红星苹果新梢叶内与砧木萌蘖叶内矿质元素含量相关性的研究

本研究以嫁接在几种苹果砧木上的红星苹果新梢叶片及砧木萌蘖叶片为材料,通过分析,证实了红星苹果新梢叶内与砧木萌蘖叶内矿质元素含量有一定的相关性,但各元素间有较大差异。红星苹果叶内磷、钾、锰元素含量与砧木萌蘖叶内含量关系密切;钙、铜、铁元素含量有一定相关性,但未达显著水平;氮、镁、锌含量与砧木萌蘖叶内含量几乎没有关系。     

广东省沙糖桔主产区果园土壤与树体养分状况分析

为了探讨沙糖桔叶片黄化与矿质养分的关系,对广东省沙糖桔主产区(肇庆市和云浮市)的53个果园进行土壤和叶片养分调查和分析.结果表明,沙糖桔果园土壤整体偏酸,有机质、土壤碱解氮、速效钾和有效锌含量基本上处于适宜水平,交换性镁和有效钙含量偏低,有效磷含量偏高;植株普遍缺氮、磷、镁和锌,缺乏程度以镁最严重;叶片中各养分间以及叶片养分与土壤pH值、有机质及其有效养分间存在着一定的相关性.缺镁是造成沙糖桔叶片黄化的主要原因.     

不同树龄‘库尔勒香梨’园土壤养分的特征

【目的】掌握土壤养分在不同树龄‘库尔勒香梨’园中的分布特征,明确土壤养分丰缺状况和果园土壤肥力障碍因素。【方法】选取不同树龄(8~25 a)‘库尔勒香梨’园,采集0~30 cm土样,测定土壤中有机质、速效养分和微量养分含量。【结果】土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效铁和有效锰含量随着‘库尔勒香梨’树体种植年限的增加而增加,但随着树龄的增加不同树龄段间土壤有机质、碱解氮含量差异性逐渐减小,有效铁、有效锰含量差异不显著;有效磷、有效锌含量随着‘库尔勒香梨’树体种植年限的增加呈先减小后增大的趋势,但随着树龄的增加不同树龄段间土壤有效磷、有效锌含量差异不显著;速效钾、有效铜含量随着‘库尔勒香梨’树体种植年限的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,但随着树龄的增加不同树龄段间土壤速效钾含量差异显著,有效铜含量差异不显著;【结论】不同树龄段‘库尔勒香梨’园土壤肥力总体水平都较低,有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和有效铜含量属于平的水平,速效钾、有效锌含量属于丰的水平,有效铁、有效锰的含量属于缺的水平。     

苹果缺铁失录症的年周期变化

对黄河冲积性潮土上国光苹果缺铁失绿的年周期变化进行了研究，结果表明，秋梢旺长期是发病高峰期、土壤ｐＨ高、有效铁低的植株表现缺铁失绿，矿质元素含量及叶内几种主要矿质元素间比率的年周期变化对缺铁失绿均有一定影响。     

海南台农杧和金煌杧叶片养分周年动态变化分析

对海南主栽杧果品种台农杧和金煌杧的叶片养分的变化动态进行了分析。结果表明,相同栽培模式下,杧果叶片养分含量在不同品种、不同生长发育阶段和不同物候期之间存在显著的差异,但总体规律为:钙>氮>钾>镁>磷>锰>铁>铜>锌。营养生长期间,不同月份杧果叶片中氮、磷、钾、镁含量基本保持在同一水平上;生殖生长期间,养分从叶片转移至花芽中,叶片养分明显下降。对于大量元素氮、磷、钾、镁而言,8—12月叶片养分波动较小,因此10月的杧果叶片可以作为叶片营养诊断的采样时间。     

