中国农业政策与城乡收入差距关系分析

近年来农民收入和生活水平都有了很大的提高,但与城镇相比,仍然存在明显的差距,而且差距还在不断拉大。城乡差距的形成有历史和政策的原因。通过我国城乡收入差距的现状,从农业政策方面分析差距拉大的原因并提出缩小差距的措施。     

海南省旅游发展与城乡居民收入差距关系的研究——基于面板数据的实证分析

社会越来越关注城乡收入差距问题,但是对旅游发展与城乡收入差距关系的研究还存在争议。笔者选取2003—2012年海南省17个市（县）的数据,构建城乡收入差距与旅游发展2个面板数据变量的固定效应模型。研究表明,城乡收入差距与旅游发展存在协整关系,海南省旅游发展能够缩小城乡居民收入差距,研究有助于为政府优化旅游开发提供政策支持。     

城乡收入差距的制度因素分析

伴随着经济的持续增长,中国的城乡收入差距也在不断的扩大。收入差距拉大是市场经济的一般现象,可是由于国家的制度安排造成的城乡之间机会的不平等,则会加大城乡收入异化的程度,使社会分配状况不符合社会主义的公正原则。从构建和谐社会的目标出发,解决城乡收入差距过大的一个出发点就是还农民以国民待遇,形成一体化的劳动力市场,使农民有更多的进城机会,享有平等就业和公平的收入待遇。     

北京城乡居民收入差距的结构性分析

为研究北京市城乡居民收入差距状况,对北京及全国城乡统筹发展提供依据。应用时间序列数据,对1990-2009年北京市城乡居民收入差距的演变进行分析,并运用基尼系数法,对北京市城乡居民收入差距进行了组间结构分析和分项结构分析。结果表明：1990-2009年间,北京城乡居民收入差距不断扩大,农村居民内部收入差距较显著,工资性收入和转移性收入对城乡居民收入差距影响较大。     

互联网+背景下农村金融发展对城乡收入差距影响的实证分析——-以宁夏地区为例

摘要： 为解决城乡收入差距的问题,基于农村金融发展对城乡收入差距的影响研究,以宁夏地区为例,分析农村金融发展对城乡收入差距的影响。选择4种方法,对宁夏地区农村金融发展和城乡收入差距之间的关系进行实证分析。得出金融运转效能对于城乡所得差异的支撑率最大至近5%,而农村金融运转体量对于城乡所得差异的支撑率相对降低,最高达到1.29%。在其他控制变量中,大约有0~4.5%的波动可以由城市化水平解释,财政支农支出可以解释0~3.5%的波动。说明短时间内农村金融运转体量与金融运转效能的升高会减小城乡所得差异,长时间内城乡所得差异表现为波动性,而城市化指标、财政支出指标、农村特定财产投入在短期内可以缩小城乡收入差距,如果长期受到这些因素的影响,则会产生更加重要的作用。结合以上分析结果,提出完善宁夏农村金融体系、完善农村金融流动机制、加大政策性金融支农的对策建议。     

城镇与农村住户收入与支出差距结构分析 ——以河北省曲周县1996—2004年为例

对河北省曲周县城镇与农村住户收入与支出差距进行了系统分析，通过对相对收入差距、绝对收入差距、相对支出差距、绝对支出差距以及生活消费结构等方面的比较研究，主要结论是：（1）曲周县城乡差距有扩大的趋势；（2）导致城乡收入差距的主要原因是农村产业结构单一，农村居民收入来源中第一产业占到了约2/3；（3）从生活消费差距结构看，存在3个刚性变化趋势，一是食品消费差距刚性下降，但在生活消费差距中仍然占有23%~74%的份额；二是交通与通讯、文教娱乐和其它消费差距刚性上升，它们是城乡差距的外在表现特征；三是衣着、居住和家庭设备消费差距刚性平稳。     

增强城乡统筹协调发展能力 突出解决“三农”问题

从不同层面描述了城乡差距、形成城乡关系失衡的危机意识。必须认识城乡统筹是生产关系必须适应生产力发展这一规律的必然体现,是资源优化配置的客观要求;造成城乡分化的主要原因是由于中国长期实行的城乡二元经济结构政策造成的;城乡统筹协调发展的国际经验值得借鉴;打破城乡分割体制、实现城乡关系平等、协调、融合、发展是增强城乡统筹协调发展能力、突出解决“三农”问题的主要措施。     

中国教育的城乡不平衡发展探究

随着中国市场经济的不断发展和城市化进程的逐步推进,社会与经济发展中也出现了很多新的问题。其中,城乡经济与社会发展不协调造成的城乡教育不平衡发展成为影响社会发展和经济增长的主要因素。中国城乡教育失衡由城乡教育资金投入差距、城乡师资力量差距和城乡教育机会差距这3方面原因造成。教育的城乡差距反过来又在经济方面造成农村经济发展滞后,形成了“经济滞后——教育落后——经济滞后”的恶性循环。在就业方面,造成农村人才不足的同时城市就业压力过大。在社会发展方面,造成农村的人口、法制、文化等方面落后于城镇的水平。最后提出加大对农村教育的扶持力度,从教育机会分配的优惠政策、提高教育资金投入和加强师资力量建设这3个方面入手,推动农村教育发展,缩小城乡教育差距。     

新常态下城乡收入分配结构优化路径

为了适应经济新常态的需要,使严重失衡的城乡收入分配结构得以优化,通过对城乡收入分配结构现状、成因分析,找到劳动复杂程度、户籍歧视等是影响城乡收入结构失衡的主要因素,给出优化城乡收入分配结构路径:提高农村居民受教育水平,加快户籍改革取消农户及非农户限制,实施城乡社会保障一体化,加大农村基本建设财政支出力度,大力发展农村普惠金融等,从而提高农民收入。     

湖南省农村居民收入地区差距演变及其结构分解

农民收入是当前国内研究“三农”问题的热点之一。以湖南省为例,利用Gini系数方法,测度了1993-2008年湖南农村居民收入的地区差距变化,并通过对收入变化对区域差距变化的贡献进行分解,从收入因子的结构效应和集中效应来解释收入变化对区域差距变化的原因：工资性收入是影响农村收入差距格局的最重要因素,表现为1997-2002年间工资性收入的结构变化较快致使收入差距拉大,2002年后区域差距变大则主要是工资性收入的集中性不断增大所致;家庭经营收入在农村居民总收入中的比重下降,但仍是农村居民收入的主要来源,其对收入区域差距影响较小;财产性收入和转移性收入对收入差距格局的贡献虽然不大,但对扩大收入差异的贡献在不断增加,是未来影响农村区域差距变化的重要因素。最后提出了相关建议。     

The relationship between China's income inequality and transport infrastructure,economic growth,and carbon emissions

Since the beginning of the 21st century, accompanied by the tremendous achievements of China's economic growth is an increasingly severe income gap between the rich and the poor. Based on panel data from 2000 to 2018, this study systematically examined the relationship among transport infrastructure, economic growth, carbon emissions, and income inequality in China, using the panel vector autoregressive model estimated by the generalized method of moments. We further divided China into three regions to investigate the regional heterogeneity of these relationships. The results show a long‐run equilibrium relationship between transport infrastructure, economic growth, carbon emissions, and income inequality. Income inequality in the previous year significantly affects that in the current year positively. Whether at the national or regional level, economic growth affects income inequality negatively. For the national sample, the highway reduces income inequality, while the railway increases income inequality. For both the subsamples and the national sample, carbon emissions significantly increase income inequality and are the Granger test cause for income inequality. Furthermore, we discuss some of the possible mechanisms of these results. Our findings generate policy implications for reducing income inequality in regard to economic growth, transport infrastructure, and carbon emissions.     

The geography of the wages: Chinese cities 1989 and 1997

Improving national average income and reducing regional income inequality often serve as dual goals of economic development in a country. After over twenty years of economic reforms, China has been fairly successful in achieving the first goal, but failed in the second. This paper uses recent data with a sharper resolution to examine the variation of average wages across Chinese cities 1989–1997. Widening wage inequalities across cities are observed during the period. This research also seeks to explain the variation of wages between cities by factors such as agglomeration (density and city size), location advantages (distances from central cities and from the coastline), educational attainment, industrial structure and administrative hierarchy. Many of the factors are found to be important in explaining wage differences in Western countries but are yet to be tested in China. Some factors such as distance from the coast, industrial structure and administrative hierarchy are considered because of China’s unique social and economic systems.     

