培养三倍体柑桔植株的研究

以柑桔异源四倍体体细胞杂种（哈姆林甜橙（ＣｉｔｒｕｓｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＯｓｂｅｃｋｃｖ．Ｈａｍｌｉｎｓｗｅｅｔｏｒａｎｇｅ）＋粗柠檬（Ｃ．ｊａｍｂｈｉｒｉＬｕｓｈｃｖ．Ｒｏｕｇｈｌｅｍｏｎ）为父本与单胚的二倍体柑桔类型（宜昌橙（Ｃ．ｉｃｈａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓＳｗｉｎｇｌｅ）与华农本地早（Ｃ．ｒｅｔｉｃｕｌａｔａＢｌａｎｃｏｃｖ．Ｈｕａｎｏｎｇｂｅｎｄｉａｚｏ）的杂交后代）杂交。通过幼胚早期离体培养,获得     

柑桔体细胞杂种扦插繁殖及其有关性状研究

对３个由原生质体融合产生的柑桔体细胞杂种繁殖特性的研究表明，金柑与甜橙属间体细胞杂种扦插生根成活率较低。甜橙＋宜昌橙以及甜橙＋粗柠檬种间体细胞杂种扦插萌发和生根能力与权及粗柠檬没有显著差异；插条发根平均为２．０条和１．８条，一年生植株根系总长分别为１２２．２ｃｍ和８０．７ｃｍ，与积和粗柠檬均无显著差异；粗柠檬＋甜橙杂种的须根数为３９条，株－１，与权（５４．５条·株－１）差异显著，而宜昌橙＋甜橙种间杂种（４７．７条·株－１）与积差异不显著；体细胞杂种的抗寒性有介于双亲之间的趋势     

柑桔体细胞杂种植物学性状,生长特性及其扦插繁殖研究

采用宜昌橙和伏令夏橙,金柑和伏令夏橙,哈姆林和粗柠檬融合的３个体细胞杂种,进行高接和扦插繁殖,并以尊或枳作比较,试验结果表明：体细胞杂种之间的生长量存在显著差异,并均受亲本影响;杂种的叶子植物学性状,与亲本相比,叶形指数变小;杂种的刺生长并与不两亲本均成正相关;杂种扦插成活率偏向高值亲本,其中两个杂种具有与枳扦插应用一样的潜力。     

培养三倍体柑桔植株的研究

以柑桔异源四倍体体细胞杂种[哈姆林甜橙（CitrussinensisOsbeckcv．Hamlinsweetorange）＋粗柠檬（C．jambhiriLush　cv．Rough　lemon）]为父本与单胚的二倍体柑桔类型[宜昌橙（C．ichangensisSwingle）与华农本地早（C.reticulataBlancocv．Huanongbendizao）的杂交后代]杂交,通过幼胚早期离体培养,获得了113株再生植株,其中89％为三倍体,并初步筛选出了适宜的幼胚离体培养时间为授粉后80d。     

柑桔体细胞杂种的花粉育性及其遗传稳定性

对原生质体融合产生的５个已开花的体细胞杂种的花粉育性观察表明，它们的花粉染色活力在０－９０．１８％之间。其中４个体细胞杂种的花粉育性介于双亲之间，偏向高值亲本；种间异源四倍体体细胞杂种产生７．１８％－１８．５９％的小花粉，这类花粉只有正常花粉粒的１／３左右大小、内空。脐橙与红桔的体细胞杂种不产生花粉。墨西哥来檬与伏令夏橙的体细胞杂种花粉育性稳定，年份间无显著差异；粗柠檬与哈姆林甜橙的体细胞杂种无性繁殖后代之间，花粉育性无显著差异。     

温度预处理对柑橘果实活性氧代谢相关酶的影响

以尾张温州蜜柑（Ｃｉｔｒｕｓ　ｕｎｓｈｉｕ　Ｍａｒｃ．）和哈姆林甜橙（Ｃｉｔｒｕｓ　ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ　Ｏｓｂｅｃｋ．）为试材，研究了不同温度预处理对果实呼吸速率、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性、过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）活性、过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活性、丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量、果皮相对电导率（ＲＥＣ）和木质素含量的影响。结果表明，２０℃预处理 ３ｄ的果实，在贮藏至 １００ ｄ时，呼吸速率、ＭＤＡ含量。果皮 ＲＥＣ均为最低。２０℃预处理果实在贮藏后期 ＳＯＤ与 ＣＡＴ能较好地协同作用清除 Ｏ２－·，果实受自由基伤害程度最小，果实衰老得以延缓。温度预处理引起的ＰＯＤ活性的上升可能与提高果皮木质素含量、加速受损伤油胞的迅速愈合有关，而贮藏后期 ＰＯＤ活性的上升可能与果实的衰老有关。     

柑桔体细胞杂种植物学性状、生长特性及其扦插繁殖研究

采用宜昌橙和伏令夏橙、金柑和伏令夏橙、哈姆林和粗柠檬融合的3个体细胞杂种,进行高接和扦插繁殖,并以亲本或枳作比较。试验结果表明：体细胞杂种之间的生长量存在显著差异,并均受亲本影响;杂种的叶子植物学性状,与亲本相比,叶形指数变小;杂种的刺生长并不与两亲本均值成正相关;杂种扦插成活率偏向高值亲本,其中两个杂种具有与枳扦插应用一样的潜力。即使两亲本的扦插成活率均为0,而杂种仍有部分扦插成活。     

柑桔同源及异源四倍体花粉育性研究

对８个柑桔同源四倍体及通过原生质体融合得到的２个异源四倍体的花粉育性和花粉粒大小进行了测定。结果显示，同源四倍体柑桔花粉育性平均为３６％，约为二倍体（６２％）的６０％。‘伏今夏’甜橙由于是异质结合的染色体易位突变体，其同源四倍体花粉育性比二倍体（２３％）高出５０％。权（Ｐｏｎｃｉｒｕｓｔｒｉｆｏｌｉａｔａ）与甜橙（Ｃｉｔｒｕｓｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）属间以及来檬（Ｃ．ａｕｒａｎｔｉｆｏｌｉａ）与甜橙种间四倍体体细胞杂种花粉育性介于其双亲之间，花粉育性分别为各自高值亲本的９９％和７５％。同源及异源四倍体花粉粒体积平均为二倍体的２倍或双亲之和。本结果说明，柑桔体细胞杂种可作为杂交亲本进一步被利用。     

柑橘种间体细胞杂种植株遗传变异研究

对6年生哈姆体甜橙 粗柠檬和4年生伏令夏橙 宜昌橙种间体细胞杂种遗传变异进行了研究。体细胞杂种气孔较大,密度较小,染色体数为四倍体（2n=4x=36)。POX、PPO、GOT和SOD4种同工酶图谱上,体细胞杂种为双亲酶带之和,RAPD分析显示,体细胞杂种含有双亲的谱带,同一融合组合不同单株在叶形指数、气孔特征、染色体数目,同工酶和RAPD图谱上表现一致。     

柑桔体细胞杂种的花粉育性及其遗传稳定性

对原生质体融合产生的５个已开花的体细胞杂种的花粉育性观察表明，它们的花粉染色活力在０－９０．１８％之间，其中４个体细胞杂种的花粉育性介于双亲之间，偏向亲值亲本，种间异源四倍体体细胞杂种产生７．１８％￣１８．５９％的小花粉，这类花粉只有正常花粉粒的１／３左右大小、内空，脐橙与结桔的体细胞杂种不产生花粉，墨西哥来檬与伏令夏橙的体细胞杂种花粉育性稳定，年份间无显著差异，粗柠檬与哈姆林甜橙的体细胞杂种无性     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfungen der Süßkirschensorte ‚Stella‘ auf Gisela- und Weiroot-Unterlagen in Bulgarien

