双峰骆奶对2型糖尿病大鼠肝细胞凋亡的影响

本试验旨在研究双峰驼奶对2型糖尿病大鼠肝细胞凋亡的保护作用。60只月龄接近的雄性成年大鼠随机分5组,阴性对照(C)组采用基础饲粮,其他4组均通过链脲佐菌素结合高糖高脂饮食诱导建立2型糖尿病大鼠模型,各组分别为糖尿病模型对照(DMC)组、低剂量骆奶(LCM)组(2 mL/d)、高剂量骆奶(HCM)组(5 mL/d)和盐酸二甲双胍(MTH)组(200 mg/kg)。试验期4周。结果表明:与C组和DMC组相比,MTH组和HCM组大鼠血糖浓度显著下降(P<0.01);DMC组肝细胞水肿,部分肝细胞核皱缩、碎裂、溶解,而LCM组、HCM组和MTH组肝细胞形态正常,胞核结构清晰;与DMC组相比,HCM组和MTH组大鼠肝细胞B细胞淋巴瘤因子2(BCL-2)蛋白合成增强,BCL-2相关蛋白X(BAX)合成减弱;BCL-2 mRNA相对表达量在MTH组中最高,BAX mRNA相对表达量在LCM组和MTH组中最高;DMC组、MTH组、LCM组和HCM组均可检测出BCL-2和BAX蛋白。综合以上,双峰骆奶能抑制BAX蛋白的合成而促进BCL-2蛋白合成,揭示双峰骆奶能抑制细胞凋亡,促进细胞增殖。双峰骆奶具有明显的降低2型糖尿病大鼠的血糖及肝细胞损伤的作用,可起到辅助治疗的作用。     

阿拉善双峰驼ENaCα亚基基因克隆及激素对肾皮质细胞中该基因表达的影响

为探究阿拉善双峰驼上皮细胞钠通道的作用特点,试验采用深圳华大公司提供的ENaCα亚基基因片段序列设计PCR引物,提取阿拉善双峰驼肾皮质总RNA,反转录合成cDNA,PCR扩增获得双峰驼ENaCα亚基基因,构建克隆质粒pMD19-T-ENaCα,对重组质粒进行双酶切和测序分析;采集双峰驼肾皮质部分,细胞体外培养到P3代后,加入不同浓度的醛固酮(aldosterone)和血管紧张素Ⅱ(angiotensinⅡ),实时荧光定量PCR技术检测细胞中ENaCα亚基基因的表达情况,以确定ENaCα对两种激素浓度变化的敏感性。结果显示,PCR扩增得到2.2kb的特异性条带,SmaⅠ和PstⅠ双酶切得到2.2和2.7kb的条带,表明重组质粒pMD19-T-ENaCα构建成功。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,1×10^-9 mol/L醛固酮和血管紧张素Ⅱ处理的双峰驼肾皮质细胞的ENaCα表达量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);1×10^-6、1×10^-7和1×10^-8 mol/L醛固酮和血管紧张素Ⅱ表达量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。本研究结果为揭示双峰驼水盐代谢的生理机制提供了试验依据。     

补饲蛋白质饲料与能量饲料对阿拉善双峰驼产乳量的影响

为了解补饲蛋白质与能量2种饲料对放牧阿拉善双峰驼产乳量的影响,分别选用玉米和精料补充料来进行补饲试验,并观察其增乳效果。试验发现,放牧阿拉善双峰驼补饲蛋白质饲料时的增乳效果优于能量饲料,至试验结束时试验2组阿拉善双峰驼的产乳量比试验前增加了277 g/(d·峰)(P0.01),而补饲能量饲料组和对照组阿拉善双峰驼的产乳量均低于试验前水平。     

阿拉善双峰驼ENaCα亚基基因克隆及激素对肾皮质细胞中该基因表达的影响

为探究阿拉善双峰驼上皮细胞钠通道的作用特点,试验采用深圳华大公司提供的ENaCα亚基基因片段序列设计PCR引物,提取阿拉善双峰驼肾皮质总RNA,反转录合成cDNA,PCR扩增获得双峰驼ENaCα亚基基因,构建克隆质粒pMD19-T-ENaCα,对重组质粒进行双酶切和测序分析;采集双峰驼肾皮质部分,细胞体外培养到P3代后,加入不同浓度的醛固酮（aldosterone）和血管紧张素Ⅱ（angiotensin Ⅱ）,实时荧光定量PCR技术检测细胞中ENaCα亚基基因的表达情况,以确定ENaCα对两种激素浓度变化的敏感性。结果显示,PCR扩增得到2.2 kb的特异性条带,SmaⅠ和PstⅠ双酶切得到2.2和2.7 kb的条带,表明重组质粒pMD19-T-ENaCα构建成功。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,1×10^-9 mol/L醛固酮和血管紧张素Ⅱ处理的双峰驼肾皮质细胞的ENaCα表达量显著高于对照组（P<0.05）;1×10^-6、1×10^-7和1×10^-8 mol/L醛固酮和血管紧张素Ⅱ表达量显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。本研究结果为揭示双峰驼水盐代谢的生理机制提供了试验依据。     

苜蓿制粒对准噶尔双峰驼采食行为的影响

试验旨在研究苜蓿制粒对准噶尔双峰驼采食行为的影响。选取6峰平均体重为（203.80±22.07）kg、健康的准噶尔双峰母驼,随机分成2组,分别饲喂苜蓿长干草（苜蓿组）和苜蓿颗粒（制粒组）。试验期共22 d,在第22 d连续24 h记录准噶尔双峰驼采食量、采食行为和反刍行为。结果表明：与苜蓿长干草组相比,苜蓿制粒可提高准噶尔双峰驼干物质采食量（P<0.05）,降低反刍时间（P<0.05）,降低咀嚼时间（P<0.05）;制粒可降低准噶尔双峰驼每千克干物质反刍时间和咀嚼时间（P<0.05）,但对干物质采食时间无显著影响。由此可见,苜蓿制粒能够提高准噶尔双峰驼干物质采食量,缩短反刍时间和咀嚼时间;制粒可能是提高准噶尔双峰驼生产性能的一种有效方法。     

低酯胶体对驼奶特征口感的影响

主要阐述了驼奶的相关概念,并通过相应手段,鉴别驼奶真假。结合驼奶在现实生活中的应用,在驼奶中加入适量低酯胶体,通过感官评价试验,对驼奶特征口感进行定位,结合试验结果,得出与纯驼奶相比,添加低脂胶体效果并不理想,为以后驼奶研究提供相应的科学依据。     

双峰母驼肌肉中TPM2与TPM3表达模式及对肌纤维细胞凋亡的影响

为了验证原肌球蛋白2(TPM2)与原肌球蛋白3(TPM3)在繁殖季节和非繁殖季节双峰母驼不同肌肉组织(平滑肌、骨骼肌、心肌)中的具体差异表达情况,揭示TPM2肌纤维细胞中的分布以及敲低后对其凋亡的影响,采用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)和蛋白免疫印迹,分别对TPM2和TPM3对应的mR-NA及蛋白在繁殖季节和非繁...     

猪圆环病毒2型感染细胞凋亡研究进展

细胞凋亡是多种因素调节的细胞主动死亡过程,细胞凋亡的两条主要通路分别是死亡受体介导的凋亡途径和线粒体凋亡途径,但它们共同的凋亡效应物为胱冬酶;理化因素如放射线、紫外线和高温等及生物学因素如基因表达产物、酶和细胞因子等都影响细胞的凋亡。肿瘤坏死因子和胱冬酶在猪圆环病毒2型感染细胞凋亡中起着非常重要的作用;p53诱导环-H2J、un氨基端激酶,NF-κB等均参与细胞凋亡。生产中,可采用猪圆环病毒2型疫苗免疫,干扰RNA的使用和减少应激等措施降低PCV-2感染,抑制细胞凋亡。     

鸡Bcl—2基因的克隆及其对卵泡闰细胞凋亡的影响

将鸡的Bcl-2基因克隆到真核表达载体JLV，构建了重组质粒JLVB。0．2μg／孔JLVB重组质粒经脂质体介导转染卵泡颗粒细胞，应用流式细胞术等方法分析了转染Bcl-2基因后原代细胞和传代细胞的生长与凋亡情况。与对照组相比，转染后的传代细胞分裂速度较快（P＜0．01），凋亡比率较低，G2／M＋S期细胞比例极显著高于对照组（P＜0．01）。这些结果表明，Bcl-2基因具有促进细胞分裂、抑制细胞凋亡、延长细胞寿命的作用，这种作用是直接的。在转染时间为12h、DNA量为0．3μg/孔的条件下，较好的脂质体介导用量的1．2μL／孔。     

岩藻多糖对大鼠肾脏氧化应激、炎症和细胞凋亡的缓解作用

为了探讨岩藻多糖对大鼠肾脏氧化损伤的缓解作用,选取28只8周龄SD雄性大鼠,随机分为3个组,分别为对照组（n=10）、氧化应激组（n=9）以及岩藻多糖与氧化应激联合处理组（n=9）。对照组和氧化应激组饲喂基础饲粮,岩藻多糖与氧化应激联合处理组饲喂在基础饲粮中添加250 mg/kg岩藻多糖的饲粮。试验期20 d。于试验的第12天,氧化应激组和岩藻多糖与氧化应激联合处理组通过腹腔注射10 mg/kg BW的Diquat,建立氧化应激模型;对照组注射等量的生理盐水。之后继续饲喂8 d后采集大鼠血液和肾脏组织样品。结果表明：饲喂岩藻多糖能够降低氧化应激诱导的大鼠血清尿素氮（P=0.061）和肌酐（P<0.05）以及肾脏丙二醛（P=0.052）含量的升高,并逆转由氧化应激诱导的肾脏过氧化氢酶（CAT）(P=0.064)、超氧化物歧化酶2(SOD2)(P<0.05)及核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)(P<0.01)基因表达的下调,从而提高肾脏CAT (P<0.05)、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）(P=0.068)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）(P=0.085)的活性。此外,饲喂...     

双峰驼肾近曲小管和远曲小管的体视学研究

应用光镜和电镜技术,测算了双峰驼肾近曲小管和远曲小管微细结构的体视学参数,并与黄牛进行了比较.结果显示,双峰驼肾近曲小管刷状缘体积、微绒毛表面积、吞饮小泡和溶酶体体积均显著大于黄牛;远曲小管上皮细胞的线粒体体密度、侧基底面质膜面密度和周界长度也明显大于黄牛.这些结构的差异表明,双峰驼肾脏重吸收水分的能力更强大.     

蜂胶对糖尿病大鼠肾脏的影响

将复制糖尿病模型的72只SD大鼠随机分为模型组、蜂胶水提液低剂量组(WSP1),蜂胶水提液高剂量组(WSP2)、蜂胶醇提液低剂量组(EEP1)、蜂胶醇提液高剂量组(EEP2)和阳性对照组,另取12只为正常组.除正常组和模型组外,各组分别给予不同的试验药物.给药7周后,抽血测生化指标,同时取肾脏,计算肾脏/体重.结果发现蜂胶能降低糖尿病大鼠的尿酸、尿素、肌酐水平,并且蜂胶给药组大鼠的肾重/体重均比模型组低,表明蜂胶对糖尿病机体内的肾脏组织具有保护作用.     

Anti‐diabetic effect of camel milk in alloxan‐induced diabetic dogs: a dose–response experiment

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of camel milk in alloxan‐induced diabetic dogs and to follow this effect at three doses of milk. Firstly, three groups of dogs were used: two groups composed each of four diabetic dogs and receiving raw camel milk (treatment 1) or cow milk (treatment 2), and four healthy dogs getting raw camel milk (treatment 3) were used as control. Each animal was treated with 500 ml of milk daily. Secondly, we compared the effects of three amounts of camel milk: 100 ml, 250 ml and 500 ml to treat the diabetic dogs. After week 3, the dogs treated with camel milk showed a statistically significant decrease in blood glucose (from 10.88 ± 0.55 to 6.22 ± 0.5 mmol/l) and total protein concentrations (from 78.16 ± 2.61 g/l to 63.63 ± 4.43 g/l). For cholesterol levels, there was a decrease from week 2 (from 6.17 ± 0.5 mmol/l to 4.79 ± 0.5 mmol/l). There were no significant difference in blood glucose, cholesterol or total protein concentrations in dogs drinking 250 and 500 ml of camel milk. The dogs treated with 100 ml of camel milk did not show any significant decrease in blood glucose levels, and cholesterol and total protein concentrations. The investigation was not limited to the improvement in glycemic balance, lipids and proteins control in diabetic dogs getting camel milk, but we also noted a stability of this state after the dogs stopped to drink milk. This effect depended on the quantity of camel milk used to treat diabetic dogs.     

Studies on the relationship between sway disease of bactrian camels and copper status in Gansu province

The clinical signs of camel sway disease in the Hexi Corridor of Gansu province were defined. The contents of eight minerals in soils, in forage and in the blood and hair of bactrian camels from this region were determined. The related blood indices were also measured. The concentration of molybdenum in soils and forage was 4.8±0.02 and 4.8±0.25 µg/g (dry matter), respectively, the copper to molybdenum ratio in the forage being only 1.3. The concentration of copper in blood and hair from the camels was 0.28±0.17 µg/ml and 3.50±1.00 µg/g, respectively. There was a hypochromic microcytic anaemia and a low level of ceruloplasmin in the blood. It is therefore suggested that sway disease of bactrian camels in this region is caused by secondary copper deficiency, mainly due to the high molybdenum content in soils and forage. The copper deficiency in the camels was aggravated during reproduction. Oral administration of copper sulphate can prevent and cure the disease.Abbreviations AKP alkaline phosphatase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Cp ceruloplasmin - Crt creatinine - DM dry matter - -GGT -glutamyltransferase - Hb haemoglobin concentration - LDH lactate dehydrogenase - MCH mean corpuscular haemoglobin content - MCHC mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration - MCV mean corpuscular volume - PCV packed cell volume - RBC red blood cell count     

The detection of subclinical mastitis in the bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) by somatic cell count and California mastitis test

Milk samples (n=160) from 7 clinically healthy bactrian camels were cultured to detect subclinical udder infection. The samples were assessed by the Californian mastitis test (CMT) and somatic cell count (SCC). Bacteria were recovered from 36 (22.5%) of the milk samples. Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were the main organisms found.Infected quarters had significantly higher mean values for the SCC (p<0.01) and CMT (p<0.001) than non-infected quarters. All 7 camels were infected with CNS but only 4 with S. aureus. CMT values for S. aureus-infected camels were significantly higher than for those only infected with CNS. The values for SCC and CMT were significantly influenced by the stage of lactation (p<0.05). No significant difference was found from the effect of the quarters. Both SCC and CMT were of value in predicting the infection status of the udder.Abbreviations CMT California mastitis test - SCC somatic cell count - CNS coagulase-negative staphylococci     

蜂胶对糖尿病大鼠蛋白质代谢的影响

将复制糖尿病模型的72只SD大鼠随机分为模型组，蜂胶水提取液1(WSP1)，蜂胶水提取液2(WSP2)蜂胶醇提取液1(EEP1)，蜂胶醇提取液2(EEP2)，阳性对照组(拜糖苹)，另取12只为正常组。除正常组和模型组外，各组分别给予不同的实验药物，给药7周后，抽血测总蛋白、白蛋白，同时计算球蛋白和白蛋白，球蛋白。结果发现，蜂胶能降低糖尿病大鼠体内蛋白质的消耗，升高糖尿病大鼠体内总蛋白、白蛋白水平，同时升高白蛋白，球蛋白的比值。表明蜂胶可以调节糖尿病大鼠体内蛋白质的代谢。     

双峰驼CYP2D6酶体外孵育体系的建立与优化

为了研究双峰驼CYP2D6酶体外活性,建立双峰驼肝微粒体孵育体系并对孵育体系中探针底物浓度、肝微粒体蛋白浓度和孵育时间等进行优化研究。首先采用改良差速离心法制备双峰驼肝微粒体、BCA法测定双峰驼肝微粒体蛋白浓度、CO还原差示光谱法检测CYP总酶含量,然后采用HPLC法跟踪检测孵育体系中CYP2D6酶特异性底物的主要代谢产物去甲右美沙芬含量进而优化孵育条件。结果表明,双峰驼肝微粒体蛋白浓度为5.565 0mg/mL±0.519 7mg/mL,CYP总酶含量为0.177 7nmol/mg±0.050 3nmol/mg;肝微粒体孵育体系的最适底物浓度为250μg/mL,肝微粒体蛋白浓度为5.565 0mg/mL,最适孵育时间为40min。所制备的双峰驼肝微粒体各项指标和优化后的肝微粒体孵育条件均能满足后续对双峰驼CYP2D6酶体外活性研究的基本要求。     

The prevalence of microalbuminuria and proteinuria in cats with diabetes mellitus

The prevalence of microalbuminuria (MA) and proteinuria was evaluated in 66 cats with diabetes mellitus (DM), 35 nondiabetic cats with other illness, and 11 healthy nondiabetic cats with use of the E.R.D.-HealthScreen Feline Urine Test. The MA prevalence was higher in the diabetic than in the nondiabetic sick and healthy control cats (70%, 39%, and 18% respectively, P < .0001). In addition, prevalence of proteinuria defined by a protein/creatinine ratio (UPC) > 0.4 was significantly higher in the diabetic cat than in the control cats (70%, 35%, and 9% respectively, P < .0001). There was a significant but weak correlation between the results of MA and UPC (P < .0001, r = 0.43). Our results showed that MA is common in cats with DM. Further studies are required to evaluate the prognostic value of the presence and the severity of MA in cats with DM.     

Type 2 diabetes mellitus with pancreatic β cell dysfunction in 3 horses confirmed with minimal model analysis

Reasons for performing study: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is diagnosed rarely in equine practice although it may be under‐recognised. A greater awareness of the condition and therapeutic considerations would be to the benefit of such cases presenting in practice. More investigation into the pharmacological management of these cases is needed. Objectives: Three cases of diabetes mellitus were investigated using a specific test for insulin sensitivity and pancreatic β cell function in order to define accurately and characterise the existence of T2DM in all 3 subjects. Methods: The insulin‐modified frequently sampled i.v. glucose tolerance test was performed in each case and the data so obtained were subject to minimal model analysis of insulin‐glucose dynamics. Cases were then monitored following treatment using a combination of dietary modification, metformin, glibenclamide and pergolide. Results: Marked insulin resistance was identified in each case and, furthermore, severe pancreatic β cell dysfunction was present therefore classifying each case as end stage T2DM. Treatment was nevertheless associated with restoration of normoglycaemia in all cases. Conclusions: T2DM in horses may be more common than generally considered. In some cases individuals may respond to therapy aimed at restoring insulin sensitivity and pancreatic function. Drugs used in other species for the treatment of T2DM have not yet been adequately tested in horses. Potential relevance: T2DM should be considered as an important differential diagnosis in mature to elderly horses and ponies suffering from weight loss, polydipsia and polyuria. Clinicians should be encouraged to offer treatment and management advice when such cases are encountered.     

氧化应激在亚慢性镉中毒引起的肝肾细胞凋亡中的作用

为了探明镉中毒时氧化应激与细胞凋亡的关系，以公鸡为试验动物，在日粮中添加CdCl2 150mg／kg，肝脏、肾脏和血清中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH～Px）活性、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量以及肝、肾细胞凋亡的检测显示镉使鸡血清、肝脏和肾脏中GSH～Px和SOD活性降低，MDA含量增多，并诱导肝肾细胞凋亡的发生。结果表明。镉能够诱发鸡肝肾细胞发生氧化胁迫，并诱导细胞凋亡的发生。提示氧化应激与细胞凋亡存在一定的关系。