Restructuring and Well-Being in the Non-Metropolitan Pacific Northwest

This paper shows how social and economic change impact well-being in Pacific Northwest counties from 1970–1990. Economic and social well-being, measured as income growth and low income inequality, are modeled using net migration data and measures of social and economic restructuring. In the 1970s there is an inverse relationship between population growth and income growth, while during both decades the retail sector contributes to income growth. Amenity or urban-adjacent counties show the most growth, in both population and employment, but also have the greatest income inequality. Several factors contributing to income growth also contribute to greater income inequality. Migration flows for each decade also illustrate the associations between restructuring, well-being, and population growth. Populations in counties with net out-migration over both decades are aging, but show greater income growth and lower inequality in the 1970s followed by lower income growth in the 1980s. Net in-migration over both decades is associated with lower income growth and greater inequality in the 1970s, but these counties are substantially better off economically in the 1980s and they maintain a balanced age structure through migration of different age cohorts over the two decades. This research provides needed work on the connections between social and economic change in the context of the Pacific Northwest.     

Can State Tax Policy Increase Economic Activity and Reduce Inequality?

Previous research shows that when changes in national commodity and income tax rates affect labor supply decisions differently, relative rates can be altered to increase welfare. In the U.S., 40 states impose both a sales and income tax; however, the reliance varies widely. This paper uses a computable general equilibrium model to examine tax policy changes in Colorado. The findings suggest that the revenue neutral changes to income and sales tax rates can affect both the level of economic activity and the distribution of income. When labor force participation is highly sensitive to income tax rate changes—which this paper suggests is the case—progressive changes to Colorado's tax policy changes can both reduce inequality and increase output and employment.     

构建扩大农村居民消费长效机制研究——一个制度分析框架

构建一个制度分析框架,认为农村居民消费不振源于落后的农村经济基础、城乡二元化结构和农村制度创新的不够3个约束,并在分析农民消费需求长效机制形成机理的基础上,提出了深化协调城乡发展的公共服务和收入再分配体系改革、营造农民消费需求长效机制的多项政策协调发展宏观制度环境、创新农村流通制度供给模式、积极农村土地制度创新稳妥推进城镇化、大力发展农业服务业、创新农村金融制度、加快农村消费基础设施建设、规范市场交易秩序等系统的扩大农民消费需求长效机制建设的路径选择.     

Income Distribution and Growth--Survey of Theories and Empirical in Modern Western Economics

Economic growth and income distribution are two of the major subjects in international economic studies. Perforce theory believes that inequality improve growth. Endogenous economic growth theory shows that inequality is harmful for growth. After summarizing western theory on growth and income distribution, this paper gives the detail survey of relationship between income distribution and growth, and the mechanism of the effect is discussed.     

Analysis of the impact of school performance on income inequality in the long run: An application to Chilean municipalities

High income inequality has become a barrier to economic development for emerging economies. Education is commonly seen as a way to decrease income inequality; however, the empirical evidence is not convincing. By focusing on school performance, we take advantage of spatial econometrics to estimate a long-run relationship showing that income inequality can be reduced by increases in school performance. In particular, our results show that increases in school performance at early stages of educational levels and using mathematics as the subject goal can decrease income inequality in the long run. We use the case of Chile, which presents high income inequality and low school performance compared to similar nations.     

中国中部地区县域城乡统筹发展模式探讨

自2006年国家实施促进中部地区崛起战略以来,中部地区县域经济城乡统筹发展已经取得积极成效。中部地区城乡统筹发展的主要经验在于充分协调和发挥资源、区位和政策3个要素的作用。然而在看到取得的成就的同时,也应看到中国中部各省仍有部分农业弱县、工业小县在城乡统筹发展中面临诸多困难和问题。笔者在分析中国县域城乡统筹发展现状的基础上,总结、梳理中部不同县区县域城乡统筹发展路子,提出中部城乡统筹发展目前存在的问题,最后给出未来中部城乡统筹的对策建议。