甜菜渣对奶牛产奶量和奶品质的影响

甜菜渣是制糖的副产品,是甜菜块根、块茎经过浸泡、压榨提取糖液后的残渣.其水分含量85%,全干的甜菜渣中含有粗蛋白质10.30%,粗脂肪0.90%,无氮浸出物64.40%,粗纤维20.20%,钙0.90%,磷0.10%,是反刍家畜良好的多汁饲料.本试验的研究目的就是通过在奶牛日粮中添加甜菜渣,研究添加不同水平甜菜渣对奶牛产奶量和奶品质的影响,为节约饲料成本、提高奶牛的经济效益、合理利用甜菜渣提供一定的依据.     

高纤维副产品饲料饲喂奶牛的营养特性分析

饲料资源短缺会影响我国饲料加工业和畜牧业的持续健康发展。因此,充分了解各种农副产品的营养特性,并将其应用于生产中,可缓解我国饲料资源短缺。本文针对高纤维副产品饲料饲喂奶牛的营养特性作一分析。1甜菜渣甜菜渣来自清洗干净且去掉顶部、叶子制糖甜菜的干缩残渣。甜菜渣适口性好,其营养成分见表1。甜菜渣饲喂奶牛的最高上限约是精料的一半,即每头牛3.63～6.72kg/d(DM)。甜菜渣和带皮玉米分别含有39%和75%非纤维性碳水化合物(NFC),且大部分NFC是果胶物质,有助于瘤胃中乙酸盐产生,它还可以用于提供日粮中可发酵纤维物质,降低奶牛日…     

木聚糖酶在肉鸡小麦型日粮中的作用机理

小麦作为主要能量作物之一在粮食工业中已得到广泛应用,其在饲料工业上的应用也越来越受到人们重视,但其含有的抗营养因子在一定程度上限制了其在饲料工业中的应用。小麦中主要的抗营养因子是阿拉伯木聚糖,而向小麦型基础日粮中添加木聚糖酶是消除其抗营养特性的有效办法。文中介绍了小麦型基础日粮中木聚糖的抗营养特性及其对肉鸡生产性能的负面影响,木聚糖酶的作用机理及在肉鸡小麦型日粮中添加木聚糖酶的作用效果,以期为小麦合理地应用于肉鸡日粮提供参考。     

酶制剂在家禽不同类型日粮中的应用研究进展

家禽日粮中存在抗营养因子影响体内营养物质的消化吸收,在家禽日粮中添加酶制剂,可消除抗营养因子从而提高饲料的利用率。本文从日粮类型角度阐述家禽不同类型日粮的抗营养因子及酶制剂在家禽不同类型日粮中的应用研究进展。     

菜籽饼(粕)的抗营养因子及其对奶牛生产的影响

菜籽饼(粕)中的抗营养因子限制了其在饲料中的应用.文章主要阐述了菜籽饼(粕)中的抗营养因子及其作用机理,以及这些抗营养因子对奶牛生产的影响.     

果渣营养特性及其发酵用作猪饲料的研究进展

我国是世界第一水果生产大国,水果加工产生的果渣种类多、产量大、营养丰富,是良好的饲料资源。然而鲜果渣易腐烂,抗营养因子含量高,影响其直接饲用,多数被丢弃,造成资源浪费和环境污染。益生菌发酵可降解果渣的抗营养因子,改善饲用价值。本文综述了柑橘渣、苹果渣、葡萄渣等主要果渣的资源概况、营养特点、发酵工艺及其在猪饲粮中的应用进展。 [关键词] 果渣|营养特性|发酵|饲料|猪     

酶制剂在家禽不同类型日粮中的应用研究进展

从日粮类型角度阐述家禽不同类型日粮的抗营养因子及酶制剂在家禽不同类型日粮中的应用研究进展。     

消除抗营养因子 提高饲料利用率——常规饲料原料中的抗营养因子及其危害

几乎所有的饲料成分都含有一定量的某种抗营养因子。如果这些抗营养因子在家禽及其它动物日粮中的含量水平过高，就会引起健康问题或生产性能影响。了解饲料原料中抗营养因子的基本知识，能使饲料配方人员有效地利用各种成分，以使不利效应降至最低。     

牛复合长效微量元素添加剂的应用试验

在分析奶牛日粮中微量元素缺乏程度以及添加微量元素铜、锌、碘、硒单因子饲喂试验基础上，我们用缓释剂和微量元素制成复合长效微量元素添加剂—瘤胃丸，研究了其弥补奶牛日粮微量元素不足的功效及安全性。１　材料与方法　１．１　试验牛与分组　选择健康、发育正常的１０～１７月龄荷斯坦育成母牛２２头，按照体重相近原则随机分成对照组和试验组两组。　１．２　试验日粮　精料补充料按典型配方由玉米、麸皮、胡麻饼、高粱、食盐和石粉等组成，粗料为甜菜渣、玉米青贮。　１．３　饲养管理　采用固定精料补充料和甜菜渣量、自由采食青贮…     

酶制剂在玉米—豆粕型日粮中的应用

<正> 1 玉米-豆粕型日粮的营养特点 豆类中富含高质量的植物性蛋白质、微量矿物元素和维生素,成为优良的植物蛋白来源。但由于豆类中含有一些抗营养因子,这些抗营养因子可以降低动物对饲料中营养物质的消化吸收,甚至对动物产生毒性作用。豆类植物中的抗营养因子主要包括蛋白酶抑     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -