驼乳粉脂肪酸含量和组成分析

本研究用国标法(GB 5413.27)检测了新疆生产的6份驼乳粉脂肪酸含量和组成。结果表明:所检测的驼乳粉平均总脂肪酸(TFA)含量为35.2g/100g。从驼乳粉中共检出34种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)17种,单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)7种,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)10种,含量分别占TFA的(63.91±4.25)%、(32.78±4.37)%和(3.31±0.78)%,不饱和脂肪酸(USFA)和SFA的比值为0.56。驼乳粉中人体必需脂肪酸亚油酸(LA)和α-亚麻酸(ALA)分别占TFA的(1.56±0.18)%和(1.22±0.59)%,婴幼儿必需脂肪酸花生四烯酸(ARA)、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)分别占TFA的(0.135±0.015)%、(0.07±0.023)%和(0.03±0.006)%。     

新疆双峰驼驼乳成分及特性分析

本研究对15峰新疆双峰驼驼乳的化学成分、物理指标、氨基酸组成及5种脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的比例进行分析测定。结果表明,新疆双峰驼驼乳含蛋白质3.6%、脂肪6.2%、乳糖4.91%、灰分0.98%;每100g驼乳含钙144.2mg、磷106.8mg,钙磷比为1.35;驼乳的相对密度为1.035,酸度为20.94oT,冰点为-0.576℃;驼乳中8种人体必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的44.92%,5种长链脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的75.83%,其中亚油酸和亚麻酸分别占4.42%和1.43%。     

马乳粉中涉婴儿配方食品脂肪酸测定分析

对新疆青河县某养殖合作社以放牧马马乳为原料生产的马乳粉中与婴儿配方食品有关的脂肪酸含量和所占比例进行测定和分析。结果表明:马乳粉中亚油酸和α-亚麻酸含量分别为(698.7±63.1)mg/100g和(1751.0±226.6)mg/100g,占总脂肪酸的比例依次为(6.40±0.65)%和(16.02±1.81)%;婴幼儿必需的ARA和DHA含量分别为(40.3±1.7)mg/100g和(4.0±1.0)mg/100g,所占比例依次为(0.37±0.02)%和(0.04±0.01)%。对照《食品安全国家标准婴儿配方食品》(GB10765–2010)对乳基婴儿配方食品的脂肪和脂肪酸指标要求,马乳粉脂肪含量低于规定的指标,亚油酸含量显著偏低,α-亚麻酸含量显著偏高,亚油酸与亚麻酸比值显著偏低,月桂酸+豆蔻酸、反式脂肪酸、芥酸以及ARA和DHA占总脂肪酸的比例均符合指标规定的要求。     

奶牛品种对乳中氨基酸含量的影响研究

本研究是针对内蒙古通辽地区饲养的1～5胎健康无病的荷斯坦牛和西门塔尔牛以及呼伦贝尔地区饲养的1～5胎健康无病的荷斯坦牛和三河牛,分别选取其泌乳初期（7～30d）、泌乳盛期（31～90d）、泌乳中期（91～210d）和泌乳后期（211d～停奶）牛各10头,共计40头,年分4次采集乳样,即枯草期（1月份）、返青期（4月份）、盛草期（7月份）和枯草前期（10月份）。每个品种重复数分别为160头次。同时,结合饲草料等因素,全面系统地研究乳中氨基酸含量在品种之间的变化规律。结果表明,西门塔尔牛牛乳中氨基酸总量（TAA）、必需氨基酸总量（EAA）和非必需氨基酸总量（NEEA）分别比当地饲养的荷斯坦牛牛乳高0.2923mg/100mg、0.1402mg/100mg和0.1521mg/100mg,而且其差异均显著（P〈0.05）;三河牛牛乳中TAA、EAA和NEEA分别比当地饲养的荷斯坦牛牛乳高0.2511mg/100mg、0.1311mg/100mg和0.1200mg/100mg,而且其差异也均显著（P〈0.05）;三河牛牛乳中TAA和EAA虽然分别比西门塔尔牛低0.0168mg/100mg和0.0580mg/100mg,但差异不显著（P〉0.05）。     

饲喂不同油脂对黄羽肉鸡肌肉组织中脂肪酸组成的影响

选用 8 3日龄的雌性广西黄羽肉鸡 90只 ,随机分成 5组 (每组设 2个重复 ,每个重复 9只 ,共 18只 ) ,研究饲粮中不同油脂对肉鸡肌肉组织脂肪酸组成的影响。 5组饲粮分别含 3%的富含饱和脂肪酸的棕榈油 (PO3组 ,对照组 )、 3% (LO3组 )和 5%的富含α 亚麻酸 (C18:3n 3,ALA)的亚麻油 (LO5组 )、 5%的富含长链n 3脂肪酸 (如C2 0 :5n 3,EPA ;C2 2 :6n 3,DHA)的鱼油 (FO5组 )、 5%的富含亚油酸(C18:2n 6 ,LA)和ALA的火麻仁油 (HO5组 )。饲喂 2 8d,取样测定胸肌和腿肌中的脂肪酸组成。结果表明 :PO3(对照组 )肌肉中的n 6 /n 3脂肪酸比值比例高于其他组 (P <0 0 5) ;与对照组相比 ,LO3组和LO5组以ALA和LA为主的多不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFA)增加 (P <0 0 5) ,ALA和LA在体内可转化为相应的长链脂肪酸 ;FO5组以长链n 3PUFA ,(如EPA、DPA、DHA)为主的PUFA含量增加 (P <0 0 5) ;HO5组以LA为主的n 6脂肪酸高于其他组 (P <0 0 5) ;长链PUFA (如DHA)易沉积于胸肌中 ,而LA ,ALA易沉积于腿肌中。由此可见 ,肉鸡肌肉组织脂肪酸的组成充分反映了饲粮油脂的脂肪酸组成 ,通过饲粮中添加不同脂肪酸组成的油脂可生产富含特定PUFA的鸡肉     

不同品种牛乳营养成分含量及脂肪酸含量和组成测定比较研究

[目的] 比较中国荷斯坦奶牛、荷斯坦奶牛和西门塔尔牛乳中常规营养成分含量、矿物质元素含量及脂肪酸含量和组成的差异。[方法] 选取中国荷斯坦奶牛、荷斯坦奶牛和西门塔尔牛各6头,每头奶牛收集200 mL生鲜乳样品,利用乳成分分析仪测定乳中常规营养成分含量,通过原子吸收分光光度计测定乳中矿物质元素含量,应用气相色谱仪测定乳中脂肪酸含量和组成。采用统计学方法对不同品种牛乳中的营养成分含量及脂肪酸含量和组成进行比较。[结果] 中国荷斯坦奶牛生鲜乳中乳脂含量显著（P<0.05）高于荷斯坦奶牛,乳蛋白含量显著（P<0.05）高于荷斯坦奶牛和西门塔尔牛;中国荷斯坦奶牛生鲜乳中乳钙含量显著（P<0.05）高于荷斯坦奶牛,乳锌含量显著（P<0.05）高于荷斯坦奶牛和西门塔尔牛。中国荷斯坦奶牛生鲜乳中豆蔻酸含量显著（P<0.05）低于荷斯坦奶牛,油酸和亚油酸含量显著（P<0.05）高于西门塔尔牛;中国荷斯坦奶牛生鲜乳中饱和脂肪酸含量显著（P<0.05）低于西门塔尔牛,不饱和脂肪酸含量显著（P<0.05）高于西门塔尔牛。[结论] 中国荷斯坦奶牛乳中部分营养成分和矿物质元素含量接近或优于荷斯坦奶牛和西门塔尔牛,脂肪酸含量和组成与荷斯坦奶牛相近,脂肪酸组成优于西门塔尔牛。     

双峰驼乳和牛乳蛋白质氨基酸含量和组成比较分析

收集国内有关双峰驼乳和牛乳蛋白质氨基酸含量和组成的文献18篇,共得驼乳数据18组,牛乳数据32组,分别统计计算其氨基酸含量和组成.结果表明:驼乳总氨基酸(TAA)、必需氨基酸(EAA)平均含量分别为3.99g/100g和1.78g/100g,牛乳相应为3.05g/100g和1.31g/100g;驼乳EAA占TAA百分比...     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定水牛和荷斯坦牛乳中锌、铁、铜含量

研究采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法(FAAS法)测定水牛和荷斯坦牛乳中锌、铁、铜含量.结果表明,锌、铁、铜含量在水牛乳中分别为15.520 μg/mL、4.267μg/mL、0.586μg/mL,在荷斯坦牛乳中分别为4.374 μg/mL、2.756μg/mL、0.866 μμg/mL.水牛乳中锌、铁含量极显著高于荷斯坦牛...     

瘤胃添加多不饱和脂肪酸对瘤胃微生物菌群、十二指肠外流脂肪酸和乳脂脂肪酸成分的影响

作者旨在研究瘤胃添加游离的亚油酸(LA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)对中国荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃微生物菌群,十二指肠脂肪酸外流及乳成分和乳脂脂肪酸成分的影响。试验动物为4头泌乳中期(138.5d±10d)安装瘤胃和十二指肠瘘管的中国荷斯坦奶牛。试验动物随机分为3个处理组和1个对照组,采用4×4拉丁方设计,试验每期3周,共4期。试验日粮处理因素为2因子2水平即不含LA或含2.7%LA和不含DHA或含0.5%DHA。添加DHA会增加瘤胃中Megasphaera elsdenii数量,降低Fibrobactersuccinogenes的数量,但不影响Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens和Ruminococcus flavefaciens的数量。添加2.7%干物质含量的LA不会影响3种主要的纤维分解菌或M.elsdenii的数量,并且LA和DHA对微生物数量变化无交互效应。单独添加LA或DHA或两者混合都会增加十二指肠外流的异油酸的量。随添加脂肪酸量的增加,乳中异油酸和c-9,t-11CLA也逐渐增加。同时添加LA和DHA具有深层次的刺激性。本研究说明添加LA或DHA能增加十二指肠异油酸的外流量和牛奶中有益脂肪酸如VA、c-9,t-11CLA的含量。因此,调节日粮的组成能有效的提高牛奶中c-9,t-11CLA的组分。     

呼伦贝尔地区三河牛与荷斯坦牛乳中常规营养成分与脂肪酸组成比较的研究

试验选用内蒙古呼伦贝尔地区健康的荷斯坦奶牛、三河牛各90头作为研究对象.测定其乳中蛋白质、脂肪、乳糖、总干物质及酪蛋白的含量,并采用气相色谱仪测定乳脂肪酸的构成及相对含量,对2个品种的牛乳常规营养成分相对含量及脂肪酸的构成和相对含量进行了比较.结果表明,三河牛乳中脂肪及干物质含量显著高于荷斯坦牛乳中脂肪及干物质的含量(P<0.05);三河牛乳与荷斯坦牛乳中蛋白质、乳糖和酪蛋白相对含量无显著差异(P>0.05);三河牛乳中脂肪酸的显著特点是SFA含量显著低于荷斯坦牛乳中SFA饱和脂肪酸,而其USFA不饱和脂肪酸相对含量显著高于荷斯坦牛乳中USFA相对含量.     

日粮中添加亚麻籽对奶牛乳脂肪酸组成的影响

本试验主要研究奶牛日粮中添加亚麻籽后对奶牛乳脂肪酸组成的影响。结果表明,添加亚麻籽可极显著提高乳中多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）含量,提高26.94%（P〈0.01）;其中明显增加C18：2、C18：3、C20：4、C20：5和C22：6脂肪酸含量,两组之间差异极显著（P〈0.01）。在不饱和脂肪酸组成中ω-3 PUFA（包括α-C18：3、EPA、DHA）脂肪酸含量和ω-6 PUFA脂肪酸（C18：2、γ-C18：3和C20：4）含量,两组之间差异均极显著（P〈0.01）,试验组高于对照组,分别提高78.47%和19.40%。添加亚麻籽可极显著（P〈0.01）降低牛乳中ω-6 PUFA/ω-3 PUFA比值,降低33.10%。     

Effect of intake of linoleic acid and α‐linolenic acid levels on conversion into long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in backfat and in intramuscular fat of growing pigs

A study was conducted to determine the effect of two levels of linoleic acid (LA) intake at either high or low α‐linolenic acid (ALA) intake on their conversion and subsequent deposition into long‐chain (20–22 C‐atoms) polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFA) in muscle and backfat in growing pigs. In a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, 32 gilts from 8 litters were assigned to one of four dietary treatments, varying in LA and ALA intakes. Low ALA and LA intakes were 0.15 and 1.31 g/(kg BW^0.75/day), respectively, and high ALA and LA intakes were 1.48 and 2.65 g/(kg BW^0.75/day) respectively. There was a close positive relation between intake of ALA and the concentration of ALA in backfat and in intramuscular fat. Dietary ALA did not affect the concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), but increased docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) in backfat. High ALA intake did not significantly affect DHA but significantly increased EPA, 20:3 n‐3 and DPA concentrations in intramuscular fat. The n‐3 LC PUFA proportion in backfat was increased from approximately 1–3%, which may be useful to enrich meat with these fatty acids. The effect of ALA intake on n‐3 LC PUFA was suppressed by LA intake. Dietary ALA suppressed the concentration of n‐6 LC PUFA in blood plasma by more than 50%. When compared at equal incremental dose, the inhibiting effect of ALA on blood arachidonic acid was stronger than the stimulating effect of LA as precursor.     

The effect of different concentrations of linseed oil or fish oil in the maternal diet on the fatty acid composition and oxidative status of sows and piglets

N‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are essential for foetal development. Hence, including n‐3 PUFA in the sow diet can be beneficial for reproduction. Both the amount and form (precursor fatty acids vs. long chain PUFA) of supplementation are important in this respect. Furthermore, including n‐3 PUFA in the diet can have negative effects, such as decreased arachidonic acid (ARA) concentration and increased oxidative stress. This study aimed to compare the efficacy to increase eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations in the piglet, when different concentrations of linseed oil (LO, source of precursor α‐linolenic acid) or fish oil (FO, source of EPA and DHA) were included in the maternal diet. Sows were fed a palm oil diet or a diet including 0.5% or 2% LO or FO from day 45 of gestation until weaning. Linoleic acid (LA) was kept constant in the diets to prevent a decrease in ARA, and all diets were supplemented with α‐tocopherol acetate (150 mg/kg) and organic selenium (0.4 mg/kg) to prevent oxidative stress. Feeding 0.5% LO or 0.5% FO to the sows resulted in comparable EPA concentrations in the 5‐day old piglet liver, but both diets resulted in lower EPA concentrations than when 2% LO was fed. The highest EPA concentration was obtained when 2% FO was fed. The DHA level in the piglet liver could only be increased when FO, but not LO, was fed to the sows. The 2% FO diet had no advantage over the 0.5% FO diet to increase DHA in the piglet. Despite the constant LA concentration in the sow diet, a decrease in ARA could not be avoided when LO or FO were included in the diet. Feeding 2% FO to the sows increased the malondialdehyde concentration (marker for lipid peroxidation) in sow plasma, but not in piglets.     

Effects of two different dietary sources of long chain omega-3, highly unsaturated fatty acids on incorporation into the plasma, red blood cell, and skeletal muscle in horses

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of different sources of dietary omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid supplementation on plasma, red blood cell, and skeletal muscle fatty acid compositions in horses. Twenty-one mares were blocked by age, BW, and BCS and assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments with 7 mares per treatment. Dietary treatments were: 1) control or no fatty acid supplement (CON), 2) 38 g of n-3 long chain, highly unsaturated fatty acid (LCHUFA) supplement/d provided by algae and fish oil (MARINE) containing alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and 3) 38 g of n-3 LCHUFA supplement/d provided by a flaxseed meal (FLAX) containing ALA. Each supplement was added to a basal diet consisting of hay and barley and was fed for 90 d. Blood samples and muscle middle gluteal biopsies were taken at d 0, 30, 60 and 90 of supplementation. Plasma, red blood cell and skeletal muscle fatty acid profiles were determined via gas chromatography. Plasma linoleic acid (LA) and ALA were at least 10 and 60% less (P < 0.01), respectively, in the MARINE compared with the FLAX and CON groups. Plasma EPA and DHA were only detected in the MARINE group, and EPA increased 40% (P < 0.001) from d 30 to 60, and DHA 19% (P < 0.01) from d 30 to 90. Red blood cell LA and ALA were not different among treatments. Red blood cell EPA and DHA were only detected in the MARINE group, where EPA increased 38% (P < 0.01) from d 30 to 60, and DHA increased 56% (P < 0.001) between d 30 and 90. Skeletal muscle LA was at least 17% less (P < 0.001) in the MARINE group compared with the other treatments. Skeletal muscle ALA was 15% less (P = 0.03) in the MARINE group compared with FLAX and CON groups. Skeletal muscle EPA was at least 25% greater (P < 0.001) in MARINE group compared with other treatments and increased (P < 0.001) by 71% from d 30 to 60. Skeletal muscle DHA was at least 57% greater (P < 0.001) in the MARINE group compared with other groups and increased (P < 0.001) by 40% between d 30 and 90. As far as the authors are aware, this is the first study to demonstrate that dietary fatty acid supplementation will affect muscle fatty acid composition in horses. Incorporation of n-3 LCHUFA into blood and muscle depends directly on dietary supply of specific fatty acids.     

牦牛乳及乳制品、犏牛和黑白花奶牛乳的脂肪酸组成分析

用气相色谱 质谱联用仪(GC MS)对牦牛乳、黑白花奶牛乳、犏牛乳及牦牛乳制品（奶油、酥油、曲拉、酸奶）中的脂肪酸组成进行了测定。结果表明,牦牛乳中功能性脂肪酸,如共轭亚油酸（CLA）、亚油酸（LA）、α 亚麻酸（ALA）、γ 亚麻酸（GLA）占总脂肪酸的比重均显著高于犏牛乳和黑白花奶牛乳（P＜0.05）;犏牛乳中ω 6/ω 3 PUFA的比值（1.55）略高于牦牛乳（1.54）,差异不显著（P＞0.05）,但都在最佳膳食平衡比值范围内,黑白花奶牛乳中ω 6/ω 3多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）的比值（11.33）超过了推荐最佳比值。加工处理能够改变乳制品脂肪酸的构成,如牦牛乳奶油中检测出原奶中所不含的一种亚油酸（18:2Δ8c,11c）。酥油主要以不饱和脂肪酸（UFA）为主,而曲拉主要以饱和脂肪酸（SFA）为主,牦牛酸奶中没有检测到GLA。     

日粮中添加脂肪酸钙对奶牛生产性能的影响

选取24头处于泌乳前期的中国荷斯坦奶牛,采用配对设计分成4组,研究奶牛日粮中分别添加200g棕榈油脂肪酸钙、大豆油脂肪酸钙和葵花籽油脂肪酸钙对奶牛采食量、产奶量及乳品质的影响。结果表明:日粮中添加3种脂肪酸钙均不影响奶牛采食量(P>0.05);添加棕榈油脂肪酸钙后产奶量提高10.45%、乳脂率提高7.42%、乳蛋白率降低4.67%、乳干物质提高1.41%(P>0.05);添加大豆油脂肪酸钙后产奶量提高4.25%、乳脂率提高8.54%、乳蛋白率降低4.64%、乳干物质提高2.67%(P>0.05);添加葵花籽油脂肪酸钙后产奶量提高4.76%、乳脂率提高3.52%、乳蛋白率降低3.35%、乳干物质提高1.42%(P>0.05)。     

α-亚麻酸对产蛋鸡胆固醇、甘油三酯含量和脂肪酸组成的影响

采用单因素试验设计,研究了日粮中,添加α-亚麻酸00、.5%、1.0%、2.0%、3.0%和4.0%对海兰褐产蛋鸡饲喂4周后蛋黄、卵泡和肝脏中甘油三酯(TG)和总胆固醇(TC)以及蛋黄脂肪酸(FA)的影响。结果表明:蛋黄中亚油酸、亚麻酸、EPA和DHA的含量与日粮中α-亚麻酸添加量呈显著直线或二次曲线增加(P<0.10);蛋黄、各种卵泡中TC均与日粮中α-亚麻酸添加量显著直线或二次曲线降低(P<0.10);蛋黄、卵泡和肝脏的TG以及肝脏的TC与ALA之间的线性和二次曲线降低均不显著(P>0.10)。可见日粮中添加α-亚麻酸能降低胆固醇,提高鸡蛋中PUFA的含量。