胰岛素、胰高血糖素对体外培养脂肪细胞胰高血糖素受体mRNA丰度的影响

为阐明胰岛素、胰高血糖素在奶牛脂肪代谢中的调控作用,应用RT-PCR法观察了胰岛素、胰高血糖素对体外培养脂肪细胞胰高血糖素受体(GLNR)mRNA丰度的影响。结果发现,随着培养液中胰岛素质量浓度的升高,GLNR mRNA表达逐渐增加(P<0.05);而随着培养液中胰高血糖素浓度的升高,GLNR mRNA表达逐渐降低(P<0.01)。本研究结果表明,胰岛素、胰高血糖素直接调控奶牛脂肪细胞胰高血糖素受体mRNA的表达。     

瘦素对体外培养肝细胞胰高血糖素受体mRNA丰度的影响

为阐明瘦素（Leptin）在奶牛肝糖代谢、脂代谢中的调控作用,应用RT-PCR法观察了瘦素对体外培养肝细胞胰高血糖素受体（GLNR）mRNA丰度的影响。结果发现,随着培养液中瘦素浓度的升高,GLNR mRNA的表达呈现先升高后降低的趋势（p〈0.01）;研究结果表明瘦素直接调控奶牛肝胰高血糖受体mRNA的表达。     

代谢产物对体外培养新生犊牛肝细胞胰高血糖素受体mRNA丰度的影响

为阐明代谢产物非酯化脂肪酸（NEFA）、β-羟丁酸（BHBA）和葡萄糖（GLU）在乳牛肝糖代谢、脂代谢中的调控作用，应用实时荧光定量PCR法观察了NEFA、BHBA和GLU对体外培养新生犊牛肝细胞胰高血糖素受体（GLNR）mRNA丰度的影响。结果，随着培养液中NEFA、BHBA和GLU浓度的升高，GLNRmRNA的表达量逐渐增加（P〈0．01）。表明，代谢产物NEFA、BHBA和GLU直接调控乳牛肝胰高血糖素受体mRNA的表达。     

神经内分泌因子、代谢产物对体外培养新生犊牛肝细胞胰高血糖素受体mRNA丰度的影响

为阐明神经内分泌因子胰岛素（In）、胰高血糖素（GLN）、瘦素（LEP）和代谢产物非酯化脂肪酸（NEFA）、β-羟丁酸（BHBA）、葡萄糖（GLU）在奶牛肝糖代谢、脂代谢中的调控作用，应用荧光定量PCR（fluorescent quantitative PCR）法观察了神经内分泌因子、代谢产物对体外培养新生犊牛肝细胞胰高血糖素受体（glucagon receptor，GLNR）mRNA丰度的影响。结果显示：随着培养液中In、NEFA、BHBA和GLU的升高，GI。NRmRNA表达逐渐增加（P〈0．01）；随着培养液中GLN浓度的升高，GLNRmRNA表达逐渐降低（P〈0．01）；而随着培养液中瘦素浓度的升高，GLNRmRNA的表达呈先升高后降低的趋势（P〈0．01）。表明：神经内分泌因子In、GLN、LEP和代谢产物NEFA、BHBA、GLU直接调控新生犊牛肝细胞GLNRIT／RNA的表达。     

胰岛素胰高血糖素对体外培养牛脂肪细胞HSL mRNA和ADPN mRNA丰度的影响

动物体内脂肪的沉积过程是脂肪细胞不断分化和细胞内脂肪不断合成、蓄积的过程.脂肪细胞在分化过程中除形态学发乍变化外,细胞内也发生一系列复杂的生物化学变化,因此,脂肪细胞的分化在动物体脂肪沉积的调控过程中起着重要作用[1].     

神经内分泌因子对体外培养新生犊牛肝细胞胰高血糖素受体mRNA丰度的影响

为阐明神经内分泌因子胰岛素(In)、胰高血糖素(GLN)、瘦素(LEP)在奶牛肝糖代谢、脂代谢中的调控作用，应用实时荧光定量PCR ( real time fluorescent quantitative PCR)法观察了神经内分泌因子对体外培养新生犊牛肝细胞胰高血糖素受体（glucagon receptor，GLNR）mRNA丰度的影响。结果显示：随着培养液中In的升高，GLNR mRNA表达逐渐增加（P<0.01）；随着培养液中GLN浓度的升高，GLNR mRNA表达逐渐降低（P<0.01）；而随着培养液中LEP浓度的升高，GLNR mRNA的表达呈现先升高后降低的趋势（P<0.01）。表明：神经内分泌因子In、GLN、LEP直接调控奶牛肝脏GLNR mRNA的表达。     

荧光定量PCR检测新生犊牛胰高血糖素受体mRNA的组织分布

采用荧光定量PCR的方法,检测新生犊牛中枢和外周组织中胰高血糖受体(glucagon receptor,LNR)mRNA的基因表达.研究结果表明,NR基因在大脑皮质、小脑皮质、下丘脑、垂体、主动脉、颈静脉、心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾皮质、胰脏、半腱肌、皮下脂肪、瘤胃、瓣胃、网胃、皱胃、十二指肠、结肠、回肠、盲肠、直肠都有表达.垂体、下丘脑、肝脏、主动脉、皮下脂肪、小脑皮质、大脑皮质、肾皮质、肺脏中GLNR表达量高于其他组织.GLNR基因在组织中广泛分布说明了其功能的重要性.     

