稻米抗性淀粉的研究进展

稻米抗性淀粉具有重要的生理功能及食品应用价值,受到研究者的广泛关注。本文简述了抗性淀粉的分类及测定方法,介绍了稻米中抗性淀粉的测定方法、理化特性、生理功能和稻米抗性淀粉产业研发的研究进展,以期为我国富含抗性淀粉水稻品种选育及稻米抗性淀粉产业发展提供一些参考。     

水稻胚乳淀粉合成及其育种应用

淀粉是稻米胚乳的主要组成成分,具有重要的生物学功能和经济价值。籽粒胚乳淀粉合成和贮藏于一种异质化的质体中,即淀粉体。而籽粒形成期,胚乳中富集大量淀粉以充实淀粉体胞内空间并形成晶体状的淀粉颗粒,因此胚乳淀粉组成和结构会极大地影响稻米产量和食味品质的形成。本文综述了胚乳淀粉合成的分子途径,改良稻米产量和食味品质的分子策略,以期为优质稻米育种实践提供一定的理论依据。     

氮肥对稻米垩白及蒸煮食味品质特性的影响

利用稻米品质特性不同的 7个粳稻品种 ,研究了氮肥对稻米垩白率、理化特性及淀粉谱特性的影响。结果表明 ,随着氮肥施用量的增加 ,稻米垩白率和直链淀粉含量逐渐降低 ,胶稠度变短 ,蛋白质含量提高 ,而在稻米淀粉谱特性中除糊化开始温度略提高外 ,其余特性均降低或变小 ;在水稻全生育期施同等量的氮肥时 ,与生育前期追施氮肥相比 ,抽穗期追施氮肥 ,其稻米的垩白率和直链淀粉含量降低 ,胶稠度变短 ,蛋白质含量提高 ,但对稻米淀粉谱特性的影响很小。品质特性对氮肥的反应敏感程度品种间有差异。     

氮素穗肥对不同品种稻米品质性状的影响

以4种不同类型的稻米为材料,采用4个不同的氮素穗肥处理,利用黏度分析仪和XRD技术测定其淀粉特性,探索氮素穗肥对稻米品质及淀粉特性的影响。试验结果表明,氮素穗肥对稻米蛋白质、直链淀粉含量、支/直比和胶稠度的影响,品种间存在差异。各品种稻米的黏滞谱曲线随着氮肥的增加均呈整体下降趋势;相对粳稻而言,杂交籼稻和糯稻黏滞谱曲线在不同的氮肥处理下降幅度较小。各品种稻米淀粉的相对结晶度均表现为随氮肥施用量的增加而减小,17和18的两个衍射峰的分离状态逐渐减小。氮素穗肥施用量与稻米品质和淀粉特性关系密切,可通过调控氮素穗肥水平来改善稻米品质。     

稻米淀粉糊老化动力学研究

以不同类型稻米为原料，用旋转粘度仪研究较稀浓度淀粉糊的老化动力学，以预测和控制稻米淀粉糊老化。结果表明：稻米淀粉糊呈假塑性流体的特征，随存放时间的延长，其流变指数上升，淀粉糊的刚性增大。用流变指数和一级化学反应动力学模型能较好的描述淀粉糊的老化特性。淀粉糊的老化与其分散相的凝聚、沉淀和连续相的特性有关。淀粉糊中直链淀粉和支链淀粉的相互作用会使其老化进一步加深。     

EFFECTS OF MIXING RATIO AND PROCESSING METHODS ON RESISTANT STARCH CONTENT OF PRODUCTS OF RICE＇ JIANGTANGDAO 1＇

以高抗性淀粉含量功能性粳稻品系“降糖稻1号”稻米为主要材料,研究其与不同比例稻米混配后经蒸煮、膨化、制作米粉及发酵加工后,对稻米产品直链淀粉含量和抗性淀粉（RS）含量的影响。结果表明,稻米中RS含量随加工温度和加工压力的提高而大大降低,表明“降糖稻1号”不宜高温高压蒸煮、膨化、加工米粉和发酵食品。“降糖稻l号”与“金丰”稻米按不同比例混合蒸煮后,其直链淀粉含量、RS含量及蒸煮品质有明显改善,“降糖稻1号”与“金丰”稻米以2：1混配,不仅明显改善米饭的食味,而且RS含量能保持较高的水平。     

混配比例及加工方式对“降糖稻1号”稻米产品抗性淀粉含量的影响

以高抗性淀粉含量功能性粳稻品系"降糖稻1号"稻米为主要材料,研究其与不同比例稻米混配后经蒸煮、膨化、制作米粉及发酵加工后,对稻米产品直链淀粉含量和抗性淀粉(RS)含量的影响。结果表明,稻米中RS含量随加工温度和加工压力的提高而大大降低,表明"降糖稻1号"不宜高温高压蒸煮、膨化、加工米粉和发酵食品。"降糖稻1号"与"金丰"稻米按不同比例混合蒸煮后,其直链淀粉含量、RS含量及蒸煮品质有明显改善,"降糖稻1号"与"金丰"稻米以2:1混配,不仅明显改善米饭的食味,而且RS含量能保持较高的水平。     

干燥后稻米食味值的预测与分析

为了采用神经网络方法预测干燥后稻米食味值，依据稻米的食味值与其主要成分(水分、蛋白质、直链淀粉和脂肪酸)和干燥温度有关这一研究结论，用近红外光谱谷物成分分析仪测定了稻米的主要成分值，用专家模糊评判方法确定稻米的食味值，建立了稻米食味值与其主要成分之间的网络结构模型，误差分析结果表明：该方法可以较好预测稻米的食味值，并分析了干燥条件对稻米理化指标的影响规律，影响程度为干燥温度：-0.7；水分：0.68、脂肪酸：-0.56、直链淀粉：0.48和蛋白质含量：-0.33。     

水稻胚乳糖质突变体Sug-11的淀粉粒结构和粒径分布及相关理化特性

本试验以水稻胚乳糖质突变体Sug-11与其野生型对照中花11为材料,利用扫描电镜、激光散射粒度分析仪、差示扫描量热分析仪和X-射线衍射图谱等方法,对两者稻米淀粉粒的形态结构、粒径分布、晶体结构和酶解抗性及其糊化过程中的热力学参数变化进行比较分析,揭示胚乳糖质稻米淀粉的理化特征,为稻米品质改良和功能稻米的开发提供理论依据.结果表明,胚乳糖质突变体Sug-11的稻米淀粉粒径分布呈单峰状正态分布,与野生型对照相比其稻米淀粉平均粒径值(6.48 μm)显著降低,大型淀粉粒(粒径大于8μm)比例(21.63％)显著减少,而小型和中型淀粉粒比例则明显增多,扫描电镜下Sug-11的淀粉粒结构更接近于籽粒灌浆过程胚乳尚未完全充实时的淀粉粒形态结构特点;突变体Sug-11的淀粉粒酶解抗性与野生对照相比显著下降,其抗性淀粉含量的下降幅度接近50％,同时,Sug-11除具有相对较低的淀粉糊化温度外,其淀粉粒糊化过程的热焓值(△H)也显著降低.Sug-11糖质突变体的淀粉晶体类型与野生对照相同(A型淀粉晶体),其淀粉粒的相对结晶度(35.3％)略低于对照,两者间的差异主要表现在诸尖峰的相对强度比值和相对结晶度上,而20°2θ/18°2θ的尖峰相对强度比值则高于其野生对照;糖质突变对稻米淀粉的化学组分(成)、膨胀势和溶解度也产生了十分显著的影响,突变体Sug-11的淀粉溶解度显著高于野生对照,而淀粉膨胀势和表观直链淀粉含量则显著低于野生对照材料.     

灌浆结实期高温干旱复合胁迫对稻米直链淀粉及蛋白质含量的影响

灌浆结实期是水稻产量与品质形成的关键时期,近年来,由于受全球气候变化和局部地形地貌的影响,我国南方稻区在水稻灌浆结实期频频遭遇高温和伏旱的混合影响,造成水稻产量与品质的同步下降。本研究选用导入空心莲子草基因组DNA构建的籼稻耐旱变异品系H5,在灌浆结实期于人工温室进行高温干旱复合胁迫试验,测定了不同处理稻米直链淀粉与蛋白质含量,旨在深入研究高温干旱复合逆境对稻米品质的影响。试验设6个处理,分别是适温中度干旱(OT-MD)、适温严重干旱(OT-SD)、高温正常供水(HT-WW)、高温中度干旱(HT-MD)、高温严重干旱(HT-SD)和适温正常供水(OT-WW,CK)。除对照外,其余各处理的胁迫时间设10 d、20 d、30 d和40 d。结果表明:灌浆结实期高温胁迫会导致稻米直链淀粉含量下降和蛋白质含量增加,高温胁迫10~40 d的稻米直链淀粉含量比CK降低了1.783~5.987个百分点,稻米蛋白质含量比CK增加了1.178~2.741个百分点;灌浆结实期干旱胁迫同样会导致稻米直链淀粉含量下降和蛋白质含量增加,在中度干旱条件下,胁迫10~40 d处理的稻米直链淀粉含量比CK降低了1.956~6.270个百分点,稻米蛋白质含量比CK增加了1.153~2.944个百分点,在严重干旱条件下,胁迫10~40 d处理的稻米直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量相对于CK的变异幅度比中度干旱胁迫下的更大;灌浆结实期高温干旱复合胁迫引起稻米直链淀粉含量下降和蛋白质含量增加的幅度均超过单一高温胁迫或干旱胁迫,且其变化幅度随胁迫因子的增加、胁迫强度的增强和胁迫时间的延长而增大;灌浆结实期的前20 d遭遇高温干旱复合胁迫是稻米品质变差的主要原因;在相同胁迫时间内,各处理对稻米直链淀粉和蛋白质含量的胁迫效应按升序排列依次为:高温正常供水(HT-WW)、适温中度干旱(OT-MD)、适温严重干旱(OT-SD)、高温中度干旱(HT-MD)、高温严重干旱(HT-SD)。本研究结论可为水稻的抗旱与抗高温育种与栽培提供参考依据。     

纳米级大米淀粉的制备及性质

为了探索纳米淀粉的新型制备方法及可行性,采用超高压均质和超微粉碎制备了纳米级大米淀粉,并研究了其颗粒粒度、吸湿性能、溶解度和膨胀率等理化性质.结果表明,超高压均质和超微粉碎能明显减小大米淀粉的颗粒粒度,成功制得纳米级大米淀粉,且随着大米淀粉粒度的减小,其吸湿性能、溶解度和膨胀率明显增加,说明纳米级大米淀粉的水合能力增强,体现了纳米级大米淀粉的表面效应和小尺寸效应.     

Comparison of the physicochemical properties and ultrastructure of japonica and indica rice grains

The physicochemical properties and ultrastructures of japonica vs indica rice varieties and waxy vs nonwaxy rice varieties were compared. The viscogram values of the indica varieties were significantly higher than those of the japonica varieties. The gelatinization temperatures, breakdown, and setback were significantly lower for waxy than for nonwaxy rice varieties. Japonica rice exhibited lower hardness but higher adhesiveness than indica rice. The air space between individual starch granules was larger for waxy than for nonwaxy rice. The starch granules were compact in japonica rice, while the compound starch granules of indica rice were much smaller than those of japonica rice and were scattered widely in the endosperm. The protein bodies in japonica rice were concentrated near the cell wall, whereas those in indica rice were scattered around amyloplasts. These results suggest that the ultrastructure of rice affects the texture of the cooked product.     

Pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (PNMR) Study of Rice Starch Retrogradation

Although pulsed NMR (PNMR) has been used for qualitative study of starch retrogradation in selected systems, validation is necessary for its application to new systems. PNMR was used to analyze the retrogradation of rice starches in purified form, in rice flour, and in cooked rice grains. The standard curves between the relative solid content (S′, %) by PNMR and the percentage of gelatinized starch (GS, %) were determined for common rice flour, common rice starch, and waxy rice starch at different moisture contents. The coefficients of linear regression for these curves (R²) were all >0.997. Starches with different amylose contents were tested for S′ values at the stages of freshly gelatinized, retrograded (4°C, 18 days), and reheated (90°C, 20 min). The S′ of reheated starch (S′_reheat) was similar to the S′ of freshly gelatinized starch (S′₀), so we concluded that the increase in S′ during storage corresponded to amylopectin retrogradation. The effect of moisture content on retrogradation of rice starch, rice flour, and cooked rice grains was studied by PNMR, and the data were interpreted using the Avami equation. Decreasing the moisture content increased the rate of retrogradation and led to a higher parameter k and a lower parameter n. For moisture content in the range studied, PNMR can be used to follow amylopectin retrogradation of different rice starch systems.     

回生抗性淀粉种类对米淀粉凝胶形成的影响

为寻找改善普通米淀粉制品的结构及品质的新型食品添加剂,该文以普通米淀粉为原料,采用快速黏度分析仪、扫描电子显微镜、质构分析仪、全自动X射线衍射仪及示差扫描量热仪等手段,研究添加锥栗、马铃薯与绿豆回生抗性淀粉(retrograded resistant starch,RSⅢ)对米淀粉凝胶微观结构及理化性质的影响。结果表明:添加锥栗、马铃薯及绿豆RSⅢ对米淀粉凝胶的结构及性质产生显著影响(P0.01),以锥栗RSⅢ的作用最为突出。添加锥栗、马铃薯与绿豆RSⅢ对米淀粉糊的黏度特性没有影响(P0.05)。未添加RSⅢ的米淀粉凝胶存在很多不规则、深浅不一的大洞,而加入RSⅢ使米淀粉凝胶的网状结构变得更为规整、致密,且其胶着性与黏聚性变化不大(P0.05);添加锥栗、马铃薯与绿豆RSⅢ后能加速米淀粉凝胶的形成,与未添加RSⅢ的米淀粉凝胶比,其硬度分别增加了2.38、1.97和1.25倍(P0.01),黏着性分别增加2.56、1.99和1.32倍(P0.01),弹性增加1.07、0.81和0.53倍(P0.01)。米淀粉以A-型晶体占优,锥栗RSⅢ以V-型晶体占优,马铃薯与绿豆RSⅢ均以B-型晶体占优;不加或加入RSⅢ的米淀粉凝胶粉末都转变为以V-型晶体为主,且总相对结晶度没有改变(P0.05)。加入RSⅢ后的米淀粉糊除有低温吸热峰外还出现高温吸热峰,是否添加RSⅢ对低温吸热峰的温度参数影响不大(P0.05),但吸热焓显著降低(P0.01);而对于高温吸热峰,添加马铃薯与绿豆RSⅢ的各项参数没有差别(P0.05),但比添加锥栗RSⅢ的显著增高(P0.01)。可见添加不同来源的RSⅢ可以有效改善米淀粉凝胶的结构与品质。该研究结果为抗性淀粉用于提高米制品品质与营养功能的研究和生产提供了重要参考。     

Characteristics of pregelatinized ae mutant rice flours prepared by boiling after preroasting

As ae mutant rice, such as EM10, lacks the starch branching enzyme IIb, its amylopectin contains more long-chain glucans than that of ordinary Indica and Japonica rice grains. Although boiled grains of ae rice cultivars are too hard and nonsticky for table rice, they are promising in terms of biofunctionality, such as prevention of diabetes. The present paper investigates the characterization of a novel group of four ae mutant rice cultivars (EM72, EM145, EM174, and EM189). They were subjected to the evaluation for their main chemical components, physical properties, and enzyme activities at different grain conditions (raw milled rice, roasted rice, boiled rice, and rice boiled after preroasting). These mutant rice grains are characterized by high apparent amylose, high protein and high glucose contents, high pasting temperature, high α-amylase activities, high resistant starch, and low degree of gelatinization. A novel method was developed to maintain the high resistant starch contents of gelatinized rice grains. Rice boild after preroasting showed a higher ratio of resistant starch and a lower amount of glucose than ordinary boiled rice. It became possible to produce high-quality and biofunctional pregelatinized rice flours by boiling with frozen fruits, such as tomatoes, after rice grains had been preroasted. These ae mutants were found to be suitable materials for rice/fruit or rice/vegetable products to serve as palatable, low-glucose, and high resistant starch rice products.     

Structural Characteristics,Properties, and In Vitro Digestibility of Rice

Using rice samples derived from normal rice cultivars and endosperm starch mutant, we investigated key factors contributing to the enzyme digestibility of steamed rice grains. The chemical composition of polished rice grains, structural features of endosperm starch, and enzyme digestibility of steamed rice grains were examined. The protein content of polished rice grains was 4.6–9.1%, amylose content was 4–27%, the DP_n of purified amylose was 900–1,600, the amylopectin short/long chain ratio was 1.2–5.9, and the enzyme digestibilities of steamed polished rice grains were 0.9–12.6 °Brix. Amylose content and RVA parameters (viscosity, breakdown, and setback) correlated significantly with enzyme digestibility of steamed rice grains. Multiple regression formulas were constructed to predict digestibility of steamed rice grain as a function of the molecular characteristics of the starch. When both amylose content and the short/long chain amylopectin ratio were used as predictor variables, they accounted for >80% of the observed variance in digestibility of steamed rice grains. Multiple regression revealed that the more digestible rice samples had starch with a lower amylose content and more short‐chain amylopectin. Reassociation of amylose‐lipid complex and recrystallization of amylopectin in the stored steamed rice grains was monitored by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the observed retrogradation properties were related to the structural characteristics of starch and to the enzyme digestibility of steamed rice grains.     

Structures and physicochemical properties of six wild rice starches

Starches from six wild rice cultivars were studied for their chemical structures and physicochemical properties and compared with a long-grain rice starch. The six wild rice starches were similar in morphological appearance, X-ray diffraction patterns, swelling power, and water solubility index but different in amylose content, beta-amylolysis limit, branch chain length distribution, thermal properties, and pasting properties. The structure of the wild rice amylopectins was close to that of waxy rice amylopectin with more branching and a larger proportion of short branch chains of degree of polymerization 6-12 as compared with that of amylopectin from rice starch with a similar amylose content. The differences in branch chain length distribution of amylopectin and amylose content were assumed to contribute to the differences in physicochemical properties among the six wild rice starches as well as to the differences between the wild rice starches and the rice starch.     

Comparison of Starch Physicochemical Properties of Waxy Rice Cultivars with Different Hardening Rates

The objective of this study was to investigate the starch characteristics of a novel waxy rice cultivar Hitachimochi 36 (H36) with an extremely slow hardening rate of waxy rice cake and the relationships between starch physicochemical properties and texture of waxy rice cake. Starch isolated from H36 showed significantly higher digestibility than that from other waxy rice cultivars, and the starch digestibility highly correlated with the starch crystallinity. The compressive force of the starch gel prepared from H36 was significantly lower than that from other cultivars when stored at 5°C for five days, which reflected the differences in endothermic enthalpies corresponding to retrograded amylopectin. Various textural parameters of cooked waxy rice cake prepared from H36 were also remarkably different from those of cooked waxy rice cake prepared from other waxy rice cultivars. The cooked waxy rice cake prepared from H36 exhibited the lowest compressive force and breaking force by tensile and rupture tests, respectively. The analysis of amylopectin chain length distribution indicated that amylopectin of H36 contained higher proportions of the short chains. The difference in amylopectin chain length distribution and lower crystallinity of starch contributed to the unique textural properties of waxy rice cake prepared from H36.     

Partial beta-amylolysis retards starch retrogradation in rice products

Starch retrogradation is the main cause of quality deterioration of starch-containing foods during storage. The current work investigated the effect of partial beta-amylolysis on the retrogradation of rice starch and the potential of beta-amylase in preparing rice products with extended shelf life. Isolated amylopectin, whole rice starch, and rice flour from a regular rice cultivar were partially hydrolyzed by either reagent-grade or food-grade beta-amylase. The degree of beta-amylolysis was expressed as average external chain length () for isolated amylopectin or the degree of hydrolysis (%) for other starch systems. Pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance was used to monitor starch retrogradation during storage at 4 degrees C. The results indicated that partial beta-amylolysis using reagent-grade beta-amylase retarded amylopectin retrogradation by shortening the of amylopectin. When was below DP 11.6, the amylopectin retrogradation was essentially inhibited. Partial beta-amylolysis had a similar effect on the amylopectin retrogradation in the whole starch system. The maltose produced in beta-amylolysis might slightly attenuate the retrogradation-retarding effect of partial beta-amylolysis. The effect of food-grade beta-amylase on starch retrogradation was also evident, although less effective than that of reagent-grade beta-amylase. The retrogradation-retarding effect of food-grade beta-amylase was also demonstrated in rice flour system, indicating a potential method for controlling the starch retrogradation of rice products.     

Effect of Rice Starch-Lipid Complexes on In Vitro Digestibility,Complexing Index,and Viscosity

Effects of nonwaxy (21% amylose, 79% amylopectin) and waxy (100% amylopectin) rice starch-lipid complexes on the rate of in vitro digestibility were determined. Long-chain (≥C:18) saturated emulsifiers reduced digestibility more than short-chain (<C:18) saturated and unsaturated emulsifiers when complexed with nonwaxy and waxy rice starch. The largest decrease in digestibility (33%) was achieved with Polyaldo 10-1-2 (100% C18:0 with decaglyceryl monostearate modification) for nonwaxy rice. Waxy rice starch did not complex with most of the emulsifiers, in contrast to nonwaxy rice starch. Most of the emulsifiers that reduced digestibility by 10% or less were composed of unsaturated monoglycerides, including some acetylated and succinylated monoglycerides. The fluid behavior of nonwaxy rice starch-emulsifier solutions was more pseudoplastic than waxy rice starch-emulsifier solutions. The consistency index varied with emulsifiers. The nonwaxy rice starchemulsifier solutions and some of those prepared using waxy rice starch would be suitable for semisolid food applications. The waxy rice starchemulsifier solutions with low consistency (0.4–0.7) and high-flow behavior (0.7–0.8) indices would be suitable for beverage applications.