长白、大白母猪胎盘效率与产仔数关系的研究

本论文测定了长白、大白和长大二元杂母猪共 2 5 3胎次的胎盘效率与窝均总产仔数、窝均产活仔数之间的关系。结果表明 ,长白、大白和二元母猪之间胎盘效率无显著性差异 ;长白和所有试验母猪的胎盘效率高的 2 / 3的母猪的窝均总产仔数高于胎盘效率低的 1 / 3的母猪 ;大白和长大二元母猪的窝均总产仔数胎盘效率高的组与胎盘效率低的组的差异不显著 ;各类母猪中 ,胎盘效率高的 2 / 3母猪的窝均活仔数显著高于胎盘效率低的 1 / 3的母猪。说明母猪胎盘效率与窝均产活仔数有较高的正相关关系     

长大母猪胎盘效率与繁殖性能关系的研究

本文研究了长大二元杂母猪的胎盘效率与产仔性能的关系,测定了长大二元母猪的胎盘面积、胎盘厚度与窝产仔数之间的关系。结果表明:低胎盘效率(5.0)母猪的窝产仔数和窝产活仔数,低于中等(5.3)和高胎盘效率(6.7)的母猪;胎盘面积为1712cm2和1995cm2的母猪,其窝产仔数高于胎盘面积为2176cm2的母猪;胎盘厚度为1.10～1.13mm的母猪,其窝产仔数高于胎盘厚度为0.97mm的母猪。     

胎盘性状与母猪产仔数关系的研究

本文测定了长大二元母猪共83胎次的胎盘效率，胎盘面积，胎盘厚度与窝均总产仔数之间的关系。结果表明，所有试验母猪胎盘效率高的2／3的母猪的窝均总产仔数高于胎盘效率低的1／3的母猪；胎盘厚度高的2／3的母猪的窝均总产仔数高于胎盘厚度低的1／3的母猪。说明母猪胎盘效率及厚度与窝均总产仔数有正相关关系，而胎盘面积与窝均产仔数有负相关关系。     

猪胎盘效率与繁殖性能的关系

本文综述了猪高繁殖力的生理机制研究进展 ,对近年来关于猪胎盘效率与产仔数关系以及胎盘效率与生产性状间的关系研究进行了详细描述 ,从胎盘效率这一综合指标探讨猪高繁殖力的生理基础 ,目前的研究结果表明 ,基于胎盘效率的选择是提高猪的窝产仔数行之有效的方法     

猪胎盘效率与繁殖性能的关系

本文综述了猪高繁殖力的生理机制研究进展，对近年来关于猪胎盘效率与产仔数关系以及胎盘效率与生产性状间的关系研究进行了详细描述，从胎盘效率这一综合指标探讨猪高繁殖力的生理基础。目前的研究结果表明，基于胎盘效率的选择是提高猪的窝产仔数行之有效的方法。     

法系大约克、丹系杜洛克母猪胎盘效率与产仔数关系研究

母猪繁殖性能高低是决定整个猪场经济效益的关键。产仔数是猪繁殖性状中最重要的性状,由于母猪窝产仔数的遗传力低(0.05～0.30),所以通过表型选择来提高母猪窝产仔数,效果不显著。为此,人们希望探索窝产仔数指标选择以外的途径来提高母猪的产仔数。针对这一问题,国内外的许多养猪学者都对与窝产仔数有关的因素如子宫容积、子宫内膜毛细血管的分析、胎盘重量等进行了大量的研究。最近研究得出母猪胎盘效率不同会对其产仔数有很大的影响,即母猪胎盘效率高的,其窝产仔数就高,胎盘效率低的,其窝产仔数就低。母猪胎盘效率就是指仔猪出生窝重与胎…     

猪妊娠过程中胎盘发育及其调控基因研究进展

胎盘是母体与胎儿进行营养物质、气体及废弃物交换的重要器官。妊娠过程中,猪胎盘功能是影响母猪产仔数、死胎数及断奶前死亡率的最重要因素之一。作者介绍了猪妊娠早期胎盘的建立过程及形态变化、妊娠中期胎盘褶皱的形成、妊娠后期胎盘的进一步发育,阐述了这3个妊娠阶段猪胎盘的形态变化与其对应的胎盘功能之间的关系,并介绍了目前所发现的调控猪胎盘建立和发育的相关基因,包括透明质酸酶（HYAL）、组织蛋白酶（CTSB和CTSL1）及乙酰肝素酶（HPSE）基因,为提高母猪胎盘效率、增加母猪繁殖力提供科学依据。     

猪妊娠过程中胎盘发育及其调控基因研究进展

胎盘是母体与胎儿进行营养物质、气体及废弃物交换的重要器官。妊娠过程中,猪胎盘功能是影响母猪产仔数、死胎数及断奶前死亡率的最重要因素之一。作者介绍了猪妊娠早期胎盘的建立过程及形态变化、妊娠中期胎盘褶皱的形成、妊娠后期胎盘的进一步发育,阐述了这3个妊娠阶段猪胎盘的形态变化与其对应的胎盘功能之间的关系,并介绍了目前所发现的调控猪胎盘建立和发育的相关基因,包括透明质酸酶(HYAL)、组织蛋白酶(CTSB和CTSL1)及乙酰肝素酶(HPSE)基因,为提高母猪胎盘效率、增加母猪繁殖力提供科学依据。     

以母猪胎盘效率为指标的产仔数选择效果研究

本文通过对长大二元杂母猪胎盘效率与总产仔数、产活仔数等的相关关系分析,进行了基于高低胎盘效率的产仔数选择效果研究。结果表明:①按胎盘效率分组,胎盘效率高(6.70)、中(5.30)和低(5.00)的长大二元杂母猪,其窝均产仔数分别为12.68±2.76、10.58±2.33和9.12±2.80;窝产活仔数相应分别为10.70±2.76、10.08±2.70和8.88±2.03;三个组的胎盘效率差异均极显著(P<0.01)。②用杜洛克公猪的精液作人工授精后,长大二元杂母猪高胎盘效率组(6.12±0.40)的总产仔数(12.75±0.45对10.78±0.52)、活产仔数(12.20±0.23对10.20±0.58)均极显著高于低胎盘效率组(5.13±0.37)(P<0.01)。     

以母猪胎盘效率为指标的产仔数选择效果研究

本文通过对长大二元杂母猪胎盘效率与总产仔数、产活仔数等的相关关系分析,进行了基于高低胎盘效率的产仔数选择效果研究.结果表明①按胎盘效率分组,胎盘效率高(6.70)、中(5.30)和低(5.00)的长大二元杂母猪,其窝均产仔数分别为12.68±2.76、10.58±2.33和9.12±2.80;窝产活仔数相应分别为10.70±2.76、10.08±2.70和8.88±2.03;三个组的胎盘效率差异均极显著(P＜0.01).②用杜洛克公猪的精液作人工授精后,长大二元杂母猪高胎盘效率组(6.12±0.40)的总产仔数(12.75±0.45对10.78±0.52)、活产仔数(12.20±0.23对10.20±0.58)均极显著高于低胎盘效率组(5.13±0.37)(P＜0.01).     

不同产羔数西农萨能奶山羊胎盘性状的差异分析

为研究不同产羔数西农萨能山羊胎盘性状的差异,本实验共收集73只(单羔24只;双羔42只;三羔7只)正常分娩的西农萨能奶山羊母羊胎盘,分析比较不同产羔数的胎盘效率(初生窝重与胎盘质量之比)、子叶承载效率(初生窝重与子叶总面积之比)、子叶密度(子叶总数与胎盘质量之比)、子叶面积等性状和子叶组织学结构与母羊繁殖性能之间的关系。结果表明:随产羔数增加,西农萨能山羊胎盘质量呈极显著增加;多羔组胎盘子叶总数、子叶总面积和子叶承载效率显著高于单羔组;组织学结构分析发现,胎盘子叶滋养层细胞数量、毛细血管数量及密度也随着产羔数增加而增加。因此,胎盘质量、子叶总数和子叶总面积等性状可能是高繁殖力母羊的选择指标之一。     

Reproductive fluids,used for the in vitro production of pig embryos,result in healthy offspring and avoid aberrant placental expression of PEG3 and LUM

Background: In vitro embryo production(IVP) and embryo transfer(ET) are two very common assisted reproductive technologies(ART) in human and cattle. However, in pig, the combination of either procedures, or even their use separately, is still considered suboptimal due to the low efficiency of IVP plus the difficulty of performing ET in the long and contorted uterus of the sow. In addition, the potential impact of these two ART on the health of the offspring is unknown. We investigated here if the use of a modified IVP system, with natural reproductive fluids(RF) as supplements to the culture media, combined with a minimally invasive surgery to perform ET, affects the output of the own IVP system as well as the reproductive performance of the mother and placental molecular traits.Results: The blastocyst rates obtained by both in vitro systems, conventional(C-IVP) and modified(RF-IVP), were similar.Pregnancy and farrowing rates were also similar. However, when compared to in vivo control(artificial insemination, AI),litter sizes of both IVP groups were lower, while placental efficiency was higher in AI than in RF-IVP. Gene expression studies revealed aberrant expression levels for PEG3 and LUM in placental tissue for C-IVP group when compared to AI,but not for RF-IVP group.Conclusions: The use of reproductive fluids as additives for the culture media in pig IVP does not improve reproductive performance of recipient mothers but could mitigate the impact of artificial procedures in the offspring.     

Pregnancy loss due to amnionitis in anglo-arabian mare—Case report

The amnion is a layer of the foetal membrane that has mechanical protection function and allows expansion and growth. The diseases that affect amnion have rarely been reported in horses. Amnionitis and funiculitis have been implicated as components of abortions as observed in abortions caused by the mare reproductive loss syndrome. Here, we report an abortion at 240-day gestation of a 7-year-old Anglo-Arabian mare with a history of previous stillbirth. Blood samples from both mare and foetus were collected for serological testing. Fragments from the placenta were taken for macroscopic and histopathological examinations. The results of these tests ruled out leptospirosis and concluded that the cause of the abortion was non-infectious chronic amnionitis. Moreover, the decreased vascularization in the placenta was consistent with placental insufficiency. This case highlights the importance of monthly ultrasound monitoring in equine pregnancy in order to diagnose placental insufficiency. The study also confirmed the efficiency of the histopathological examination for the definitive diagnosis of placental inflammation and for the study of foetal vascularization to rule out placental insufficiency in equine reproduction.     

大白猪胎盘效率遗传规律的初步研究

本文分析了 77头纯种大白母猪的 469头初生仔猪的胎盘效率、胎盘面积、胎盘长度、胎盘重及初生重等性状资料 ,估计了各性状间的简单相关系数 ,应用非求导约束最大似然法 (MTDFREML)估计大白猪胎盘效率、胎盘面积、胎盘长度、胎盘重及初生重的遗传力 ,估计结果分别为0 46 ,0 2 5 ,0 1 1 ,0 1 4和 0 2 9     

Reproductive medicine of companion marsupials.

Marsupials have recently become popular as exotic pets. Marsupial reproduction is considerably different than that of placental mammals. The reproductive parameters and artificial milk formulations specific for marsupials are discussed.     

Toxicological pathology in the rat placenta

The placenta grows rapidly for a short period with high blood flow during pregnancy and has multifaceted functions, such as its barrier function, nutritional transport, drug metabolizing activity and endocrine action. Consequently, the placenta is a highly susceptible target organ for drug- or chemical-induced adverse effects, and many placenta-toxic agents have been reported. However, histopathological examination of the placenta is not generally performed, and the placental toxicity index is only the placental weight change in rat reproductive toxicity studies. The placental cells originate from the trophectoderm of the embryo and the endometrium of the dam, proliferate and differentiate into a variety of tissues with interaction each other according to the development sequence, resulting in formation of a placenta. Therefore, drug- or chemical-induced placental lesions show various histopathological features depending on the toxicants and the exposure period, and the pathogenesis of placental toxicity is complicated. Placental weight assessment appears not to be enough to evaluate placental toxicity, and reproductive toxicity studies should pay more attention to histopathological evaluation of placental tissue. The detailed histopathological approaches to investigation of the pathogenesis of placental toxicity are considered to provide an important tool for understanding the mechanism of teratogenicity and developmental toxicity with embryo lethality, and could benefit reproductive toxicity studies.     

Normal Postpartum Involution of the Uterus in the Dog

Ninety-eight reproductive tracts from dogs at different postpartum time periods were used to investigate stages of normal involution. Seventy-eight reproductive tracts were obtained from the field, and 20 obtained surgically for gross and microscopic examination. Plasma progesterone was measured in 22 dogs at various times postpartum.

The uterine horns during the first week postpartum were dilated and edematous. The placental sites were 1.5-3 cm in width, rough, granular and covered with mucus and a few blood clots. By the fourth week the placental sites were thick, grayish-tan and nodular with a few blood clots within nodules. The uterine horns during the seventh week were greatly contracted and the placental sites were narrow and light in color. A few nodules were still present on the surface. By the ninth week the uterine horns were uniform in shape and contracted with a narrow lumen. The placental sites appeared as a narrow brown band.

