渗透胁迫和钙处理对杉木幼苗膜脂过氧化及保护酶活性的影响

杉木幼苗用ＰＥＧ６０００渗透胁迫（－１．５ＭＰａ,－２．５ＭＰａ）,在４８ｈ内其叶片中Ｈ２Ｏ２含量和ＭＤＡ含量明显增加,Ｈ２Ｏ２含量从３５．５μｍｏｌ．ｇ＾－１分别增加到４３．０μｍｏｌ．ｇ＾－１和４８．０μｍｏｌ．ｇ＾－１;ＭＤＡ含量从１７０．５μｍｏｌ．ｍｇ＾－１分别增加到３４９．５μｍｏｌ．ｍｇ＾－１和３６５．２μｍｏｌ．ｍｇ＾－１,其变化与胁迫强度成正比;４８ｈ后Ｈ２Ｏ２含量下降,但ＭＤＡ     

不同生长期蓝莓叶多酚物质含量及抗氧化活性研究

为了探明不同生长期蓝莓叶酚类物质变化情况及抗氧化活性,从而为蓝莓叶的适时采摘及加工利用提供参考依据,分别采集5、6和8、9月此4个生长时期的蓝莓叶,经不同方法干燥粉粹后制备蓝莓叶醇提物,测定并比较分析了不同生长时期蓝莓叶醇提物中的总酚与总黄酮含量、铁离子还原力、对DPPH自由基的清除率及总抗氧化能力(FRAP值)。结果表明:微波干燥处理的蓝莓叶醇提物其总酚、总黄酮含量均高于常规热风干燥处理的,而自然干燥处理的效果较差;微波干燥处理的蓝莓叶在其4个生长期中总酚含量的变化不大,其总黄酮含量在8、9月迅速升高,显著高于5、6月的总黄酮含量,9月的总黄酮含量最高,为(96.76±2.50)mg·g-1,显著大于8月的总黄酮含量,8月其含量为(75.52±2.09)mg·g-1,P 0.05;5月采摘的叶片其铁还原能力最强,其次是9月,最差的是6月;9月蓝莓叶醇提物对DPPH自由基的清除率最高,其半数清除浓度最小,EC50值为(61.59±1.31)μg·mL-1,5、8和9月其EC50值的差异均不显著,但此3个生长期与6月的EC50值的差异显著(P 0.05);4个生长时期其叶片醇提物的FRAP值的大小顺序为9月 5月 8月 6月,但4个时期其醇提物的FRAP值均远低于对照维生素C。总体上,9月蓝莓叶的抗氧化能力(除铁还原力外)均高于其他3个生长时期的,即9月较适宜于蓝莓叶的大量采摘及开发利用。     

桑枝韧皮纤维制浆性能的研究

桑枝韧皮纤维采用碱性亚硫酸盐一蒽醌法制浆，其较合适的工艺条件为：总用碱量为１５％（ＮａＯＨ计），ＮａＯＨ用量为８％（ＮａＯＨ计），Ｎａ＿２ＳＯ＿３用量为１１％（Ｎａ＿２ＳＯ＿３计），蒽醌用量为０．０５％，液比为１：４．最高温度为１６５℃，升温时间２ｈ，保温时间为２．５ｈ；蒸煮粗浆得率为３１．９％，纸浆卡伯值为１４．３９．残余ＮａＯＨ为１．４４ｇ／Ｌ，残余Ｎａ＿２ＳＯ＿３为８．４９ｇ／Ｌ．该浆料采用Ａｐ两段漂白，其Ｈ＿２ＳＯ＿４用量为６％，Ｈ＿２Ｏ＿２用量为３％，浆料可漂至７３．７５％（ＳＢＤ）的白度，漂后细浆得率为２６．８％，α－纤维素含量为９０．７５％     

杉木幼林根圈土壤磷酸酶活性、磷组分及其相互关系

通过对杉木人工林根圈土壤两种磷酸酶活性、８种磷组分及其相互关系研究，结果表明：（１）根圈酸性、中性磷酸酶活性分别比根圈外高１．４４、０．６６酚ｍｇ／ｇ（３７℃，１２ｈ），Ｒ／Ｓ值分别为１．９１和２．０１；（２）根圈全Ｐ、ＤＡ－Ｐ、Ａｌ－Ｐ、Ｆｅ－Ｐ、Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｐ分别比根圈外高２０３．４５，２．２１，３．０５，１０．９３，１０．３３ｍｇ／ｋｇ，Ｒ／Ｓ值分别为１．６１，４．６８，３．６１，１．９７，２．４６，Ｃａ－Ｐ比根圈外低２．３４，Ｒ／Ｓ值为０．７２，Ｉ－Ｐ和Ｏ－Ｐ无显著差异；（３）根圈酸性磷酸酶活性与ＤＡ－Ｐ和Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｐ呈显著正相关，ｒ值分别为０．５８４和０．５７９，中性磷酸酶活性与全Ｐ、Ｉ－Ｐ和Ｏ－Ｐ呈显著或极显著正相关，ｒ值分别为０．５９４，０．７７３和０．６８６。     

杨梅结瘤固氮特性研究*

研究４种土壤盆栽杨梅生长及结瘤固氮特性表明：花坛土有利于杨梅的生长和结瘤固氮，其生长量、结瘤量及根瘤固氮活性分别为３１．６８７ｇ／株、１．７８９ｇ／株和３．４２０μｍｏｌＣ２Ｎ４／（ｇ鲜瘤·ｈ）；红壤十砂（２：１混合）次之，在这种土壤上栽植的杨梅，其生长量略低于花坛土，结瘤量及根瘤固氮活性接近于花坛土；砂十花坛土（１０：１混合）居第三；红壤最差，仅为８。３２２ｇ／株、０．３３３ｇ／株和１．３１５μｍｏｌＣ２Ｈ４／（ｇ鲜瘤·ｈ）。红壤施用石灰（１５ｇ／盆）土壤ｐＨ为５．４～６．０时杨梅的生长量、结瘤量及根瘤固氮活性最高，分别为１８．５２４ｇ／株、１．１８２ｇ／株和２．５２４μｍｏｌＣ２Ｈ４／（ｇ鲜瘤·ｈ）；充足的水分有利于杨梅的生长和结瘤固氮，外套水盆以底部持续供水且底部渍水时杨梅的结瘤量、生长量和根瘤固氮活性均有提高，前者提高幅度较大，达３．５１９ｇ／株。杨梅根瘤固氮活性的季节动态和日变化是：一年中有两个活性高峰，分别在６～７月份和１０月份，１月份的固氮活性最低。一日中根瘤固氮活性以中午和夜间１２时最高。     

桦褶孔菌不同溶剂萃取物抗氧化活性研究

为了研究桦褶孔菌不同溶剂萃取物的体外抗氧化能力及总黄酮含量、多酚含量与抗氧化活性之间的相关性,采用不同极性溶剂对桦褶孔菌75%乙醇提取物进行萃取,得到石油醚相、乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相和水相萃取物,测定不同萃取相中总黄酮和多酚的含量,研究各萃取相清除DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基、羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基能力,并分析总黄酮和多酚含量与抗氧化活性的相关关系。结果表明,石油醚相中的总黄酮含量最高,为(214.62±3.24)mg/g,乙酸乙酯相中多酚含量最高,为(50.34±30.13)mg/g。桦褶孔菌不同溶剂萃取物均具有一定的抗氧化活性,其中正丁醇相萃取物清除DPPH自由基和超氧阴离子自由基活性最强,其EC_(50)分别为(66.09±1.82)μg/mL和(47.94±1.68)μg/mL;正丁醇相萃取物浓度在0.5mg/mL时清除DPPH自由基的能力和V_C相当;乙酸乙酯相萃取物清除超氧阴离子自由基活性仅次于正丁醇相萃取物,EC_(50)为(93.63±1.97)μg/mL。相关性显示桦褶孔菌不同萃取相中总黄酮和多酚含量与抗氧化活性呈现较好的相关关系(P0.05)。研究结果表明正丁醇相和乙酸乙酯相萃取物具有较强的抗氧化活性,可为桦褶孔菌活性成分的分离奠定理论依据。     

动力学光度法测定水及土壤中痕量NO_2~－的研究

研究了在稀硝酸介质中，亚硝酸根对溴酸钠氧化甲基红褪色的催化效应及其动力学条件，拟定了一个动力学光度法测定痕量亚硝酸根的新方法。该方法的灵敏度为８×１Ｏ－１１ｇ／ｍｌ，测定范围为０～０．６μｇ／０．０２５Ｌ．应用本法对水及土壤中痕量亚硝酸根进行了测定，结果较为满意。     

耐温酵母TY01－15突变株的诱变育种及其研究

以热带假丝酵母ＴＹ０１为出发菌株，经多次的物理、化学诱变及传代驯育。采用一种简便而快速的筛选方法，筛选到一株适合于水解液发酵用的耐温突变酵母ＴＹ０１－１５。该突变株在添加营养盐（（ＮＨ＿４）＿２ＳＯ＿４０．３％、ＫＨ＿２ＰＯ＿４０．１５％、ＭｇＳＯ＿４０．１％）、ＰＨ４～５、给予较大的通气量、３７℃条件下正常发酵，其菌体得率达到０．４１ｇ／ｇ，是出发菌株菌体得率（３７℃）的４倍，相当于理论得率的９０％左右，其蛋白质含量为４２％。     

枣树原生质体分离条件的研究

枣树原生质体分离研究是其原生质体培养与融合、外源遗传物质转化等研究的基础工作．用胚性悬浮培养细胞、细粒状胚性愈伤组织、未细切愈伤组织和已细切愈伤组织等４种材料进行原生质体分离．结果表明,枣树胚性悬浮培养细胞是最佳起始材料,用浓度为１０ｇ／Ｌ纤维素酶＋１ｇ／Ｌ离析酶＋ＣＰＷ盐（１３２０ｍｇ／ＬＣａＣｌ２·２Ｈ２Ｏ和１００ｍｇ／ＬＫＨ２ＰＯ４·Ｈ２Ｏ组成的混合液）＋０．７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ甘露醇组成的混合酶液对起始材料进行１６ｈ的酶解,可获得较高的原生质体产量,且原生质体活力较高．     

固体超强酸催化合成松油醇的研究

将ＳＯ４＾２－／ＳｎＯ２固体超强酸用于催化合成松油醇，显示出很高的催化活性；获得了ＳＯ４＾２－／ＳｎＯ２制备及松油醇合成的较好工艺条件：硫酸浓度为１．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，焙烧温度５５０℃，焙烧时间３ｈ，催化剂用量为松节油重量的８％，一氯乙酸与松节油的摩尔比为１．０￣１．４：１，反应温度６０℃，反应时间８￣１２ｈ。ＳＯ４＾２－／ＳｎＯ２还具有良好的重复使用性能和再生效果。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.