苹果树施用锌肥试验

苹果树施用锌肥试验庞占荣，朱世新（辽宁省水土保持研究所朝阳１２２０００））辽西地区果园土壤有机质含量低，ｐＨ值大都在７．５以上，影响土壤有效锌含量，果树缺锌较为普遍。缺锌严重的果树常发生小叶病。为了探讨该地区苹果缺锌的状况和施用锌肥的效果，我们于１９８６－１９９０年进行了本试验。材料与方法１朝阳地区果园土壤和国光苹果叶片锌素营养诊断本地区果园土壤大致可分７类，即砂砾土、红粘土、黄壤土、白汤土、黑砂壤土、黄粘土、石灰质砂砾土。分别取各类土样和相应的国光苹果叶样。分析土壤有效锌和叶样锌含量。并根据苹果缺锌的各种症状采取叶样，进行分析，以确定锌素营养的临界指标。２施用锌肥试验２．１施用方法试材为２７年生国光，设发芽前喷０．２％ＺｎＳＯ＿４、土施ＺｎＳＯ＿４（２５０ｇ／株，４月中旬）和对照（不施）三个处理。三株小区，二次重复。２．２施用时期试材为８年生金冠、鸡冠、国光。设发芽前、盛花期、落花后三周喷０．３％ＺｎＳＯ＿４、土施ＺｎＳＯ＿４（１００ｇ／株，４月中旬）和对照（不施）５个处理。二株小区，３－５次重复。结果与分析１朝阳地区果园主要类型土壤和苹果叶片锌素营养诊断结果诊断结果（表１）表明，该地区果园土壤有效锌含量     

不同砧木苹果品种果肉芳香物质的含量变化

采用气相色谱技术测试了不同砧木的富士系、元帅系苹果果肉中１３种挥发性芳香物质的含量。结果表明，岩富１０号和长富２号果肉中醇类和酯类物质总量显著高于富士，而红星和艳红果肉中酯类和醇类物质的构成成分变化不同。矮化砧木２－７、３－１９嫁接的富士、红星苹果中酯类物质含量显著高于乔化砧木。不同产地果肉香气和可溶性固形物含量（ＳＳＣ）的测定与相关分析表明，果实中乙醛、丙酮和醇类物质随海拔下降呈上升趋势，与果肉ＳＳＣ无相关性，酯类物质与ＳＳＣ呈极显著正相关。     

凌源市耕地、果园土壤肥力状况

凌源市采集土壤样品238个,对有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效镁、有效硅、有效钙、有效硼、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜、有效锌等12项土壤养分指标进行了测试分析。结果表明,凌源市土壤有机质含量稍缺,碱解氮和有效磷含量中等,速效钾含量很丰富,中微量元素含量都不缺。旱田土壤的速效钾含量最低,菜田土壤的碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量都是最高的,果园土壤的碱解氮和有效磷含量最低。     

苹果缺锰症的防治

锰是植物体内许多酶的活化剂,参与植物的光合作用和叶绿素的合成,是植物生长发育不可缺少的元素之一.苹果缺锰,叶片呈等腰三角形,从叶缘开始失绿变黄绿色,叶片主脉和中脉仍保持绿色,失绿区叶脉不明显,若继续发展,仅主脉保持绿色,其余部分为淡黄色,严重缺锰时,叶尖发生褐色斑点,枝干、果实无显著变化,若酸性土壤中锰过量则表现为粗皮病（多锰症）.苹果缺锰症发生的原因,一是由于果园土壤有效锰含量少,不能满足苹果生长发育的需要.二是果园土壤偏碱性时,锰由可给态的二价锰被氧化为不可给态的四价锰,易发生缺锰失绿症.三是春季干旱时苹果树也易出现缺锰症.     

用苹果花铁含量作为苹果缺铁诊断指标研究

苹果缺铁失绿黄化，是石灰性土壤上非常普遍的生理病害，严重影响苹果的产量和品质。为了更好地防治这一病害的发生，寻找有效的苹果缺铁诊断指标就显得非常重要和紧迫。本研究对山东省的泰安、德州、烟台三地区的18个苹果园、162株苹果树进行分析表明。苹果盛花期全铁平均含量和变幅显高于不同时间苹果叶片全铁平均含量和变幅，而且苹果花全铁含量与不同时间叶片全铁和叶绿素之间均密切相关，表明用苹果花全铁含量更容易区分正常树和缺铁树，能更好地预测苹果树体早期铁营养状况和及早采取相应的防治措施。因而果花铁含量是可靠的苹果缺铁诊断指标，对果缺铁早期防治有重要的指导意义。     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Coupling past management practice and historic landscape change on John F. Kennedy Space Center,Florida