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsprüfungen wurden im Zeitraum 1997 bis 2003 mit den Unterlagen Gisela 4 und 5, den Klonnummern 195/20 und 497/8 aus der Gisela-Serie sowie Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72 und 158 durchgeführt. Dabei dienten Sämlinge von P1 (bulgarische Selektion aus Prunus mahaleb) als Kontrolle. Alle Unterlagen waren mit der Sorte Stella veredelt und im Dezember 1996 in der Versuchsanlage der Agraruniversität in Plovdiv, Bulgarien, im Abstand von 6 m×4,5 m gepflanzt worden. Dabei erfolgte ein Pflanzschnitt. Nach Abschluss der natürlichen Kronenentwicklung wurde jedes Jahr ein Winterschnitt vorgenommen. Der Boden wurde durch mechanische Bearbeitung offen gehalten und nach dem 4. Standjahr wurden die Baumstreifen mit Herbiziden behandelt. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgte durch eine dem natürlichen Gefälle folgende Überflutung, allerdings nicht immer zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, da keine eigene Wasserquelle zur Verfügung stand.Basierend auf den Ergebnissen bis zum Anfang des 7. Standjahres können die untersuchten Unterlagen in zwei Gruppen differenziert werden: starkwüchsig—Weiroot 10, P1 und Weiroot 13; mittelstarkwachsend bis schwachwüchsig—Gi 497/8, Gisela 4, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 158, Gi 195/20, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 5. Letztere zeichnete sich durch besondere Schwachwüchsigkeit aus. Die meisten Wurzelschosser bildeten Gisela 4, Weiroot 10 und Weiroot 13. Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72 und Weiroot 158 entwickelten deutlich weniger und P1, Gisela 5, Gi 195/20 sowie Gi 497/8 keine Wurzelschosser. Den frühesten Blühbeginn induzierte Gisela 4. Die anderen Unterlagen führten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturbedingungen des jeweiligen Jahres, zu einer Verspätung der Blüte: P1 und Weiroot 10 um 1–2 Tage; Gi 497/8, Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 158 um 2–4 Tage; Weiroot 72 um 2–7 Tage; Gi 195/20 um 3–6 Tage; Weiroot 53 um 3–8 Tage und Gisela 5 um 3–10 Tage. Die Reifezeit der Früchte war bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten um 2–3 Tage verspätet. Gisela 5, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 4 induzierten bei der aufveredelten Sorte die höchsten Ertragsleistungen, P1 die geringsten. Bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 war die Fruchtgröße geringer als bei den anderen Unterlagen. Bäume auf Gisela 5 brauchen intensive Pflege. Nur wenn alle Produktionsfaktoren und kulturtechnischen Maßnahmen optimiert werden, kann das hohe Ertragspotenzial dieser Unterlage ausgeschöpft werden.     

Relationship between renal hypertension and cardiac α1-adrenoceptor autoantibodies in rats

AIM: To examine the autoantibody against α₁-adrenoceptor and its biologic activities during the development of renal hypertension. METHODS: Renal hypertension of rat was achieved by clipped renal artery, the titre of autoantibody to α₁-adrenoceptor was detected using ELISA immunoassay. Furthermore, the biological offects of these autoantibodies on cultured cardiomyocytes were also examined. RESULTS: After two weeks of clipping renal arteries, both the frequency of occurrence and the titre of autoantibodies to cardiac α₁-adrenergic receptor were significantly increased as compared with the control of pre-treatment. The increased autoantibodies lasted for several weeks and then automatically decreased gradually to the pre-clipping level at 12 weeks. The biological effects of these autoantibodies displayed an "agonistic-like" activities on the beating frequency of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION: Autoantibodies against α₁-adrenoceptor may play a role in the elevation of peripheral vascular resistance and in the development of cardiac hypertrophy in rats with renal hypertension.     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Influence of Mineral Nutrients on Strawberry Fruit Quality and Their Accumulation in Plant Organs

Abstract

This review is based partly on complete articles and partly on abstracts. Three of the 60 articles deal with the total uptake of elements in strawberry plant organs in two different strawberry production systems, both considered as optimal concerning amount and balance of elements. The effect on fruit quality may be dramatic if the level of a particular element is outside this range, but there may also be effects initiated by differences within the optimal range of elements. Most articles refer to product oriented quality, but some focus on consumer oriented quality, as discussed by Shewfelt (1999). The discussion here is on a general basis, so one should keep in mind that there are cultivar differences and that specification of nutrition ideally should mirror the needs of a single cultivar, or a group of cultivars with similar requirements. Also, to get a complete understanding of the subject future reviews should embrace a broader access of information including the effect on plant development of individual elements, such as the role of calcium in fruit firmness and its importance in cell wall structure. However, the intention here is to narrow the information to results that suggest a direct connection between nutrient uptake and fruit quality.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Effect of puerarin on pulmonary arterioles wall collagen metabolism of chronic hypoxia hypercapnia rats