胰岛素、胰高血糖素对体外培养脂肪细胞FAS mRNA表达的影响

为阐明胰岛素、胰高血糖素与脂肪酸合成酶（FAS）的关系,在体外培养良好的脂肪细胞中添加不同浓度的胰岛素（INS）、胰高血糖素（GLU）,每个激素设置6个浓度梯度,培养12h后,通过荧光定量PCR技术,观测胰岛素、胰高血糖素对FAS mRNA丰度的影响。结果显示,胰岛素促进了FAS mRNA的表达,而胰高血糖素抑制了FAS mRNA的表达。结果表明,胰岛素和胰高血糖素能直接调控肝细胞中FAS mRNA的表达。     

胰岛素、胰高血糖素对体外培养的牛脂肪细胞HSL mRNA和ADPN mRNA丰度的影响

试验在单层培养的新生犊牛脂肪细胞中,分别添加胰岛素（INS）与胰高血糖素（GN）,每个激素设置6个梯度3个重复,通过荧光定量PCR技术,观测2种激素对ADPN mRNA与HSL mRNA丰度的影响。结果表明,胰岛素抑制了脂肪细胞ADPN mRNA与HSL mRNA的表达,胰高血糖素促进了ADPN mRNA与HSL mRNA的表达,且ADPNmRNA与HSL mRNA存在相关性。     

瘦蛋白对体外培养的新生牛脂肪细胞Ob-Rb mRNA表达的影响

取单层生长良好的脂肪细胞，采用单因素试验，分别添加浓度为5ng／mL外源牛重组瘦蛋白（每12h添加1次）不添加作为对照至4、12、24、36、48和72h后提取总RNA，每个处理3个重复（孔），应用竞争RT-PCR法检测外源瘦蛋白对初生犊牛脂肪细胞Leptin长型受体（Ob—Rb）表达水平的影响，结果与对照组相比在12～24h内随着培养时间的增加，脂肪细胞Ob—Rb表达水平量亦显著增加（P〈0．01），之后其表达量逐渐回降，在48～72h趋于平稳（P〉0．05）。结果表明，在一定时间内瘦蛋白可提高体外培养的新生牛脂肪细胞Ob-Rb mRNA的表达水平。     

Hyperkalemic Atrial Standstill in Neonatal Calf Diarrhea

Hyperkalemia has been associated with cardiac abnormalities and muscular disorders. Hyperkalemia is a common problem associated with the acid-base and electrolyte disturbances that occur in neonatal calves having acute diarrhea. Occasional calves with acute neonatal diarrhea, metabolic acidosis, and hyperkalemia have cardiac rate or rhythm abnormalities. Bradycardia observed in three such calves was found to represent atrial standstill and was attributed to hyperkalemia. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1992; 6:294–297)     

Multiple Rib Fracture Repair in a Neonatal Holstein Calf

Objectives— To report rib fracture repair in a neonatal calf using the Securos^® Cranial Cruciate Ligament Repair System (SCCLRS).
Study Design— Case report.
Animals— A 2-day-old female Holstein calf with fracture of right ribs 4–10.
Methods— On the day of admission the calf was anesthetized and rib fractures were repaired using open reduction and the SCCLRS.
Results— Rib fractures were successfully stabilized and the calf discharged from the hospital 8 days postoperatively.
Conclusions— Modification of previously reported use of the SCCLRS to repair rib fractures in foals was required because of the different anatomy in the calf. This new technique was rapidly and easily performed for a large number of fractured ribs in this case.
Clinical Relevance— Effective rib fracture repair in calves can be readily performed using the SCCLRS with modification of the technique reported in foals.     

Physicochemical Characterization of a Neonatal Calf Diarrhea Virus

Physicochemical characteristics of two isolates of a neonatal calf diarrhea virus were investigated. Neither isolate was sensitive to ether or chloroform, both were stable at pH 3.0, were relatively heat resistant, but were thermolabile when heated to 50°C for one hour in the presence of 1.0 M MgCl₂. Multiplication of virus was not inhibited by concentrations of 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (IDUR) up to 500 µg/ml, which indicated that the nucleic acid was ribonucleic acid (RNA). Also, multiplication was not inhibited by concentrations of actinomycin D (AD) up to 0.5 µg/ml. Thermal denaturation studies demonstrated that the nucleic acid had a high melting temperature.