Histologically the placental sites during the first week postpartum were covered by an eosinophilic staining necrotic mass and a few intact epithelial cells scattered on the surface as an interrupted single layer. Under the necrotic mass, large eosinophilic staining cells in moderate number were scattered throughout the lamina propria of the placental site. These cells were considered to be decidual cells. By the fourth week the placental sites were covered by a large lobulated mass of collagen fibers. The uterine glands were greatly dilated and degenerate, and mononuclear cell infiltration in the lamina propria was pronounced. By the seventh week, large masses of collagen fibers were detached from the surface, and endometrial glands were normal in size and shape. By the ninth week surface sloughing was completed. However, regeneration and replacement of the endometrial lining from the mouth of the uterine glands continued until the end of the twelfth week when the involution process was completed.

The progesterone levels were very low for eight weeks postpartum.

     

Correlated response in placental efficiency in swine selected for an index of components of lifter size

The objective of this study was to evaluate correlated response in placental efficiency to selection for components of litter size. Fourteen generations of selection had resulted in a difference between lines of three fully formed piglets at birth. Gilts from a line selected for an index of components of litter size (S, n = 33) and a randomly selected control (C, n = 27) were observed at farrowing. At delivery, the umbilical cord of each piglet was double tagged with identically numbered mouse ear tags to allow the piglet's weight to be matched to the corresponding placental weight. Litter size, placental weight, birth weight, and placental vascularity were recorded. Litter size was higher (12.0 +/- 0.7 vs 7.9 +/- 0.7) in S than in C (P < 0.001). Line differences in placental vascularity were not significant with or without adjustment for litter size (P = 0.45 and 0.39, respectively). Correlated response to selection for components of litter size resulted in a reduced birth weight (S 82.6% of C, P < 0.001) and a reduced placental weight (S 90.9% of C, P = 0.11). After adjusting for litter size, line differences in neither placental weight nor birth weight were significant (P = 0.40 and 0.07, respectively), which indicates that the reduction in birth weight was, for the most part, due to the increase in litter size. The result of the difference in the magnitude of the change for both weights was that placental efficiency, measured as the ratio of birth weight:placental weight was 0.43 higher in C (P = 0.05). Adjustment for litter size increased the difference in placental efficiency to 0.52 (P = 0.02). Since a significant difference in litter size favoring the selected line was observed, we hypothesize that this physiological response was achieved through mechanisms other than improved placental efficiency.     

Pathogenesis and prevention of placental and transplacental porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-induced reproductive problems are characterized by embryonic death, late-term abortions, early farrowing and increase in number of dead and mummified fetuses, and weak-born piglets. The virus recovery from fetal tissues illustrates transplacental infection, but despite many studies on the subject, the means by which PRRSV spreads from mother to fetus and the exact pathophysiological basis of the virus-induced reproductive failure remain unexplained. Recent findings from our group indicate that the endometrium and placenta are involved in the PRRSV passage from mother to fetus and that virus replication in the endometrial/placental tissues can be the actual reason for fetal death. The main purpose of this review is to clarify the role that PRRSV replication and PRRSV-induced changes in the endometrium/placenta play in the pathogenesis of PRRSV-induced reproductive failure in pregnant sows. In addition, strategies to control placental and transplacental PRRSV infection are discussed.     

Economic consequences of postponed first insemination of cows in a dairy cattle herd

The purpose was to analyse the economic consequences of postponed first insemination of cows in dairy herds with different reproduction management, and to analyse the sensitivity of the results to a further decrease in beef prices, using a model simulating production and health in a dairy cattle herd. Three different period-to-first-insemination scenarios were analysed. Period to first insemination was defined as days post partum for initiating insemination at observed heat. The three scenarios consisted of a short period to first insemination (70 days for primiparous and 35 days for older cows), a 70 days postponed first insemination of primiparous cows and a scenario with 70 days postponed first insemination for all cows. At a 70 days postponed first insemination for primiparous cows a decrease in annual herd profit of 1% were found. A 70 days postponed first insemination for all cows led to a decrease in annual herd profit by 3% at good reproductive efficiency and 4% at poor reproductive efficiency. The herd profit was calculated as the profit to cover labour costs and fixed costs. Postponed inseminations might reduce labour per cow-year. The reduction in labour per cow-year need to be 3.2 h at good reproductive efficiency and 4.3 h at poor reproductive efficiency to counterbalance the reduction in herd profit by postponing first insemination for all cows by 70 days. In a situation with a 50% decrease in beef prices in a herd constrained by a milk quota (optimising profit per kg milk) herd profit was increased by 0.8% at good reproductive efficiency and 0.3% at poor reproductive efficiency by postponing first insemination for all cows by 70 days.