AIM:To investigate the effect of puerarin on pulmonary vessel collagen metabolism in pulmonary hypertension rats induced by chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia.METHODS:Collagen Ⅰ, Ⅲ and their mRNA were observed in pulmonary arterioles by the technique of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization.RESULTS:① Light microscopy showed media thickness of pulmonary arterioles was much higher in HH(hypoxic-hypercapnia) group than that of NC(normal control) group, and, vessel cavity turned more straiter in HH group than that of NC group.However, the damage of pulmonary arterioles in HP(hypoxic-pueratin) group was much slighter than that of HH group. ② The levels of plasma ET-1 and lung homogenates Hyr were much higher in HH group than those of NC group(P＜0.01), and lower in HP group than HH groups(P＜0.01).Plasma NO content in group HH was lower than that of group NC(P＜0.01), it was higher in group HP than that of group HH(P＜0.01).③Expression of collagen Ⅰ and collagen Ⅰ mRNA in pulmonary arterioles were significantly higher in HH groups than those of NC group (P＜0.01), and they were lower in HP group than those of HH group (P＜0.01).Expression of collagen Ⅲ and collagen Ⅲ mRNA showed no difference among three groups(P＞0.05).CONCLUSION:Puerarin inhibited the deposition of collagen and improved pulmonary vessel remodeling.     

Mixed-severity fire regime in a high-elevation forest of Grand Canyon,Arizona, USA

Fire regime characteristics of high-elevation forests on the North Rim of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, were reconstructed from fire scar analysis, remote sensing, tree age, and forest structure measurements, a first attempt at detailed reconstruction of the transition from surface to stand-replacing fire patterns in the Southwest. Tree densities and fire-/non-fire-initiated groups were highly mixed over the landscape, so distinct fire-created stands could not be delineated from satellite imagery or the oldest available aerial photos. Surface fires were common from 1700 to 1879 in the 4,400 ha site, especially on S and W aspects. Fire dates frequently coincided with fire dates measured at study sites at lower elevation, suggesting that pre-1880 fire sizes may have been very large. Large fires, those scarring 25% or more of the sample trees, were relatively infrequent, averaging 31 years between burns. Four of the five major regional fire years occurred in the 1700s, followed by a 94-year gap until 1879. Fires typically occurred in significantly dry years (Palmer Drought Stress Index), with severe drought in major regional fire years. Currently the forest is predominantly spruce-fir, mixed conifer, and aspen. In contrast, dendroecological reconstruction of past forest structure showed that the forest in 1880 was very open, corresponding closely with historical (1910) accounts of severe fires leaving partially denuded landscapes. Age structure and species composition were used to classify sampling points into fire-initiated and non-fire-initiated groups. Tree groups on nearly 60% of the plots were fire-initiated; the oldest such groups appeared to have originated after severe fires in 1782 or 1785. In 1880, all fire-initiated groups were less than 100 years old and nearly 25% of the groups were less than 20 years old. Non-fire-initiated groups were significantly older (oldest 262 years in 1880), dominated by ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, or white fir, and occurred preferentially on S and W slopes. The mixed-severity fire regime, transitioning from lower-elevation surface fires to mixed surface and stand-replacing fire at higher elevations, appeared not to have been stable over the temporal and spatial scales of this study. Information about historical fire regime and forest structure is valuable for managers but the information is probably less specific and stable for high-elevation forests than for low-elevation ponderosa pine forests.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

瓜叶绿素降解关键酶基因PPH和PAO cDNA片段的克隆与表达初步分析

 以西双版纳黄瓜和‘华黄5号’黄瓜叶片为试验材料,研究了衰老过程中两种黄瓜叶片叶绿素含量变化及脱镁叶绿素脱镁叶绿酸水解酶基因PPH和脱镁叶绿酸a加氧酶基因PAO的表达。结果表明：随着叶片衰老,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量显著降低,叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值在0.5左右,推测叶绿素b的含量可能对黄瓜叶片保绿起到重要作用。荧光定量RT-PCR分析结果显示：PPH和PAO在西双版纳黄瓜叶片生长35 d时表达量最高,分别为5.50和1.86;PPH在‘华黄5号’叶片35 d时表达量最高,为7.14,而PAO在35和45 d表达量都很高,分别为3.90和3.91;PPH和PAO在西双版纳黄瓜叶片中的表达量低于在‘华黄5号’中。