Resistance to lipid solvents, stability at an acid pH, relatively high thermostability, type of nucleic acid, plus previous reports from this laboratory on general morphology and cytopathogenicity suggest that the virus may belong to the diplornavirus (reovirus) group. However, thermolability in the presence of 1.0 M MgCl₂ is not consistent with characteristics of this group.

     

新生犊牛关节炎诊断与防治的研究进展

新生犊牛关节炎是由大肠杆菌、化脓隐秘杆菌和支原体等病原微生物感染引起的以多发性关节炎为特征的疾病。该病好发于新生犊牛,成年牛偶有发病,淘汰率高,严重影响养奶牛业的健康发展。本文就犊牛关节炎的流行病学、临床症状、病理变化、诊断方法及防治措施等方面的最新研究进展做一概述,旨在为新生犊牛关节炎的诊断与防治提供参考。     

Cell Culture Studies of a Neonatal Calf Diarrhea Virus

The effects of a neonatal calf diarrhea virus on cell cultures were investigated. Bovine embryonic kidney cell cultures were the most satisfactory for production of virus. Cytoplasmic changes detected after inoculation with a high multiplicity of virus were: 1) cytoplasmic vacuoles; 2) some eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions; and 3) some degeneration of cells and detachment from the monolayer. Cultures stained with fluorescein-labeled antibody showed cytoplasmic fluorescence as early as four hr after infection with the maximum fluorescence at five days. No cross reactions were observed between the neonatal calf diarrhea virus and reovirus type 1 or type 3 by the fluorescent antibody technique. Plaques were small and were not produced consistently. The optimal adsorption time was one to two hr. The maximum titer was reached at 18 hr, with the cell-associated titer remaining higher than the cell-free titer until that time. An interferon was produced by cultures infected with either ultraviolet-inactivated or untreated virus.     

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus and Escherichia Coli in Neonatal Calf Enteritis

This study was initiated to determine the etiologic and pathogenic significance of an American strain of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus (strain NADL-MD) in enteritis of neonatal calves (calf scours).

Three colostrum-fed calves from dams exposed intravenously to BVD virus at 6, 16 and 25 days prepartum, respectively, had moderate diarrhea persisting until the eighth day of life. The BVD virus was isolated from all 3 calves and persisted up to 93 days in 1 calf, indicating either that BVD was transmitted in utero or via the dam's milk.

Three specific pathogen free (SPF) calves permitted dams' colostrum for the first 4 feedings and then given milk replacer were exposed orally on the day of birth to BVD virus. One calf died of neonatal enteritis 28 hours post-exposure and at necropsy the BVD virus was isolated from several of its organs. The remaining 2 calves had a mild diarrhea persisting to the eighth day of age.

Two calves permitted dams' colostrum ad lib. for 72 hours, and then weaned, were exposed orally to BVD virus. Both calves had a mild persistent diarrhea and BVD virus was isolated from their blood for 56 days post-exposure.

Of 13 SPF, colostrum-deprived calves exposed orally or intranasally at birth to the BVD virus, 4 had severe diarrhea and died of neonatal enteritis from 38 hours to 13 days postexposure. Isolations of BVD virus were made from several of the organs of the calves at necropsy. All of the 9 surviving calves had a moderate to severe diarrhea frequently persisting for 7 to 10 days, and BVD virus was isolated from the survivors up to 103 days postexposure.

Several strains of Escherichia coli were isolated from calves after the second day of life, but were neither pathogenic for mice, nor serologically related to strains of E. coli usually associated with outbreaks of calf scours. Four colostrum-deprived SPF calves were exposed orally at birth to a strain of E. coli isolated from the intestine of the calf with the most acute symptoms and fatal neonatal enteritis. None of the four calves receiving the E. coli had diarrhea. One calf, however, had respiratory distress and died on day 5.

Two SPF colostrum-deprived control calves had neither diarrhea nor respiratory distress.

The above findings support the conclusion that BVD virus should not be overlooked as a primary cause of the neonatal calf enteritis complex.

     

新生犊牛消化功能的发育及影响因素

犊牛出生后,从出生到断奶采食干饲料,在很短的时间内经历了巨大的生理和代谢变化,消化道系统的结构和功能的发育也很迅速。本文对犊牛出生后消化道形态结构和功能的发育及其影响因素进行了综述。     

新生牛雄性生殖细胞源类ES的培养及检测

采用贴壁速率差法分离纯化的新生牛雄性生殖干细胞（Male germ stem cell，mGSCs）和支持细胞（Calf sertoli cell，CSCs）；CSCs饲养层细胞一般维持时间不超过8d；新生牛雄性生殖干细胞在CSCs饲养层上1代培养至5～6d可形成类ES细胞集落，采用机械离散集落传代法有利于集落形成或存在，传代培养至少在前2代细胞集落存在；部分典型细胞集落的中心细胞AKP强阳性，周边细胞AKP弱阳性或阴性；免疫组化检测显示，细胞集落SSEA1强阳性、SSEA3弱阳性和Oct-4呈现阳性染色。表明mGSCs具有ES细胞的某些细胞特性。