Historic landcover dynamics in a scrubby flatwoods (Tel-4) and scrub landscape (Happy Creek) on John F. Kennedy Space Center were measured using aerial images from 1943, 1951, 1958, 1969, 1979, and 1989. Landcover categories were mapped, digitized, geometrically registered, and overlaid in ARC/INFO. Both study sites have been influenced by various land use histories, including periods of range management, fire suppression, and fire management. Several analyses were performed to help understand the effects of past land management on the amount and spatial distribution of landcover within the study sites. A chi-squared analysis showed a significant difference between the frequency of landcover occurrence and management period. Markov chain models were used to project observed changes over a 100-year period; these showed current management practices being effective at Tel-4 (restoring historic landscape structure) and much less effective at Happy Creek. Documenting impacts of past management regimes on landcover has provided important insight into current landscape composition and will provide the basis for improving land management on Kennedy Space Center and elsewhere.     

XBP-01 accelerated apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM: Previous studies performed with XBP-01 in vitro indicated that XBP-01 could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells from being transformed into foam cell and could eliminate the atherosclerotic plaque in C57BL/6J mouse. This experiment is to investigate its mechanism of eliminating plaques in vitro. METHODS: The cultured porcine artery smooth muscle cells incubated with XBP-01 of 0.1 mg/L for 24 h after preincubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein of 15 mg/L for 72 h in vitro. The samples were analyzed by fluorescence microscope, confocal microscope system and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Apoptosis was triggered by being incubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein and this process was accelerated additionally by being incubated with XBP-01. CONCLUSION: XBP-01 can be effective in eliminating atherosclerotic plaque by accelerating the process in which oxidized low density lipoprotein induced smooth muscle cell apoptosis.     

Metallothionein inhibits homocysteine-induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of metallothionein(MT) on proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by homocysteine and its mechanism. METHODS:VSMCs proliferation was measured by [³-H]-TdR incorporation, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity were determined by immunoprecipitation method, the intracellular contents of MT and malondialdehyde (MDA)were assayed by -hemoglobin saturation method and TBA reaction, respectively, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was measured by NADH oxidation. RESULTS:Hcy(10^-6-10^-4 mmol/L) stimulated [³-H]-TdR incorporation by the VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control, [³-H]-TdR incorporation in VSMCs treated with 0.1 mmol/L Hcy was increased by 4.2 fold (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, Hcy enhanced MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of VSMCs with MT alone did not change above parameters, compared with control. However, MT (10^-6-10^-4 mol/L)attenuated significantly Hcy-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. And MT inhibited obviously Hcy-induced activation of MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release. Preincubation of VSMCs with 0.5 mmol/L ZnCl₂ for 6 h induced an increase cellular MT content by 5.7-fold (P＜0.01). The MT-overexpressed VSMCs resisted Hcy-stimulating action on MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH leakage (P＜0.01). CONCLUSION:These results show that MT has an inhibitory effect on Hcy-induced VSMCs proliferation, and that MT could inhibit Hcy-stimulated MAPK activity and lipid peroxidation.     

The effect of exposure on landscape scale soil surface temperatures and species distribution models

Species distribution models (SDMs) often use elevation as a surrogate for temperature or utilise elevation sensitive interpolations from weather stations. These methods may be unsuitable at the landscape scale, especially where there are sparse weather stations, dramatic variations in exposure or low elevational ranges. The goal of this study was to determine whether radiation, moisture or a novel estimate of exposure could improve temperature estimates and SDMs for vegetation on the Illawarra Escarpment, near Sydney, Australia. Forty temperature sensors were placed on the soil surface of an approximately 12,000 ha study site between November 2004 and August 2006. Linear regression was used to determine the relationship with environmental factors. Elevation was correlated more with moderate temperatures (winter maximums, summer minimums, spring and autumn averages) than extreme temperatures (summer maximums, winter minimums). The correlation (r ²) between temperature and environmental factors was improved by up to 0.38 by incorporating exposure, moisture and radiation in the regressions. Summer maximums and winter minimums were predominately determined by exposure to the NW and coastal influences respectively, while exposure to the NE and SW was important during other seasons. These directions correspond with the winds that are most influential in the study area. The improved temperature estimates were used in Generalised Additive Models for 37 plant species. The deviance explained by most models was increased relative to elevation, especially for moist rainforest species. It was concluded that improving the accuracy of seasonal temperature estimates could improve our ability to explain the patchy distribution of many species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.