鲜笋壳资源待开发 竹叶可提防腐剂

据测定，鲜毛竹笋壳与鲜春笋的营养成分基本相同。鲜笋壳，尤其是笋罐头加工下脚料，经过简单加工即可作为动物饲料，其营养成分明显高于精粉。但鲜笋壳含水量86％左右，易腐烂变质，浙江林学院在鲜笋壳中加入少量石灰，可以延长鲜笋壳的保存期，将轧成2－3厘米的笋竞，经2—3个晴天晒干，再粉碎制成笋壳粉，可作配合资料的配料。经做生物发酵处理的鲜笋壳，不须制干可直接配进畜禽的食料中，但要选择合适的菌种。台湾七十年代对笋亮的研究表明，笋壳比大豆茎叶、笋豆的果皮、芒果渣等更易被畜禽消化，关键要把原料压紧和密室窖藏。日本中山…     

毛竹鞭笋高产技术的初步研究

余姚市现有14000hm2毛竹山，其中专业笋用林2000hm2。1995年产鲜笋2425万kg，产值8245万元。其中春笋1975万kg，4345万元；冬笋150万kg，2400万元；鞭笋300万kg，1500万元。鞭笋产量占鲜笋总产量的12．4％，产值占鲜笋总产值的18．2％；而鞭笋产量又是春笋产量的七分之一，产值竟占春笋产值的三分之一，鞭笋市价为春笋的2．27倍，其经济效益十分可观。同时鞭笋生产季节恰逢市场蔬菜供应淡季，也是市场上鲜笋供应缺少的季节。因此，发展鞭笋生产，提高鞭笋产量，能充实市场供应，丰富城镇居民的菜蓝子。然而，长期以来，人们往往对毛竹的春笋…     

竹笋活体保鲜技术研究

竹笋挖掘后,采取冷链技术,包括保鲜剂浸渍、真空预冷、包装、冷藏,使带壳竹笋活体保鲜贮藏时间在２０ｄ以上,好笋率达１００％。     

不同贮藏条件下3种市售澳洲坚果产品品质及脂肪酸变化

[目的]筛选适宜的澳洲坚果贮藏条件,为澳洲坚果产业化生产和贮藏保鲜提供技术参考.[方法]以带壳果、果仁和开口壳果3种主要市售澳洲坚果产品为研究对象,采用低温冷藏(4℃)和常温贮藏2种方式,以水分含量、酸价、过氧化值、碘值、脂肪酸为评价指标,研究了0～12月的贮藏期间3种澳洲坚果产品品质指标与脂肪酸组成的变化.[结果]随...     

枣果冷藏保鲜试验研究

对１１个枣树品种进行了鲜果冷藏保鲜试验，证明不同品种贮藏效果不同。以耐贮性中等的金丝小枣为试材，采用多种消毒方法和保鲜处理，证明不同处理与对照冷藏效果差异不明显，说明金丝小枣保鲜贮藏的技术关键是低温、高湿的环境条件，药物处理可以简化。     

板栗贮藏保鲜方法的合理应用

对板栗贮藏保鲜方法的特点进行分析,并根据不同的贮藏保鲜目的要求和实际条件来合理应用。对于贮藏量大、贮存期长、保鲜质量要求高的单位,宜应用机械冷藏方法。对于缺乏冷藏设备条件的单位和广大农户,可应用常温贮藏法。     

枣果冷藏保鲜试验研究

对11个枣树品种进行了鲜果冷藏保鲜试验，证明不同品种贮藏效果不同。以耐贮性中等的金丝小枣为试材，采用多种消毒方法和保鲜处理．证明不同处理与对照冷藏效果差异不明显，说明金丝小枣保鲜贮藏的技术关键是低温、高湿的环境条件，药物处理可以简化。     

笋干加工技术

毛竹春笋大量上市。如何在留笋养竹的前提下，搞好春笋的笋干加工，以求最佳经济效益，是经营者关心的问题。现特将闽笋干（即篆笋干）加工技术介绍如下：加工设备及注意事项１．加工设备：选择有干净水源的小河、小溪、小圳旁建好笋寮（即工棚、作坊），准备好蒸煮灶、连锅木甑、木制压榨机、烘房等。２．选料：选择健康笋作原料，剔除死笋、病虫害笋、变质笋。３．及时加工：鲜笋挖出２４小时内，应完成剥壳蒸煮等工序。否则，笋体老化、变质降价。加工方法１．剥壳：先用利刀尖切去笋尖壳，随后用刀尖从上到下纵切一条直线，深达笋肉；把…     

竹笋保鲜贮藏技术与方法综述

文章回顾了传统的熟笋和鲜笋保鲜贮藏技术,在指出其中存在的主要问题的基础上,对竹笋保鲜贮藏的各技术环节进行了划分,提出了解决保鲜贮藏的方法:应从有控制的采收入手,防止微生物侵染,降低生理活性,并形成配套技术。     

毛竹春笋生长情况调查报告

采用测量地径与高度的方法对毛竹春笋生长情况进行调查,总结毛竹春笋生长的自然规律。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.