日粮粗蛋白水平对6～10周龄白羽肉杂鸡生长性能的影响

本试验表明:日粮粗蛋白水平对6~10周龄白羽肉杂鸡料重比、日增重有极显著影响(P0.01),低蛋白组与中蛋白组间、中蛋白组与高蛋白组间有显著差异(0.01P0.05);随日粮粗蛋白水平升高,平均日采食量下降,较高粗蛋白水平(18%)可以显著降低6~10周龄白羽肉杂鸡(♂)的采食量。以日增重、料重比为衡量指标,日粮代谢能为12.55 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质水平为18%时6~10周龄白羽肉杂鸡日增重最高、料肉比最佳。     

不同能量和蛋白质水平对沂蒙鸡公鸡9～14周龄生产性能的影响

为了研究日粮能量和蛋白质水平对沂蒙鸡公鸡9～14周龄生产性能的影响,试验采用两因素三水平设计,设高、中、低三个日粮代谢能(12.54,12.12,11.70 MJ/kg)和高、中、低三个粗蛋白水平(19%、18%、17%),共9种日粮(G1、G2、G3组代谢能为12.54 MJ/kg,粗蛋白水平分别为19%、18%、17%;G4、G5、G6组代谢能为12.12 MJ/kg,粗蛋白水平分别为19%、18%、17%;G7、G8、G9组代谢能为11.70 MJ/kg,粗蛋白水平分别为19%、18%、17%),饲喂8周龄末健康沂蒙鸡公鸡,测定了9～14周龄的采食量、体重和料重比。结果表明:9～11周龄沂蒙鸡公鸡高能高蛋白组(G1组)的日增重最高,且显著高于低能中蛋白组(G8组)、低能低蛋白组(G9组)(P0.05),高能中蛋白组(G2组)料重比最优,且显著低于中能和低能各组(P0.05);日增重随日粮能量水平的降低而降低,料重比随日粮能量水平的降低而增高。12～14周龄沂蒙鸡公鸡低能高蛋白日粮组(G7组)的日增重和料重比最优,且与低能中蛋白组(G8组)差异显著(P0.05),高能量日粮反而日增重最低。因此沂蒙鸡公鸡9～11周龄日粮能量和蛋白水平推荐量为12.54 MJ/kg和18%,12～14周龄日粮能量和蛋白水平推荐量为11.70 MJ/kg和19%。     

不同能量水平日粮对淘汰荷斯坦育成母牛生长性能和屠宰性能的影响

本试验旨在研究不同能量水平日粮对淘汰荷斯坦育成母牛生长性能和屠宰性能的影响。选取24头健康状况良好、平均体重为466kg左右、体型相近的淘汰荷斯坦育成母牛,随机分为3组,每组8头,分别为Ⅰ组(低能量组)、Ⅱ组(中能量组)和Ⅲ组(高能量组),饲喂不同能量水平的日粮。试验分为前期和后期2个阶段,前期3组日粮的粗蛋白质含量均为12.50%,综合净能分别为6.80、7.00、7.20 MJ/kg;后期3组日粮的粗蛋白质含量均为12.00%,综合净能分别为6.90、7.10、7.30MJ/kg。整个试验期共100d,正试期为90d。结果显示:(1)Ⅱ组淘汰荷斯坦育成母牛的平均日增重最高,分别较Ⅰ、Ⅲ组提高了4.76%(P0.05)、43.48%(P0.05);Ⅱ组平均干物质采食量最高,料重比最低,且与Ⅲ组差异极显著(P0.01)。(2)提高日粮能量水平可显著提高血清中葡萄糖、胆固醇的含量(P0.05),极显著降低β-羟丁酸的含量(P0.01)。(3)Ⅲ组荷斯坦育成母牛屠宰率、净肉率、大理石花纹和背膘厚度最高,屠宰率较Ⅰ、Ⅱ组差异显著(P0.05);大理石花纹和背膘厚度与Ⅰ组差异显著(P0.05),与Ⅱ组无显著差异(P0.05)。综上所述,提高日粮能量水平可显著提高淘汰荷斯坦育成母牛的平均日增重和屠宰率,降低料重比,促进脂肪沉积,改善肉品质。综合考虑得出:在本试验条件下,淘汰荷斯坦育成母牛育肥以中等能量水平饲喂较适宜,前期:综合净能7.00 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质12.50%;后期:综合净能7.10 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质12.00%。     

