催产素受体在雌性山羊颈胸神经节的分布

为探讨催产素(OT)是否可以影响雌性山羊颈胸神经节的活动.采用免疫组化SP法观察催产素受体在雌性山 羊颈胸神经节的分布特点.催产素受体在颈胸神经节分布广泛,节内的神经细胞、卫星细胞和过路纤维均有OTR 免疫阳性产物分布;OTR主要在神经细胞中表达,相对表达量与其他非神经结构相比差异性显著(P＜0.05);在神经 细胞中,OTR免疫阳性产物主要存在于胞膜、胞质、核仁,核膜不着色.雌性山羊颈胸神经节神经元对OT具有反应 性,提示OT可能通过影响颈胸神经节神经元的活动,从而经其发出的交感节后神经这一途径调节其所支配的靶器 官如心血管、汗腺、呼吸等的生理活动.     

GnRH受体在山羊腹腔肠系膜前神经节的分布及其意义

本研究旨在观察促性腺激素释放激素受体(Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor,GnRHR)在山羊腹腔肠系膜前神经节的分布特点,以探讨GnRH是否可以影响腹腔肠系膜前神经节(Celiac-superior mesenteric ganglia,CSMG)的活动。取雄性和雌性成年山羊的腹腔肠系膜前神经节各5个,经免疫组织化学SP法染色后,观察GnRHR在肠系膜前神经节的分布特点,并用Image-Pro Plus 6.0(IPP 6.0)软件图像半定量分析技术,分析腹腔肠系膜前神经节中的神经元和非神经元的GnRHR分布差异。结果表明:GnRHR强阳性产物主要分布神经元的胞膜和胞质中;血管内皮细胞、神经纤维和卫星细胞中只有GnRHR弱阳性产物;GnRHR在神经细胞和非神经细胞中的表达量呈极显著性差异(P<0.01)。上述结果表明,腹腔肠系膜前神经节对GnRH具有反应性,且神经元为其作用的靶细胞,提示GnRH可能通过影响腹腔肠系膜前神经节神经元的活动,进而影响其发出的交感节后神经纤维所支配的靶器官功能这一途径来调节胃肠的生理活动。     

催产素受体在山羊颈中神经节的定位研究

为了研究山羊颈中神经节(middle cervical ganglion, MCG)的神经细胞内是否具备接受催产素(oxytocin, OT)调节的条件。取成年羊山颈中神经节,采用免疫组化SP法检测催产素受体(oxytocin receptor, OTR)在颈中神经节内各种结构上的分布特点,用Image-pro plus 6.0分析颈中神经节神经细胞和非神经细胞结构的催产素受体表达差异性。结果表明,颈中神经节内OTR免疫阳性产物分布广泛,神经细胞、过路神经纤维、血管内皮细胞、支持细胞和雪旺细胞均有不同程度的着色。OTR免疫阳性产物在神经细胞的胞质和细胞核核膜着色最深,为棕褐色,呈强阳性。大部分神经细胞胞质着色为黄褐色,呈中等阳性,这部分神经细胞胞质约占神经细胞总数的91%。血管内皮细胞、细胞膜,以及一小部分神经细胞胞质和少量神经纤维着色较浅,为淡黄色,呈弱阳性。大部分的过路神经纤维着色极浅或不着色,为阴性。图像分析表明神经细胞胞体的相对表达量与其他非神经细胞结构相比差异性极显著。OTR免疫阳性产物在山羊颈中神经节中广泛表达分布,且主要分布在颈中神经节交感节后神经细胞内。     

催产素受体在雌性山羊颈动脉体的分布

研究催产素受体(OTR)在雌性山羊颈动脉体(CB)中是否存在及其分布特点,为催产素(OT)是否对CB起调节作用提供形态学基础。用免疫组织化学SP法对雌性山羊的CB进行OTR免疫组织化学染色,观察CB中OTR的分布特点。结果显示,在雌性山羊CB的实质细胞群和间质组织中均有不同程度的OTR阳性反应产物存在。OTR强阳性产物分布在Ⅰ型细胞、Ⅱ型细胞的细胞质和细胞膜,在Ⅰ型细胞的细胞核呈弱阳性表达,在Ⅱ型细胞的细胞核呈强阳性表达。在间质组织中,血管内皮细胞和神经纤维中有中等阳性反应产物存在,并且实质细胞群和间质组织的OTR相对表达量差异性极显著(P0.01)。结果表明,OTR主要分布于CB的实质细胞群中,CB具备接受OT调控的条件。因此,催产素可以通过激活CB中的OTR来影响CB的功能活动。     

雌激素受体α,β在雌性山羊肠系膜后神经节的表达

为探究雌激素是否通过交感神经调节雌性生殖系统的生理状态,试验选取雌山羊肠系膜后神经节,采用免疫组织化学SP法,检测雌激素受体α,β在肠系膜后神经节中的表达及分布。结果显示,雌激素受体α,β阳性产物在雌性山羊肠系膜后神经节广泛存在,强阳性产物存在于神经元胞膜和核中,阳性产物存在于整个神经元胞体以及核仁中。在神经节其他组成结构中也出现了阳性产物。表明在雌山羊肠系膜后神经元中存在雌激素受体,说明神经元对雌激素具有反应性;在神经节其他组成结构中出现阳性产物,说明雌激素可以经交感神经通路影响雌性生殖系统的生理机能,为研究雌性生殖系统的免疫神经调节提供了形态学证据。     

孕激素受体在雌性山羊颈前神经节的分布

为研究雌性山羊颈前神经节(SCG)是否具备接受孕激素作用的条件,从而推测孕激素是否参与靶器官内分泌过程的神经调控,本试验采用免疫组织化学SP法研究雌性山羊SCG中孕激素受体(PR)的分布特点。结果显示在雌性山羊的SCG中,PR免疫反应阳性产物广泛分布,在神经元胞体、施万细胞、卫星细胞、神经纤维中均有不同程度的着色。其中神经元均为PR阳性,细胞膜和细胞质呈黄褐色,PR为中等阳性,而细胞核呈棕褐色为强阳性。另外施万细胞、支持细胞和神经纤维中也有淡黄色、弱阳性的PR阳性产物。图像分析表明,神经元胞体PR的相对表达量极显著(P<0.01)高于其他非神经成分。以上结果表明雌性山羊颈前神经节是孕激素作用的主要靶器官之一,提示孕激素可能作用于SCG交感节后神经元,从而参与SCG支配的靶器官的功能活动,而SCG内神经元上的PR有可能作为一个节点协调孕激素对内脏器官的内分泌调节和自主神经对内脏器官的神经调节。     

GnRH受体在山羊结状神经节的分布

取山羊结状神经节5对,采用免疫组织化学SP法观察促性腺激素释放激素(Gonadotropin releasing hormon,GnRH)受体在结状神经节的分布特点。结果显示,GnRH受体在结状神经节上广泛分布,神经元、卫星细胞、神经纤维、血管内皮细胞均有不同程度的免疫阳性染色。在神经元胞体中,细胞膜和细胞质有GnRH受体强阳性产物分布,核不着色;卫星细胞、血管内皮细胞也有强阳性产物分布;神经纤维存在弱阳性产物分布。图像分析结果表明,神经元中GnRH受体的相对表达量与其他非神经结构相比差异性显著(P<0.05)。结果表明,山羊结状神经节中的GnRH受体主要存在于神经元中,山羊结状神经节中的内脏感觉传入神经元对GnRH具有反应性,提示GnRH结状神经节内脏感觉传入神经元的GnRH受体可能作为GnRH对内脏器官的内分泌调节和自主神经对内脏器官的神经调节这2种途径协调作用的节点。     

GnRH受体在山羊结状神经节的分布

取山羊结状神经节5对,采用免疫组织化学SP法观察促性腺激素释放激素（Gonadotropin releasing hormon,GnRH）受体在结状神经节的分布特点。结果显示,GnRH受体在结状神经节上广泛分布,神经元、卫星细胞、神经纤维、血管肉皮细胞均有不同程度的免疫阳性染色。在神经元胞体中,细胞膜和细胞质有GnRH受体强阳性产物分布,核不着色;卫星细胞、血管内皮细胞也有强阳性产物分布;神经纤维存在弱阳性产物分布。图像分析结果表明,神经元中GnRH受体的相对表达量与其他非神经结构相比差异性显著（P〈0．05）。结果表明,山羊结状神经节中的GnRH受体主要存在于神经元中,山羊结状神经节中的内脏感觉传入神经元对GnRH具有反应性,提示GnRH结状神经节内脏感觉传入神经元的GnRH受体可能作为GnRH对内脏器官的内分泌调节和自主神经对内脏器官的神经调节这2种途径协调作用的节点。     

卵泡刺激素受体在雌性山羊颈动脉体的分布

为了检测雌性山羊颈动脉体中是否存在卵泡刺激素受体(FSHR),探讨卵泡刺激素(FSH)是否可以影响雌性山羊颈动脉体的活动,本试验采用免疫组织化学SP法观察卵泡刺激素受体(FSHR)在山羊颈动脉体内的分布特点,利用IPP 6.0图像半定量分析系统分析FSHR在颈动脉体中实质细胞和非实质细胞上的表达量差异。结果显示,FSHR主要分布在颈动脉体的实质细胞(Ⅰ型细胞和Ⅱ型细胞)。Ⅰ型细胞中FSHR强阳性产物分布于细胞核,中等阳性产物分布于细胞膜,弱阳性或阴性产物分布于细胞质;Ⅱ型细胞中有强阳性产物;血管内皮细胞中有中等阳性或强阳性产物。FSHR在颈动脉体的实质细胞与非实质细胞中相对表达量呈显著性差异(P<0.05)。结果表明,证实FSHR在雌性非妊娠山羊颈动脉体内广泛表达,提示颈动脉体可能接受FSH的调节,这为研究FSH作用于非生殖系统及颈动脉体神经内分泌调节机制提供形态学依据。     

LH受体在山羊结状神经节中的分布

为了检测山羊迷走神经结状神经节中是否有促黄体生成素受体(LHR)的存在,探讨促黄体生成素(LH)是否能够影响结状神经节内脏感觉神经元的功能活动。本试验采用免疫组织化学SP法观察LHR在结状神经节中的分布特征,利用IPP 6.0图像半定量分析系统分析LHR在结状神经节中阳性神经元和阳性非神经元上的表达量差异。结果显示,LHR主要分布在神经元细胞膜和细胞质中,呈棕黄色为强阳性。在带核的神经元中,神经元细胞核呈圆形空泡状,LHR为阴性反应。神经元群间的神经纤维呈淡黄色,LHR为弱阳性。LHR在神经元胞体上的相对表达量极显著高于节内其他阳性非神经元结构(P0.01)。结果表明,山羊结状神经节内脏感觉神经元是LH作用的主要靶细胞,提示LH有可能通过作用于结状神经节内脏感觉神经元胞体上的LHR参与调节内脏器官感觉信息的传导。     

发情周期中奶山羊下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴催产素的免疫组化定位

用免疫组化ABC法,对发情周期中奶山羊下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴催产素(OT)分布进行了观察研究.结果表明,下丘脑中分泌OT的神经元主要分布在室旁核和视上核,在穹窿周核、腹内侧核、腹外侧核、交叉上核、背内侧核、乳头体、下丘脑外侧区、下丘脑前核等核团也有一定数量的阳性神经元;阳性神经纤维仅见于室旁核、下丘脑前核、视上核等少数核团,在正中隆起和第3脑室室周可见到一定数量的阳性神经纤维.在垂体前叶未见到OT免疫反应阳性产物,自垂体柄和正中隆起的一侧可见到平行排列的OT阳性神经纤维断续地延伸至神经部.卵巢的卵泡及间质未见OT免疫阳性反应,,在黄体组织中存在数量较多的免疫反应阳性细胞,阳性细胞主要呈圆形、卵圆形,小梁两侧及黄体中央近腔区域的阳性细胞呈长梭形,有相当数量的阳性细胞具有突起.连续切片HE染色对照观察显示,黄体中OT主要由大黄体细胞产生,但小黄体细胞也存在OT免疫阳性反应.     

The distribution and chemical coding of neurons in the celiac-superior mesenteric ganglion complex supplying the normal and inflamed ileum in the pig

The present study investigated the chemical coding of neurons in the celiac-superior mesenteric ganglion complex supplying the normal (n=4) and inflamed (n=4) ileum (chemically-induced inflammation) in juvenile pigs using retrograde tracing combined with immunohistochemistry. Ileum-projecting neurons (IPN) were predominantly distributed in the left and right superior mesenteric pools of the ganglion. The majority of them were adrenergic (tyrosine hydroxylase-positive) and also contained neuropeptide Y, somatostatin or galanin. No clear-cut differences in the distribution and chemical coding of IPN were found between normal and inflamed pigs. However, in the inflamed group, the density of peptidergic, IPN-associated nerve fibres was higher than that found in the control group.     

Distribution of sympathetic and afferent neurones innervating the submandibular gland in the sheep

The distribution of sympathetic and sensory neurones innervating the submandibular gland (SMG) in sheep was studied using retrograde tracing technique. The retrograde tracer Fast Blue (FB) was unilaterally injected into the SMG in five juvenile male sheep under general anaesthesia. After a 4-week survival period, all the animals were reanaesthetized, perfused transcardially with 4% buffered paraformaldehyde and ganglia, which could be considered as a potential sources of sympathetic, and afferent innervation of the gland were bilaterally collected. The FB-labelled sympathetic neurones were found in the ipsilateral superior and middle cervical ganglion. Many labelled neurones were distributed in the ipsilateral jugular and nodose ganglia of the vagus nerve and smaller numbers of the nerve cells were also found in ipsilateral C1-C3 dorsal root ganglia (DRG). No labelled neurones were observed in the ipsilateral stellate ganglion, trigeminal ganglion, C4-C8 DRG and in all contralateral ganglia. The present study revealed that the majority of sympathetic neurones projecting to the sheep SMG are found in the superior cervical ganglion but some of them are also distributed in the middle cervical ganglion. Most of the afferent neurones are located in the jugular and nodose ganglia of vagus nerve but C1-C3 DRG also comprise some of these nerve cells.     

The effect of progesterone on oxytocin-stimulated intracellular Ca2+ mobilisation and prostaglandin secretion in porcine endometrium

We have studied in the porcine endometrium the expression of oxytocin receptor (OTR) mRNA and the effect of progesterone (P4) on oxytocin/oxytocin receptor (OT/OTR) function concerning intracellular Ca2+ mobilisation ([Ca2+]i), prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) and E2 (PGE2; PG) secretion. Tissue was taken from cyclic and early pregnant pigs (days 14-16). A higher expression of OTR mRNA (P < 0.05) was observed in the endometrium of cyclic than pregnant pigs. The stimulatory (P < 0.05) effect of OT (10(-7) M) on [Ca2+]i mobilisation was noticed within 15-60 s and 30-60 s in endometrial stromal cells of cyclic and pregnant pigs, respectively. In the presence of P4 (10(-5) M) basal and OT-stimulated [Ca2+]i concentrations decreased in stromal cells during luteolysis and pregnancy. In stromal cells P4 delayed mobilisation of [Ca2+]i in response to OT by 15 s during luteolysis and had no effect during pregnancy. In cyclic and pregnant epithelial cells OT stimulated mobilisation of [Ca2+]i in 45 s and 60 s, respectively. Oxytocin increased (P < 0.05) PGF2alpha secretion during luteolysis and pregnancy and PGE2 during luteolysis from endometrial slices. Progesterone did not inhibit this stimulatory effect. During luteolysis OT increased (P < 0.05) PGF2alpha in epithelial and stromal cells and PGE2 secretion in epithelial cells. In the presence of P4 this effect of OT was reduced only in stromal cyclic cells (6 h culture). The presence of P4 decreased the effect of OT on [Ca2+]i mobilisation only in stromal cells. We found that, in most conditions, P4 did not inhibit the OT-stimulated secretion of PG in the porcine endometrium.     

牦牛颈上神经节对其生境适应的形态学机制

本研究旨在研究牦牛颈上神经节(SCG)对其生境适应的形态学特征,以探讨高原动物交感神经系统对青藏高原生态环境适应的形态学机制.运用常规HE及尼氏染色法,并采用形态计量学和SPSS16.0统计软件,对成年牦牛和黄牛SCG的形态学特征进行比较研究.结果表明:牦牛SCG的长、宽和厚度均显著地小于黄牛的相应数据(P＜0.01);牦牛的SCG主要由表面被膜、神经节单元、神经纤维、血管及结缔组织组成,被膜较黄牛的薄,结缔组织所占比例较黄牛的少,但节内组织较黄牛的致密;牦牛的神经节单元主要包含神经节细胞、卫星细胞、成纤维细胞、毛细血管和神经纤维,该组成特征与黄牛的相似;其神经节单元单个视野内节细胞、卫星细胞及成纤维等细胞与黄牛的基本相同(P=1),但牦牛节细胞间的神经纤维较黄牛的少,而血管数显著多于黄牛的(P＜0.01);牦牛SCG的头部以神经节单元为主,尾部以神经纤维为主,其特征与黄牛的相似.结果提示,在青藏高原高寒、低氧的极端生态环境中,牦牛在半放野、全年放牧的状态下,其SCG经长期进化形成了体积较小,神经节细胞、卫星细胞及其细胞间神经纤维较少,但血管十分丰富等形态学特征以适应极端生境.     

Immunohistochemical analysis of pseudorabies virus spread through neurons innervating the eyeball

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) was inoculated intraocularly into BALB/c mice, and the distribution pattern of cells positive for several neurotransmitters and viral antigens in the eyeball, trigeminal nerve ganglia, and superior cervical ganglia was examined immunohistochemically to clarify the neural route of the virus spread. In the eyeball, substance P (SP)- and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-positive cells were detected in the ipsilateral iris and ciliary body, neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY)-positive cells were detected in the choloid membrane, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells were detected in the ipsilateral inner nuclear layer of the retina; all these cells contained viral antigens. In the superior cervical ganglia, viral antigen-positive cells containing TH or NPY were found at bilateral sites. In the trigeminal nerve ganglia, viral antigen-positive cells containing SP or CGRP were found at bilateral sites. These findings indicated that the SP- and CGRP-positive ganglion cells of the trigeminal nerve ganglia innervating the iris or ciliary body, and the NPY-positive ganglion cells of the superior cervical ganglia innervating the iris, ciliary body, and choroid membrane served as the route for the virus spread. These findings also suggested that dopaminergic neurons, such as the TH-positive retinal cells and TH-positive ganglion cells of the superior cervical ganglia, served as the route for virus spread.     

Immunohistochemical localization of substance P,calcitonin gene-related peptide,galanin and calcium-binding proteins in trigeminal ganglia of goat (Capra hircus)

The objectives of this study was to provide a quantitative analysis of calcium-binding proteins, calbindin (CB), parvalbumin (PA), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and galanin (GAL), in trigeminal ganglia of goats, to establish whether they exhibit coexistence relationships between each other, and to examine possible colocalization with SP, CGRP and GAL, which have been well characterized according to their distributions in an abundance of large and/or small neurones. CB (12.78%), PA (31.91%), SP (24.63%), CGRP (44.44%) and GAL (3.29%) immunoreactive (IR) cells were observed. About 38.37, 8.7 and 0.73% of CGRP-IR neurones in the trigeminal ganglion were also immunoreacted with SP, GAL and CB, respectively. Almost all SP-IR cells are labelled with CGRP (approximately 92.52%), whereas only 16.02 and 0.44% of SP-IR neurones colocalized with GAL and CB. Approximately 4.65 and 1.10% of the CB-IR cells were found to contain CGRP and SP immunoreactivity, respectively. Conversely, no CB-IR cell exhibited GAL immunoreactivity. In addition, all the GAL-IR cells showed CGRP and SP immunoreactivity. The number of CB-, PA-, SP-, CGRP- and GAL-IR neurones in goat trigeminal ganglion are abundant than that of other animals. These results elucidate that the goat differs from other mammalian species in the distribution and localization of neurochemical substances in trigeminal ganglia, and suggest that this difference may be relevant to the morphological characteristics of cerebral vasculatures such as epidural rete mirabile of goat.     

ARTERIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE ABDOMINAL AORTA IN THE GOAT, DOG, PIG, AND RABBIT

Arteriographic anatomy of the major branches of the abdominal aorta of rabbits, dogs, pigs, and goats was investigated. The origin and location of the celiac, cranial mesenteric, right renal, left renal, caudal mesenteric, and external iliac arteries were demonstrated, and their placement was described in relation to the iliac bifurcation and lumbar vertebral bodies.