VB6对家蚕氮代谢的影响

用人工饲料无菌饲育方式，分析维生素B6（VB6）对家蚕丝腺生长、血淋巴蛋白质浓度、血淋巴游离氮基酸组成变化及氮代谢终产物尿酸形成的影响。结果表明：5龄期家蚕在缺乏VB6条件下，丝腺生长严重受阻碍，血淋巴蛋白质不能正常合成，使体内氨基酸转化利用率下降，氮代谢终产物尿酸的排泄量增加，血淋巴中部分游离氮基酸浓度下降，特别是合成丝蛋白质主要成分的Ala、Ser和Tyr等蚕体非必需氨基酸的组成比率显著减少，而Gly、Orn和Cysta等的浓度增加异常，导致血淋巴中游离氨基酸组成动态平衡破坏，显示蚕体内固VB6缺乏引起氨基酸谢代调。     

柞蚕5龄幼虫血淋巴中蛋白质和糖类物质的动态变化

为探讨柞蚕壮蚕期体内物质代谢对滞育生理的影响,研究了不同蚕季的柞蚕5龄幼虫血淋巴中蛋白质和糖类物质含量的动态变化。结果表明:春、秋期柞蚕5龄幼虫血淋巴中总糖、海藻糖和蛋白质含量均随着生长发育而增加,总糖和海藻糖在5龄末期稍有下降;秋期柞蚕血淋巴中的总糖含量略高于春期柞蚕,海藻糖含量二者大致相似,而蛋白质含量却高于春期柞蚕,并且显示出特征蛋白质谱带。推测秋蚕期柞蚕体内物质的变化与发生滞育有关。     

球孢白僵菌侵染对桑天牛幼虫血淋巴游离氨基酸含量的影响

为了探讨球孢白僵菌对桑天牛的致病机制,用高效液相色谱仪对感染球孢白僵菌后的桑天牛幼虫血淋巴游离氨基酸含量变化进行了测定与分析。在用球孢白僵菌处理后不同时间段的桑天牛幼虫血淋巴中,氨基酸含量呈规律性变化:白僵菌侵入1 d,桑天牛幼虫血淋巴中的游离氨基酸总量呈下降趋势,而侵入4~5 d,游离氨基酸总量又逐渐上升;受感染桑天牛幼虫血淋巴中的17种游离氨基酸含量变化不同,其主要氨基酸中的赖氨酸、酪氨酸、精氨酸、丝氨酸和氨基酸总量的变化趋势一样,先下降后上升,即是影响氨基酸总量变化的主要氨基酸种类。     

酵母浸粉对家蚕血淋巴中甘油三酯含量和尿酸代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究酵母浸粉对家蚕血淋巴中甘油三酯含量和尿酸代谢的影响。以蚕品种"菁松×皓月"为试验材料,挑选大小一致、发育整齐的家蚕600头,随机分成4个组(每组3个重复,每个重复50头,雌雄各占1/2),从5龄起蚕开始,3个试验组(JM1组、JM2组、JM3组)分别饲喂以1%、2%和4%酵母浸粉溶液涂抹的新鲜桑叶,对照组则以蒸馏水替代酵母浸粉溶液,分别在添食酵母浸粉3、4、5 d后检测家蚕血淋巴中尿酸含量、甘油三酯含量以及黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)活性。结果表明:添食不同浓度酵母浸粉5 d后家蚕体重增长率均较对照组显著升高(P0.05),但各试验组之间差异不显著(P0.05),且随着酵母浸粉浓度的升高,体重增长率呈现下降的趋势。添食不同浓度酵母浸粉5 d后家蚕血淋巴中甘油三酯含量比对照组增加42%~98%,其中JM 1组、JM 2组与对照组的差异达到显著水平(P0.05);随着添食时间的延长,各组家蚕血淋巴中尿酸含量均呈现下降趋势,第5天与第3天相比差异均达到显著水平(P0.05);随着酵母浸粉浓度的升高,各时间点家蚕血淋巴中尿酸含量均呈现升高趋势,但各试验组与对照组的差异均未达到显著水平(P0.05)。3个试验组家蚕血淋巴中XOD活性在各时间点均显著高于对照组(P0.05),但第3、4天家蚕血淋巴中XOD活性随着酵母浸粉浓度的升高均呈现先上升后下降趋势。家蚕血淋巴中尿酸含量与XOD活性之间存在显著或极显著的正相关性(P0.05或P0.01),相关系数在0.652~0.902。由此得出,添食一定浓度的酵母浸粉可导致家蚕血淋巴中尿酸含量、甘油三酯含量以及黄嘌呤氧化酶(xanthine oxidase,XOD)活性升高,从而影响家蚕的尿酸代谢。     

试论茧质性状预测中生理生化指标的合理选择

血液及后部丝腺游离氨基酸是茧丝蛋白质合成的原料,但由于游离氨基酸处于一个动态平衡的代谢状态,以游离氨基酸到茧丝蛋白,涉及“源”、“库”、“通路”、“转化能力”、“合成能力”5个方面,所以单用游离氨基酸的浓度来预测茧丝的产量,预测的重演性较差。同样地,选用一些在生物体内处于动态平衡状态的生理生化指标来预测某一性状的优劣,预测的重演性是很难保证的。     

蝇蛆寄生对家蚕血细胞和酚氧化酶活性的影响

为了探明蝇蛆寄生对家蚕免疫因子的影响,对家蚕追寄蝇(Exorista sorbillansW iedem ann)幼虫寄生的5龄家蚕血淋巴中血细胞数量的变化以及血淋巴酚氧化酶活性的变化进行了研究。结果表明:蝇蛆寄生家蚕后,家蚕血淋巴中颗粒细胞和浆细胞的数量急剧上升,在寄生后16~24 h,蝇蛆蚕血淋巴颗粒细胞和浆细胞数达到6.81×106/mL,比对照增加了4.76×106/mL;蝇蛆寄生导致血淋巴黑化反应加快,黑色素增加;蝇蛆蚕血淋巴酚氧化酶活性升高,在6 d内由7 U/mg上升到34 U/mg。     

家蚕氮素再利用的研究进展

家蚕氮代谢产物除以尿酸形态排泄外 ,还通过GS/GOGAT循环作为丝蛋白合成的氮源而被再利用。蚕体维生素B6和保幼激素等可分别通过调控氨基酸转化和GOGAT量影响蚕体氮源的再利用。蚕体依赖于从饲料中摄取的精氨酸合成尿素 ,其合成的尿素可被来源于桑叶的脲酶所分解 ,并转化成用于丝蛋白合成的氨基酸而得到再利用。解明家蚕的氮素代谢机能 ,对于进一步提高蚕的叶丝转化率 ,开发害虫控制新技术等 ,均有较大的推动作用。     

线虫寄生对柞蚕幼虫生长发育和营养物质代谢的影响

研究寄生线虫对柞蚕幼虫生长发育和营养物质代谢的影响,可以从生理生化角度揭示柞蚕寄生线虫的致病机制,明确线虫在柞蚕体内完成寄生生活史的生理生化调控机制。检测柞蚕5龄幼虫被线虫寄生后其生长发育速度、血淋巴营养物质含量和中肠蛋白酶活性,结果表明,柞蚕幼虫被线虫寄生6～11 d,其摄食量和体质量变化不明显,血淋巴总糖、海藻糖含量短暂性升高,随后便急剧下降,血淋巴蛋白质含量和酯酶活性升高,甘油酯含量降低,中肠蛋白酶活性极显著低于对照组;被寄生12～15 d,柞蚕摄食量升高、体质量增加,中肠蛋白酶活性升高,而血淋巴中总糖含量、海藻糖含量、海藻糖酶活性、甘油酯含量极显著低于对照组,说明此时是线虫迅速生长的时期,蚕体营养物质被线虫大量消耗;被寄生15 d后摄食量急剧下降,血淋巴中能源物质含量极显著降低,中肠蛋白酶活性极显著低于对照组。线虫寄生柞蚕幼虫后与寄主形成营养竞争关系,造成蚕体营养物质严重缺乏、消化能力减弱、生长发育迟缓。研究结果可为揭示线虫对柞蚕的致病机制以及利用索科线虫进行农林害虫的生物防治提供参考。     

桑螟越冬幼虫体内蛋白质、氨基酸、碳水化合物的变化与抗寒性的关系

用分光光度法、液相色谱法及氨基酸测定仪等测定了桑螟越冬幼虫虫体、血淋巴中蛋白质、氨基酸、小分子碳水化合物等的含量变化,并分析了该类物质的含量变化与抗寒性的关系。结果表明:虫体与血淋巴中的蛋白质在越冬期间相互转移,过冷却能力变化与血淋巴蛋白质含量的增减一致,12月至翌年2月间是血淋巴蛋白质含量最高的时期,此期的过冷却点亦最低;丝氨酸、丙氨酸、酪氨酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸的含量变化趋势大致相同,含量与过冷却点的变化一致,随着寒冬的到来迅速上升,随着越冬期的结束又迅速下降,这5种氨基酸含量的变化,影响着桑螟幼虫的过冷却点和抗寒能力的变化;桑螟越冬幼虫以“小分子碳水化合物(海藻糖、甘露醇、山梨醇)氨基酸(丝氨酸,丙氨酸,酪氨酸,赖氨酸,精氨酸)甘油蛋白质结合脂肪”组成抗寒物质系统。     

柞蚕蛹期血淋巴蛋白质的等电聚焦分析

<正> 昆虫血淋巴是细胞外体液,浸润着虫体内所有组织和细胞。全变态昆虫的蛹期是重要的变态期,在此期间,进行着幼虫组织的分解和成虫组织形成。血淋巴中蛋白质种类的变化情况,是昆虫生理学者关注的问题之一。柞蚕是典型全变态昆虫,柞蚕蛹期里翅芽发育,与此同时,在雄蛹中睾丸进一步发育成熟,而在雌蛹中卵巢开始发育,直至完全成热。因此,有必要分析柞蚕蛹期血淋巴蛋白质种类及其消长变化特点,为逐步深入阐明蛹期成虫器官芽生长发育过程中,利用血淋巴中的蛋白质致使血淋巴蛋白质种类出现有关变化,提供分析资料。 关于昆虫血淋巴蛋白质的分析工作,过     

三眠蚕诱导剂SM-1对家蚕丝蛋白合成调控机理的研究——Ⅱ.SM-1对后部丝腺DNA合成速率和核酸含量的影响

本文探讨三眼蚕诱导剂SM一1对家蚕丝蛋白合成的调控机理.试验结果表明:(1)sM-1处理后,家蚕后部丝腺DNA中~3H-胸腺嘧啶核苷的参入速率明显增快.SM一1诱导三眠蚕在四龄第2天~3H-胸腺嘧啶核苷的参入量最高,比同时的对照高近1倍;五龄第2天SM—1处理区,在五龄第3天~H-胸腺嘧啶核苷的参入速率有所增快.(2)SM-1诱导的三眠蚕,后丝腺DNA和RNA含量的高峰比对照提前4-6天出现,且其末龄(四龄)DNA和RNA含量的增减趋势与对照末龄(五龄)DNV和RNA含量的增减趋势非常相似.(3)五龄前期用SM一1处理家蚕幼虫,对后丝腺DNA和RNA含量增加具有暂时的促进作用.     

两种处理工艺对蚕蛹品质影响的研究

 试验采用正已烷处理法(S2)和水煮处理法(S3)两种工艺对蚕蛹粉(silkworm pupae meal,SM)进行脱脂处理,以未经任何处理的蚕蛹粉(S1)为对照,通过比较三种蚕蛹粉物理性状、常规营养成分、氨基酸组成及必需氨基酸评分和脂肪酸组成,评价两种处理工艺对蚕蛹品质的影响。结果表明,正己烷处理的蚕蛹粉无臭,无色,容重、粗蛋白、粗灰分含量显著提高(P<0.05),粗脂肪含量显著降低(P<0.05),水煮处理法对蚕蛹粉脱脂和脱色效果甚微(P> 0.05),但有除臭效果。正己烷处理后显著提高了蚕蛹粉氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸含量(P<0.05),且处理后的蚕蛹粉更接近FAO/ WHO 规定的理想蛋白源标准。正己烷处理显著影响蚕蛹粉脂肪酸组成,其中C18∶0、C18∶2n-6水平较其他两组显著提高(P<0.05),C18∶3n-3水平显著降低(P<0.05),C18∶1n-9水平显著低于对照组(S1),但与水煮法组(S3)差异不显著。综上所述,正已烷脱脂不但操作简便,费用低廉,且可以达到除臭、脱色、脱脂、生产优质蚕蛹蛋白粉应用于饲料工业中的目的。     

Studies on the influence of various vitamin-B6 uptake in the hen on the nutrient content of liver, pectoral muscle, total body and egg]

The present study included 2 trials which were performed to investigate in which way graded vitamin B6 supplies or vitamin B6 deficiency would influence the chemical composition of the whole body, the liver, pectoral muscle or the eggs of hens and in which way it might change the pattern of amino acid composition in the proteins of the pectoral muscle. The following results were obtained: No direct changes in the protein and fat content of the birds (total body, liver, pectoral muscle) were noted in trial 1 when graded amounts of vitamin B6 were supplied, whereas in trial 2 signifikant increases in the fat content of the body and decrases in the protein levels were observed when vitamin B6 supplements were added to a vitamin-deficient diet (pair-fed group) or fed to animals receiving increased amounts of food (controls). Variations in dietary vitamin B6 concentrations did not produce statistically significant changes in the protein and fat content of eggs, and in the pattern of amino acid composition of proteins in the pectoral muscle. However, with increasing vitamin B6 uptake, the serine to glycine ratio was narrowed.     

家蚕五龄后部丝腺蛋白质构成与茧层量的关系

家蚕 5龄期是后部丝腺细胞大量合成并分泌蚕丝主要成分丝素蛋白的时期 ,对这一时期后部丝腺细胞的蛋白质构成进行研究 ,有利于发现丝腺细胞分泌丝素蛋白有关的功能蛋白质 ,阐明蚕茧高产的机理。采用蛋白质双向电泳和图像分析技术 ,研究发现家蚕同一品种的不同个体 ,或同一个体不同部位的后部丝腺细胞蛋白质的构成基本一致。该结果反映了家蚕同一品种不同个体后部丝腺细胞的新陈代谢水平基本没有差异 ,家蚕品种个体间茧层量差异 ,可能是个体生长发育和后部丝腺细胞数的不同等原因造成 ,而与每一个体后部丝腺细胞的新陈代谢关系不显著。该结果也说明在目前双向电泳技术和染色技术的条件下进行家蚕后部丝腺蛋白质组研究时 ,从家蚕同一品种的任一个体、任一部位提取后部丝腺细胞的蛋白质样品 ,所得的蛋白质双向电泳结果基本相同     

蚕蛹综合利用研究进展

概述了蚕蛹的化学成分。综述了利用蚕蛹制备蚕蛹蛋白粉和多肽,分离家蚕抗菌蛋白和诱导生产生物活性蛋白,生产蚕蛹氨基酸及氨基酸络合物,提取蚕蛹油与壳聚糖,开发蚕蛹蛋白纤维、蚕蛹虫草等方面的研究进展。探讨了蚕蛹及其产品在食品、医药、化工、生物防治等领域的应用现状及前景。     

Inositol hexaphosphate increases mucin loss from the digestive tract of ducks

The effects of different forms of inositol hexaphosphate (IP6, phytate) on mucin excretion from the digestive tract of ducks were investigated. Forty-eight ten-wk-old male ducks were grouped by weight into eight blocks of six cages with one bird per cage. On the first day of experimentation, birds received by intubation six dextrose-based diets arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial consisting of phytase (0 or 1000 units) and a form of IP6 (no IP6, free phytic acid or magnesium-potassium phytate). During the 54 h following feeding, excreta were continuously collected and frozen until analysed. The amount of mucin and amino acids, threonine, valine and tyrosine, in excreta increased in ducks fed with either magnesium-potassium phytate or free phytic acid. The increase in mucin excretion was more in birds fed with magnesium-potassium phytate than those fed with free phytic acid. The loss of arginine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine and phenylyalanine in excreta was reduced by the presence of microbial phytase. It is concluded that the form of IP6 fed to ducks affects the extent of mucin excretion and also the extent and nature of endogenous amino acid losses in the excreta. Supplementation with exogenous microbial phytase reduced some of the IP6 feeding-induced endogenous intestinal amino acid losses.     

Some effects of protein deficiency in young growing pigs. II. Blood plasma free amino acids

The influence of protein deficiency, rehabilitation and total starvation on the free amino acid levels in the blood plasma of pigs has been investigated. It was found that the concentration of most amino acids was reduced during protein deficiency. The levels of leucine, isoleucine and valine were diminished by the greatest proportion, followed by threonine, tyrosine and citrulline. During the first few weeks of protein deficiency the levels of lysine, histidine and arginine were slightly increased, but later decreased below control values. Concentrations of glycine and alanine were altered in a similar way except that the initial increase was much more pronounced. The concentrations of most of these amino acids returned to control levels after rehabilitation. Total starvation led to an increase in concentration of leucine, isoleucine, valine, threonine and to a smaller extent phenylalanine, lysine, citrulline and arginine. The concentration of glycine, alanine and glutamic acid were very much reduced. The level of urea in the circulation dropped reversibly during protein deficiency and increased very much during total starvation.     

Dietary carbohydrates affect caecal fermentation and modify nitrogen excretion patterns in rats. I. Studies with protein-free diets.

In a two-factorial experiment on 96 young male rats, the effects of substituting 10% raw potato starch (PS), pectins (PEC), or cellulose (CEL) for corn starch (CS) were studied using an unsupplemented protein-free (PF) diet or a PF diet supplemented either with DL-methionine or urea. The pH and the short chain fatty acids (SCFA) content in caecal digesta, as well as caecal digesta and tissue weights were determined and used as the criteria of caecal fermentation intensity. Blood urea level, amount of N excreted via faeces and urine, DAPA content, and amino acid composition of faecal protein were analyzed as indices of protein metabolism. A 10-day adaptation period to the carbohydrates fed with the casein diet preceded the experimental period of feeding the respective carbohydrates with protein-free diets. Dietary carbohydrates significantly influenced total and individual SCFA content in caecal digesta, as well as other parameters related to the intensity of fermentation. Potato starch and pectins were more intensively fermented than cellulose. Supplementation of the PF diet with methionine and urea affected only caecal isobutyric and valeric acid content in a way dependent on the carbohydrates present in the diet. Carbohydrates significantly altered the routes of N excretion. Faecal excretion was increased by all carbohydrates studied compared to corn starch, pectins had the most marked effect. Urinary excretion was significantly increased by cellulose (as compared with the PEC and PS groups) and decreased by pectins as compared with all other groups. There was an interaction between the effects of carbohydrates and type of protein-free diet on faecal and urinary excretion. The sum of amino acids in faecal protein was the lowest on the PEC diet, but the amino acid composition expressed as a per cent of total amino acid content was similar in all groups. It can be concluded that dietary carbohydrates alter the excretion patterns of endogenous nitrogen in rats in different ways and that this effect is related to the intensity of their fermentation in the hind gut.