叶片水势、叶绿素含量、气孔阻力、蒸腾强度、细胞膜透性和脯氨酸积累指标。结果表明：土壤干旱条件下,降低了白羊草叶水势、气孔蒸腾强度、光合速率和叶绿素含量,增加了叶片气孔阻力、细胞膜透性和脯氨酸的积累。解除水分胁迫、恢复供水48h后,上述各项指标可以恢复到正常供水值的50%以上,说明了白羊草自身调节能力强,对干旱有良好的适应性和忍耐性。     

马铃薯遮光处理的效应研究

【研究目的】研究探讨了在马铃薯不同生长阶段的光处理效应，净光合速率（Pn）与蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间间隙CO2浓度(CO2)、叶面温度(Tleaf)、叶绿素含量、光强（PAR）的变化情况及相互关系，植株体上、中、下层叶片对光合作用的贡献情况。【研究方法】采用两种类型的遮阳网遮光，设2个水平、4个时期，一个对照，共9个处理。【结果】块茎形成膨大期遮光，40%、65%透光率细胞间隙CO2浓度降低，蒸腾速率较对照下降，气孔导度、结薯数、商品薯率、叶绿素含量升高，产量较对照增产显著；苗期遮光对产量的影响不大，但延迟生殖生长；淀粉积累期遮光增产不显著；全生育期65%透光率减产，40%透光率减产显著。遮光植株茎杆细长，自然光照则粗壮。【结论】块茎形成膨大期遮光有利于块茎形成。     

虎耳草不同叶龄光合特性及叶片结构比较

为了发现阴生植物越过强光和高温的光合机制,采用LI-6400光合测定系统和石蜡切片法,对虎耳草的春叶和秋叶的光合生理和叶片结构进行了研究。结果表明：春叶的光合速率、气孔导度等极显著低于秋叶,光合速率的降低受气孔因子限制;通过Pn-PAR曲线方程发现,春叶的补偿点为14.3 μmol photons/(m2?s),光饱和点为346 μmol photons/(m2?s),均极显著高于秋叶,表明春叶对强光有较好的耐受性;叶片解剖结构表明,春叶叶肉组织增加极显著,但栅海比低于秋叶,这证实了不同叶龄虎耳草叶片形态结构与生理功能的一致性。     

不同磷效率小麦品种的光合特性及其生理机制

以典型的不同磷效率小麦品种为材料,对磷低效（L）、吸收高效（Ha）和利用高效（Hu）品种的光合特性及其生理机制进行了研究。随着叶片生长进程,供试品种旗叶CO₂传导参数气孔导度（G_s）、叶肉导度（G_m）和碳酸酐酶（CA）活性,春4叶和旗叶叶绿素含量（Chl）、可溶蛋白含量（SP）、叶绿体无机磷（P_i）浓度和Mg²⁺-ATPase活性以及光合速率（P_n）均不断降低。光合暗反应关键酶RuBPCase活性则以叶片全展后15 d较高,叶片全展时次之,全展后30 d最低。在缺磷条件下,春4叶和旗叶各测定时期上述参数均以L较低,Ha和Hu较高。表明磷高效小麦品种（Ha和Hu）叶片光合碳同化作用的相对提高,是其光合器官捕光能力较强、光合作用的气孔限制和非气孔限制程度较低和暗反应速率较高综合作用的结果。叶片全展后15 d的RuBPCase活性及单位RuBPCase蛋白的比活性较叶片全展时有所增加,暗示着在叶片老化过程中或在磷营养逆境胁迫条件下,植物体内部分代谢酶类,如RuBPCase,存在着一定的自我调节和保护机制以维持自身功能。     

田间密植诱导抽穗期玉米叶片衰老时的光合作用机制

为理解田间密植是否诱导抽穗期玉米叶片衰老以及衰老叶片的光合作用规律和机制,本研究以玉米"先玉335"为材料研究了抽穗期栽培密度对穗位叶和穗下第4叶的光环境、比叶重、氮素含量、叶绿素含量、气体交换以及叶绿素荧光诱导动力学的影响。结果表明,随着密度的增加玉米冠层内的光强大幅降低,尤其穗下第4叶;穗位叶和穗下第4叶的比叶重降低。同时,穗位叶和穗下第4叶的氮素含量和叶绿素含量均随栽培密度增加而下降。不同栽培密度下穗位叶荧光诱导动力学曲线(OJIP)未发生明显改变,而高密度下穗下第4叶OJIP的J和I相的相对荧光产量较低密度有提高趋势。高密度下,穗位叶和穗下第4叶叶片的光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均降低;不过,穗位叶胞间CO2浓度降低,穗下第4叶胞间CO2浓度增加。我们认为,田间密植条件下异质性光环境可以迅速诱导抽穗期玉米冠层下部叶片(如穗下第4叶)衰老;该过程中,光合作用的限制因素不是光能吸收和电子传递,而可能是碳同化。     

不同磷效率大豆品种光合特性的比较

以不同磷效率大豆品种为材料, 调查磷高效和磷低效品种的生理指标,测定大豆生育期地上器官干物重,分析光合特性及物质生产特性。结果表明,在低磷条件下, 各生育期的叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、净光合速率、气孔导度和叶肉导度均以磷高效品种较高, 磷高效品种光合作用较强,CO₂同化能力较高。各生育期, 供试品种的叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、净光合速率、气孔导度和叶肉导度均在结荚期达到高峰而后下降, 但磷高效品种下降速率低于磷低效品种。磷高效品种的单株和群体均具较高光合效率及生长参数, 并受磷浓度影响较小, 主要原因是其植株吸收磷量较多, 有利于植株体内磷素平衡, 即便在低磷条件下也有相对较强的光合能力,令其在低磷、中磷和高磷条件下都有较高的产量和籽粒磷效率。