日粮粗蛋白质及能量水平对架子牛肥育效果影响的研究

试验采用2～3岁,体重在305～350kg的架子牛,按高蛋白高能量(精料1号)、高蛋白低能量(精料2号)、低蛋白高能量(精料3号)、低蛋白低能量(精料4号)四组日粮进行为期90d的肥育。试验结果表明,当架子牛体重在320～420kg的情况下,高蛋白高能量日粮组日增重明显高于其他三组(P<0.01)。当体重超过420kg以上时,高蛋白高能量组日增重与低蛋白高能量组比较差异显著(P<0.05),与其他两组比较差异极显著(P<0.01)。从经济效益上分析,由高到低,依次为高蛋白高能量、低蛋白高能量、高蛋白低能量、低蛋白低能量。结论:架子牛肥育前期日粮(按风干计)的粗蛋白质水平应达到13.5%～14.0%,消化能在11.60～11.70MJ/kg;肥育后期粗蛋白质水平应达到12%,消化能要在11.80MJ/kg以上。     

不同能量蛋白水平对淘汰荷斯坦奶牛生产性能和血液生化指标的影响

本文探讨不同能量蛋白水平对淘汰荷斯坦奶牛生产性能的影响。试验采用单因素随机区组设计,选择体重相近的健康淘汰荷斯坦奶牛32头,随机分成4组,每组8头。研究结果表明:随着日粮能量蛋白水平的增加,试验牛的日增重线性提高,由1.07 kg/d提高到1.40 kg/d,提高30.84%(P<0.05);料重比由10.36降低到7.86,相对提高31.80%(P<0.05);血液中谷草转氨酶、甲状腺素比较差异显著(P<0.05),其他指标均差异不显著(P>0.05);经济效益最高达1.99元,最低为1.56元,相对多收入0.43元。因此,在淘汰荷斯坦奶牛的育肥中,建议:前期产奶净能6.75 MJ/kg,粗蛋白13.50%(DM);后期产奶净能7.00 MJ/kg,粗蛋白13.50%(DM)。     

不同营养水平日粮对妊娠初期和秦母牛血液生化指标及生殖相关激素的影响

试验旨在研究日粮营养水平对妊娠初期母牛血液代谢指标及生殖相关激素的影响,选择8头妊娠3个月的和秦(和牛×秦川牛)母牛,随机分为4组,每组2头。设置高能高蛋白(9.9 MJ/kg、12.1%)、低能低蛋白(8.9 MJ/kg、9.7%)、高能低蛋白(9.9 MJ/kg、9.7%)、低能高蛋白(8.9 MJ/kg、12.1%)4个日粮组。采用4×4拉丁方设计,包括4个试验期,每期为25 d,每期试验结束时采血分析相关指标。结果表明:高能量水平下血糖、甘油三酯、雌二醇、促卵泡素和孕酮水平均显著高于低能量水平(P<0.05);高蛋白水平下血液总蛋白、血清尿素氮、甘油三酯、促卵泡素、促黄体素、雌二醇和孕酮含量均显著高于低蛋白水平(P<0.05)。综合分析,在本试验条件下血液生化指标及生殖激素水平,高能量高蛋白日粮相对适合于妊娠初期和秦母牛的营养需要。     

不同能量水平日粮对淘汰荷斯坦育成母牛生长性能和屠宰性能的影响

本试验旨在研究不同能量水平日粮对淘汰荷斯坦育成母牛生长性能和屠宰性能的影响。选取24头健康状况良好、平均体重为466 kg左右、体型相近的淘汰荷斯坦育成母牛,随机分为3组,每组8头,分别为Ⅰ组（低能量组）、Ⅱ组（中能量组）和Ⅲ组（高能量组）,饲喂不同能量水平的日粮。试验分为前期和后期2个阶段,前期3组日粮的粗蛋白质含量均为12.50%,综合净能分别为6.80、7.00、7.20 MJ/kg;后期3组日粮的粗蛋白质含量均为12.00%,综合净能分别为6.90、7.10、7.30 MJ/kg。整个试验期共100 d,正试期为90 d。结果显示：①Ⅱ组淘汰荷斯坦育成母牛的平均日增重最高,分别较Ⅰ、Ⅲ组提高了4.76%（P > 0.05）、43.48%（P < 0.05）;Ⅱ组平均干物质采食量最高,料重比最低,且与Ⅲ组差异极显著（P < 0.01）。②提高日粮能量水平可显著提高血清中葡萄糖、胆固醇的含量（P < 0.05）,极显著降低β-羟丁酸的含量（P < 0.01）。③Ⅲ组荷斯坦育成母牛屠宰率、净肉率、大理石花纹和背膘厚度最高,屠宰率较Ⅰ、Ⅱ组差异显著（P < 0.05）;大理石花纹和背膘厚度与Ⅰ组差异显著（P < 0.05）,与Ⅱ组无显著差异（P > 0.05）。综上所述,提高日粮能量水平可显著提高淘汰荷斯坦育成母牛的平均日增重和屠宰率,降低料重比,促进脂肪沉积,改善肉品质。综合考虑得出：在本试验条件下,淘汰荷斯坦育成母牛育肥以中等能量水平饲喂较适宜,前期：综合净能7.00 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质12.50%;后期：综合净能7.10 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质12.00%。     

日粮不同蛋白水平对舍饲绒山羊种母羊養分消化、繁殖性能及产绒性能的影响

选用平均体重为(52.12±5.72)kg的3岁辽宁绒山羊种母羊30只,随机分为3组,分别饲喂蛋白水平为8%(低蛋白组)、10%(中蛋白组)和12%(高蛋白组)的试验日粮,试验期3个月.结果表明:在各月份,蛋白质的消化率均随日粮蛋白水平升高而升高,中蛋白组能量消化率显著高于高、低蛋白组(P<0.05),高蛋白组显著高于低蛋白组(P<0.05).中蛋白组整个情期发情率和情期受胎率均高于高、低蛋白组:中蛋白组和高蛋白组的产羔率高于低蛋白组;不同蛋白水平对羔羊初生重有显著影响(P<0.05).10、11月份中、高蛋白组的绒伸直长度显著高于低蛋白组(P<0.05);各月高蛋白组绒细度显著高于低蛋白组(P<0.05),中蛋白组与低蛋白组、高蛋白组间没有显著差异(P>0.05).     

不同能量和蛋白水平对0～6周龄沂蒙鸡公鸡生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮能量和蛋白水平对0～6周龄沂蒙鸡公鸡生产性能的影响。试验采用2因素3因子设计,设3个日粮代谢能(12.12、11.70和11.29 MJ/kg)和3个粗蛋白水平(20%、19%和18%),共9种日粮。选择1日龄健康沂蒙鸡公雏1 080只,随机分成9个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复20只,分别饲喂上述组合的9种日粮之一。结果表明:不同能量、蛋白水平对试验鸡体重(BW)、日增重(ADG)和料重比(F/G)的影响显著(P0.05),高能高蛋白组(HH)的以上指标最优;日粮能量水平显著影响F/G和每克增重耗蛋白(P0.05);日粮蛋白水平显著影响每克增重耗蛋白(P0.05),20%蛋白组显著高于18%蛋白组(P0.05);日粮能量和蛋白水平对体重(BW)、日增重(ADG)、日采食量(ADFI)和F/G没有显著交互作用(P0.05);高能高蛋白组(HH)经济效益最好。综合考虑:0～6周龄沂蒙鸡公鸡适宜日粮能量、蛋白水平为12.12 MJ/kg和20%。     

不同饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白水平对1～4周龄泰和乌鸡（♂）×隐性白羽肉鸡（♀）肉杂母鸡生长性能的影响研究

本试验旨在研究饲粮中不同代谢能水平和粗蛋白水平对1～4周龄泰和乌鸡(♂)×隐性白羽肉鸡(♀)杂母鸡生长性能的影响。试验选取1日龄泰和乌鸡(♂)×隐性白羽肉鸡(♀)杂交品种的母鸡324只,随机分为9组,每组3个重复,每个重复12只;采用正交试验设计,设计饲料高中低代谢能水平分别为12.12、11.70、11.28 MJ/kg,高中低粗蛋白水平分别为20%、19%、18%,配制9组日粮;试验期为28 d。结果表明:不同代谢能和粗蛋白水平的饲粮对试验鸡日增重(ADG)和料重比影响显著(P0.05),Ⅰ组(高能量高蛋白水平组)日增重(ADG)、日采食量(ADFI)和料重比明显优于Ⅸ组(低能量低蛋白水平组),结果差异显著(P0.05)。结论:1～4周龄TY乌鸡母鸡选用代谢能水平为12.12 MJ/kg和粗蛋白水平为20%的饲粮生产性能最优。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein